Wikipedia

9K720 Iskander

For Iskander (disambiguation), seeIskandar.

The9K720 Iskander(Russian:«Искандер»;NATO reporting nameSS-26 Stone) is a Russian mobileshort-range ballistic missilesystem. It has a range of 500 kilometres (270 nmi; 310 mi). It was intended to replace theOTR-21 Tochkain the Russian military by 2020.

9K720 Iskander
SS-26 Stone
Iskander-M missile on thestarboarderector arm of the9P78-1transporter erector launcherdisplayed at the «ARMY-2016» military-technical forum
TypeShort-range ballistic missile
Place of originRussia
Service history
In service2006–present[1]
Used byRussian Ground Forces
Armenian Armed Forces
Algerian People's National Army
Armed Forces of Belarus
WarsRusso-Georgian War
Syrian Civil War[2]
Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Russian invasion of Ukraine
Production history
DesignedFrom 1988
ManufacturerVotkinsk Plant State Production Association(Votkinsk) – missiles
Production Association Barricades(Volgograd) – ground equipment
KBM(Kolomna) – developer of the system
Unit costUS$3million (missile)[3]
Specifications
Mass3,800 kg (8,400 lb)[4]
Length7.3 m (24 ft)
Diameter0.92 m (3 ft 0 in)
Warhead480–700 kg (1,060–1,540 lb)thermonuclear weapon,high-explosivefragmentation,submunition,penetration,fuel–air explosive,EMP[5][1]
EngineSingle-stage solid propellant
Operational
range
400–500 km (250–310 mi)[6][7]for Iskander-M
Maximum speed2,000 m/s (Mach 5.9) burn-out velocity (hypersonic)[8]
Guidance
system
Inertial guidance,opticalDSMAC(Iskander-M),TERCOM(Iskander-K), use ofGPS/GLONASSin addition to the inertial guidance system[9]
Inertial, use of GPS / GLONASS and opticalDSMACterminal homing
Accuracy(9K720) 1–30 metres
(3.3–98.4 feet)
(Iskander-M) 5–7 metres
(16–23 feet)
Launch
platform
Mobile TEL

The Iskander has several different conventional warheads, including a cluster munitions warhead, afuel–air explosiveenhanced-blast warhead, a high-explosive fragmentation warhead, an earth penetrator forbunker bustingand anelectromagnetic pulsedevice for anti-radar missions. The missile can also carry nuclear warheads.[10][11][12]In September 2017, theKB Mashinostroyeniya(KBM) general designer Valery M. Kashin said that there were at least seven types of missiles (and "perhaps more" ) for Iskander, including onecruise missile.[13]

History

The road-mobile Iskander[note 1]was the second attempt by Russia to replace theScud missile.The first attempt, theOTR-23 Oka,was eliminated under theINF Treaty.The design work on Iskander was begun in December 1988, initially directed by the KBMrocket weaponrydesignerSergey Nepobedimy,and was not significantly affected by thedissolution of the USSRin 1991.[14][15]

The first successful launch occurred in 1996.[16]

In September 2004, at a meeting with senior defense officials reporting toPresidentVladimir Putinon the drafting of a defense budget for 2005, theRussian Defence MinisterSergei Ivanovspoke about the completion of static tests of a new tactical missile system called the Iskander. He said that the system would go into quantity production in 2005 and toward the end of that year, Russia would have a brigade armed with it.[10]In March 2005, a source in the Russian defence industry told Interfax-AVN the development of new missiles with a range of 500–600 kilometres (270–320 nmi; 310–370 mi), based on existing Iskander-E tactical missile systems, was a possibility. He said, however, that it "may take up to five or six years".[10]

In 2006, serial production of the Iskander-M tactical ballistic missile system was launched, and the system was adopted by the Russian army.[10]The production cost of the missile system was reported in 2014 to have been slashed by a third by cutting the 20% markup applied by the missile manufacturer at each stage of the components supply chain from a cumulative 810% to markup of 21% applied only to the finished product.[17]

There was a report by GosNIIP, the design bureau that builds guidance for cruise missiles, that Russia completed state acceptance trials of the "ground-based 9M728/9M729 missiles and their modernized version."[18]

In November 2016, the Russian military announced that the modernization of the Iskander-M system was underway.[19]A number of countries were reported to have shown interest in purchasing the export version of Iskander, but such possibility was only announced in early February 2017.[16]

The United States has argued that the9M728/9M729(SSC-X-7/SSC-X-8) cruise missiles used by Iskander-K violates theINF Treatybecause their estimated range is beyond 500 kilometres (270 nmi; 310 mi).[20]

The General Director of the company-developer of the system said in April 2024 that the precision of the missile has been improved since the start of theRussian invasion of Ukraine.[21]

Design

Iskander-M launched in 2018.

The Iskander-M system is equipped with twosolid-propellantsingle-stageguided missiles,model9M723K1.Each one is controlled throughout the entire flight path and fitted with an inseparablewarhead.Each missile in the launch carrier vehicle can be independently targeted in a matter of seconds. The mobility of the Iskander launch platform makes a launch difficult to prevent.

Targets can be located not only by satellite and aircraft but also by a conventional intelligence center, by anartillery observer,or from aerial photos scanned into a computer. The missiles can be re-targeted during flight in the case of engaging mobile targets.[11]Another unique feature of Iskander-M[22]is the optically guided warhead, which can also be controlled by encrypted radio transmission, including such as those fromAWACSorUAV.The electro-optical guidance system provides a self-homing capability. The missile's on-board computer receives images of the target, then locks onto the target with its sight and descends towards it at supersonic speed.

Boost phase thrust vector control (TVC) is accomplished by graphite vanes similar in layout to theV-2and Scud series tactical ballistic missiles. According to some rumors, in flight, the missile follows aquasi-ballisticpath, performing evasive maneuvers in the terminal phase of flight and releasingdecoysin order to penetrate missile defense systems (American officials have confirmed the use of decoys in at least some versions).[23]The missile never leaves the atmosphere as it follows a relatively flat trajectory. The missile is controlled during the whole flight withgas-dynamicand aerodynamic control surfaces. It uses small fins to reduce its radar signature.[24]

The Russian Iskander-M travels at ahypersonic speedof 2100–2600 m/s (Mach 6–7) and an altitude of 50 km. The Iskander-M weighs 4,615 kg, carries a warhead of 710–800 kg, has a range of 500 km and achieves acircular error probable(CEP) of 5–7 meters (when coupled with optical homing head; 30–70 m in autonomous application[25]).

Iskander is a tactical missile system designed to be used intheater levelconflicts.[26]It is intended to useconventionalorthermonuclear weaponwarheads for the engagement of small and area targets (both moving and stationary), such as hostile fire weapons, air and anti-missile defenses, command posts and communications nodes and troops in concentration areas, among others. According to Russian claims, the area of destruction from a single warhead is 25,000 square meters, or about two football fields and the accuracy of the missile allows it to hit targets the size of a small window from a range of several tens of kilometers.[27][28][29]

In 2007, a new missile for the system (and launcher) was test fired, theR-500[ru]cruise missile,[30]with a range of applications up to 2000 km or more.[31]Presently,[when?]"Iskander-M" system, outfitted with cruise and ballistic missiles, is being delivered to the military. In 2013, army missile brigades first received missiles equipped with a new control system.[32]As of 2018, the Iskander missile complex can now strike static sea targets.[33]

In 2020 it was said that theMAZwas the primary supplier for the chassis of the launchers for theIskander-Mbecause the domestic Russian products are of comparatively low quality.[34]

The system can be transported by various vehicles, includingairplanes.[35]

When nuclear armed, the warhead is estimated to have a yield of 5 to 50 kilotonnes of TNT (21 to 209 TJ) (Iskander-M).[36]

Operational history

Russia

A camouflaged Iskander-M launcher during an exercise in Transbaikalia. June 2021
A Russian missile rocket booster stage lies in the bedroom of a home inGori(2008)

The first documented use of the Iskander was in theRusso-Georgian Warin which Dutch journalistStan Storimanswas killed on 12 August 2008 inGori.An investigation by theDutch governmentrevealed that a single, 5 mm fragment from an anti-personnel sub-munition, carried by an Iskander missile, killed the Dutch journalist.[37]

In September 2009, the Russian military announced plans to deploy Iskander missiles in all themilitary districtsof Russia "in a short time".[38][39]

According to theStratforreport in 2010 there were five Iskander brigades stationed and operational in Russia, namely the26th Rocket Brigadein the town ofLuga, Leningrad Oblast,south ofSt. Petersburg;92nd Rocket Brigadeat Kamenka, nearPenzain theVolga region;103rd Rocket BrigadeatUlan-Ude,north of Mongolia;107th Rocket BrigadeatSemistochni[ru],in the Far East;[40]and the114th Rocket Brigadeat Znamensk, in the northern Caucasus.[41]

In June 2013, it was revealed that Russia had deployed several Iskander-M ballistic missile systems inArmeniaat undisclosed locations.[42]In 2016, it was reported by media that Armenia had received adivizionof Iskander missiles.[43]

In November 2014, US General Breedlove stated that Russian forces "capable of being nuclear" had been moved into Crimea,[44]the Ukrainian peninsula which the Russian Federationhad annexedin March, and the following month Ukrainian Armed Forces announced that Russia had deployed a nuclear-capable Iskander division in the territory.[45][46]Russian Foreign Ministry officials declared the right to deploy nuclear weapons in the peninsula, which is generallyrecognized as part of Ukraine,in December 2014[47]and June 2015.[48]

In March 2016, at least one Iskander system was reportedly deployed at Russia'sHmeimimairbase inSyria.[49]In January 2017 an Israeli company claimed satellite photography confirmed the Syrian deployment.[50]

According to a Fox News report in early February 2017, four Iskander missiles had been fired at opposition targets in theIdlib provincein Syria.[51]

Russo-Ukrainian war

During the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,Russia launched several Iskander missiles over their border into Ukraine as part of their assault.[52]Here, these missiles demonstrated a previously unknown capability that employed decoys to confuse air defense systems. It is believed this technology was kept a closely guarded secret, and not included on Iskander missiles exported outside of Russia.[23]Up from 23 April 2022, Russia deployed more units equipped with Iskander-M to theBelgorod Oblastas close as 60 km from the border of Ukraine.[53]

In March 2023,Ukrainian Air Forcespokesman Yuri Ihnat reported that Ukraine was unable to shoot down Iskander ballistic missiles.[54]However, on 29 May, Ukraine claimed to have destroyed 11 Iskander missiles of both the ballistic and cruise missile variants.[55]

On 5 March 2024, it was confirmed that aM142 HIMARSwas destroyed by an Iskander ballistic missile near Nykanorivka, in eastern Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast. It was the first time a HIMARS system was destroyed in Ukraine.[56]

On 9 March 2024, it was confirmed that an Iskander ballistic missile was used to destroy two German-supplied M901 launchers for theMIM-104Patriot air defence system nearPokrovsk.It was the first time components of a Patriot were destroyed in Ukraine.[57]

In early July 2024, Russian forces launched a wave of attacks using Iskander missiles at Ukrainian airbases, after first using drones for aerial reconnaissance:

Kaliningrad region

In November 2008, the Russian presidentDmitry Medvedevin his firstannual addressto theFederal Assembly of Russiaannounced plans to deploy Iskander missiles to theKaliningrad Oblast,Russia's westernmost territory on the south-eastern coast of theBaltic Sea,if the U.S. went ahead with itsEuropean Ballistic Missile Defense System.[61][62]On 17 September 2009,US presidentBarack Obamaannounced the cancellation of the U.S. missile defense project in Poland and the Czech Republic.[63]The following day, Moscow indicated it might in turn cancel the plans to deploy Iskander missiles to Kaliningrad;[64]a few days later, the decision not to deploy was confirmed by Medvedev.[65]

According to Russian unofficial media reports, Russia deployed Iskander missiles to the Kaliningrad Oblast as part of military exercises in March 2015.[66]

On 8 October 2016, the Russian military confirmed that they had moved Iskander-M missiles into the Kaliningrad Oblast, adding the move was part of routine drills and had happened previously multiple times and would happen in future.[67]

In early February 2018, Shamanov confirmed that Russia had deployed an unidentified number of Iskander missiles to the Kaliningrad region.[68][69]Days prior, the local military commanders said that the "park zones" for Iskander missiles deployment had been completed in the Kaliningrad region, as well as inNorth Ossetia.[70]

Armenia

Armenia reportedly used its Iskander missiles against Azerbaijani forces during the2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War.According to unconfirmed claims by ex-president of ArmeniaSerzh Sargsyan,the missiles were fired on the town ofShushiafter itscaptureby Azerbaijani forces in the last days of the war.[71]Responding to these claims, Prime MinisterNikol Pashinyanneither confirmed nor denied the claim that an Iskander was fired on Shushi, but implied that the missiles that were launched did not explode or only exploded "by 10 percent."[72]The Armenian prime minister's claims were rejected by a number of Russian lawmakers and military experts as well as by ex-defense minister of ArmeniaSeyran Ohanyan(under whom the missiles were acquired by Armenia).[72][73]The RussianMinistry of Defencereleased a statement claiming that the Iskander missiles were not used at all during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War.[74]Another claim was made by an anonymousAzerbaijaniofficial that Armenian forces fired an Iskander missile at Azerbaijan's capitalBakuin the last days of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, but it was shot down by an Israeli-madeBarak 8.[75]On 15 March, employees of the Azerbaijan National Agency for Mine Action, who were demining and clearing the territories from mines and shells in Shushi, discovered the wreckage of an Iskander-M missile with identification number 9M723.[76][77][78][79]

Variants

Currently there are seven different types of ballistic and cruise missiles for both variants of the Iskander missile system.[80][81]

Iskander-M

Variant for theRussian Armed Forceswith two9M723quasi-ballistic missiles with a confirmed range of 400 km (250 miles), published range of 415 km (258 miles), and rumored range of 500 km (310 miles).[82]Speed Mach 6–7, flight altitude up to 6–50 km, nuclear capable missile, controlled at all stages, not ballistic flight path. Immediately after the launch and upon approach to the target, the missile can perform intensive maneuvering to evadeanti-ballistic missiles.[83]

Iskander-K

Iskander-K 9M728 (SSC-7) R-500

"K" forKrylataya( "Winged" ) (Russian:крылатая ракета). Variant intended to carry various types ofcruise missiles(Russian:крылатая ракета;literallywingedrocket). At present, it includes:

  • 9M728 (SSC-7)also known asR-500[1]– flight altitude up to 6 km, published range up to 500 km[84]and automatic adjustment in the way,follow of terrain reliefin flight.[83]It is reportedly a variant of the3M-54 Kalibr.[1]
  • 9M729 (SSC-8)– new long-range missile that is reportedly a land-based version of the 3M14Kalibr-NKmissile complex with a range between 300–3,400 miles (480–5,470 km) and may be based even on the air-launched 5,500 kilometres (3,400 mi)-rangeKh-101cruise missile.[85]According to RF, its range is only 480 km and its specially-developed self-propelled launcher can carry 4 missiles. The 9M729 missile has a higher yield warhead and a new control system for greater accuracy.

Iskander-E

"E" forEksport.The director of the state corporation RostecSergey Chemezovcommented that the Iskander missile complex is a serious offensive weapon capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. This ballistic missile system is in the military list of products prohibited for export. Iskander missile complexes cannot be exported.[86]

In 2016, Armenia, a Russian ally and a member of theCollective Security Treaty Organization(CSTO) became the first foreign country to operate the system. Iskander-E has a maximum range up to 280 km, to comply withMissile Technology Control Regimerestrictions for export,[87]and is fitted with a simplified inertial guidance system. It flies on a flattened trajectory under 50 km altitude, allowing aerodynamic steering using tail fins, permitting a less predictable flight path and accurate delivery.[87]The system can also use missiles carrying warheads withcluster munitions.[88]

Operators

Russian Iskander systems of the 119th Missile Brigade.
Iskander of the Armenian army during the military parade in Yerevan
Map with users of the 9K720 Iskander in blue
  • Armenia– 25 units.[89]Several systems were displayed at the Independence Day parade rehearsal in September 2016. Two managers of the Russian military-industrial complex Rosoboronexport confirmed that four 9K720 Iskander systems were delivered to Armenia perCSTOarms agreement, thus making Armenia, a country inmilitary union with Russia,the first foreign state to have the missile system.[90][91]In February 2017, theDefence ministerof Armenia told a Russian mass media outlet that the Iskander missiles stationed in Armenia and shown at the military parade in September 2016 were owned and operated by theArmed Forces of Armenia.[92]
  • Algeria– 4 regiments (48 launchers). During the Dubai Airshow 2017 exhibition, representatives of theFederal Service of Military-Technical Cooperationofficially confirmed that the Iskander-E missile system was delivered to one of the countries in theMiddle East and North Africa region.[93][94]French defense writer Philippe Langloit wrote in the September–October 2017 issue ofDSImagazine thatAlgeriahad received 4 Iskander-E regiments.[95]It was confirmed by Kommersant magazine.[96]
  • Belarus– bought an undisclosed number of Iskander ballistic missile systems in May 2022, according to a statement made by Belarus PresidentAlexander Lukashenko.[97]President Putin has announced a plan to give Belarus nuclear capable Iskander missiles. He said: "can fire ballistic and cruise missiles, both conventional and nuclear types".[98]The systems were delivered in December 2022 and were allegedly handed over to full Belarusian autonomous control in February 2023.[99][100]Systems operated by465th Missile Brigade.[101]Another delivery took place in late August 2023.[102]
  • Russia– 160 units (13 rocket brigades with 12 units each, and one unit with 4 units atKapustin Yar).[103][104]In service with the Western Military District since 2010.[105][106]Missiles are also deployed inArmenia.[42]Two deliveries in 2013.[107]Missile units in Krasnodar and Stavropol territories as well as in the Republic of Adygea in the 49th Army of the Southern Military District, and a missile brigade in the Eastern Military District received Iskander-M in 2013.[108]One more delivery in July 2014.[109]Missile brigade, stationed in the Orenburg region, rearmed on "Iskander-M" on 20 November 2014.[110]6th brigade delivered on 16 June 2015 to unit in Ulan Ude[citation needed](presumably the103rd Rocket Brigade). Seventh brigade delivered in November 2015 to the Southern Military District.[111]All scheduled 120 complexes.[112]20th Separate Guards Rocket Brigade–5th Red Banner Armyof the Eastern Military District (the brigade stationed in Spassk-Dalniy,Primorsky Krai) – in June 2016.[citation needed]One more delivery in November 2016 to the Central MD.[113]Next delivery conducted in 2nd quarter of 2017.[citation needed]The contract for two more brigades and cruise missiles for the system signed in August 2017 will increase the total number of rocket brigades to 13.[114]A brigade set of Iskander-M tactical ballistic missile systems has been delivered to the personnel of a missile large unit in the Western Military District in late 2017.[115]The last brigade was delivered to the WMD for a missile formation of the combined arms army in the Kursk Region in November 2019.[116][117]One more brigade set and two battalion sets were delivered in late 2021.[118]More missiles ordered in August 2022 and again in August 2023 and in August 2024.[119][120][121]

Details

Specifications

System components

An Iskander transporter-erector-launcher
9T250-1 Transporter and loader vehicle
Iskander missiles (right) and anOTR-21 Tochkamissile (extreme left) on static display

The full Iskander system includes[123]

  • missiles
  • transporter-erector-launcher vehicle (chassis of 8×8MZKT-79306 ASTROLOG truck)[124]
  • Transporter and loader vehicle (chassis of 8×8 MZKT-79306 ASTROLOG truck)
  • Command and staff vehicle (chassis ofKAMAZsix-wheel truck)
  • Information preparation station vehicle (chassis of KAMAZ six-wheel truck)
  • Maintenance and repair vehicle (chassis of KAMAZ six-wheel truck)
  • Life support vehicle (chassis of KAMAZ six-wheel truck)
  • Depot equipment set
  • set of equipment for TEL training class
  • set of equipment for CSV training class
  • Training posters
  • Training missile mock-up

Intended targets

The system is intended to useconventionalwarheadsfor the engagement of point and area targets, including:[125]

  • hostile fire weapons (missile systems, multiple launch rocket systems, long-range artillery pieces)
  • air and missile defense weapons, aerodrome
  • fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft at airfields
  • command posts and communications nodes
  • troops in concentration areas
  • critical civilian infrastructure facilities

It is also capable of striking strongly protected targets, such as bunkers or hardened aircraft shelters[24]

See also

Comparable missiles

  • Kh-47M2 Kinzhal– (Russia)(air launched, believed to be based on the Iskander)
  • Hyunmoo-2– (South Korea)(may be based on the Iskander)
  • KN-23– (North Korea)
  • Russian Armed Forces Iskander-K TEL 9P78-1 raising two containers for 9M728 missiles
  • Launch during the 2022Russian invasion of Ukraine
  • With"V" markingfor use in Ukraine
  • Rehearsal of 2018 Victory day parade in Moscow
  • 9P78-1 TEL for Iskander-M system
  • A launcher 9P78-1 of Russian missile system 9K720 Iskander in foreground and a transloader 9T250 in the background

Notes

  1. ^"Iskander" is one variant among many ofAlexander the Great's given name as expressed by various cultures in theCaucasusandCentral Asia,among other regions:Iskander, Askander, Eskinder, Scandar, Eskandar.

References

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