Wikipedia

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

"Abdul Kalam" redirects here. For the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly member, seeAbdul Kalam (Varanasi politician).

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam(/ˈəbdʊlkəˈlɑːm/ⓘ;15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an Indianaerospacescientist and statesman who served as thepresident of Indiafrom 2002 to 2007.

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Official portrait in 2002
President of India
In office
25 July 2002 – 25 July 2007
Prime MinisterAtal Bihari Vajpayee
Manmohan Singh
Vice PresidentKrishan Kant
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
Preceded byK. R. Narayanan
Succeeded byPratibha Patil
Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India
In office
November 1999 – November 2001
PresidentK. R. Narayanan
Prime MinisterAtal Bihari Vajpayee
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byRajagopala Chidambaram
Personal details
Born(1931-10-15)15 October 1931
Rameswaram,Madras Presidency,British India(present dayTamil Nadu,India)
Died27 July 2015(2015-07-27)(aged 83)
Shillong,Meghalaya,India
Resting placeDr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Memorial, Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India
Political partyIndependent[1]
Alma mater
Profession
AwardsList of awards and honours
Notable work(s)
Signature
WebsiteA. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Centre
Scientific career
FieldsAerospace engineering
Institutions

Born and raised in a Muslim family inRameswaram,Tamil Nadu,he studiedphysicsandaerospace engineering.He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at theDefence Research and Development Organisation(DRDO) andIndian Space Research Organisation(ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and militarymissile development efforts.He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development ofballistic missileandlaunch vehicletechnology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India'sPokhran-IInuclear tests in 1998, the second test since thefirst nuclear test by Indiain 1974.

Kalamwas electedas thepresident of Indiain 2002 with the support of both the rulingBharatiya Janata Partyand the then-oppositionIndian National Congress.He was widely referred to as the "People's President". He engaged in teaching, writing and public service after his presidency. He was a recipient of several awards, including theBharat Ratna,India's highest civilian honour.

While delivering a lecture atIIM Shillong,Kalam collapsed and died from an apparentcardiac arreston 27 July 2015, aged 83. Thousands attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameswaram, where he was buried withfull state honours.Amemorialwas inagurated near his home town in 2017.

Early life and education

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931, to aTamil Muslimfamily in the pilgrimage centre ofRameswaramonPamban Island,Madras Presidency(now in theIndian stateofTamil Nadu).[2][3]His father Jainulabdeen Marakayar was a boat owner andimamof a local mosque,[4]and his mother Ashiamma was a housewife.[5][6]His father owned a boat that ferriedHindupilgrims between Rameswaram andDhanushkodi.[7][8]

Kalam's birthplace inRameswaram,Tamil Nadu

Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and a sister in the family.[9][10][11]His ancestors had been wealthyMarakayartraders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts of land. Marakayar are aMuslimethnic group found in coastal Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka who claim descent fromArabtraders and local women. The family business had involved trading goods and transporting passengers between the Indian mainland and the Pamban island and to and from Sri Lanka. With the opening of thePamban Bridgeconnecting Pamban island to mainland India in 1914, the businesses failed. As a result, apart from the ancestral home, the other family fortune and properties were lost by the 1920s, and the family was poverty-stricken by the time Kalam was born. As a young boy, he delivered newspapers to support the family's meager income.[12][13][14]

In his school years, Kalam got average grades but was described as a bright and hardworking student and someone with a strong desire to learn by his teachers. He spent hours on learningmathematics.[14]He completed his school education at Schwartz Higher Secondary School inRamanathapuram,and later graduated inphysicsfrom theSt. Joseph's CollegeinTiruchirappalliin 1954.[15]

Kalam moved to Madras in 1955 to studyaerospace engineeringat theMadras Institute of Technology.[3]While he was working on a class project, the Dean of the institution was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to him, "I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline."[16]Later, he narrowly missed out on his dream of becoming afighter pilot,as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only eight positions were available in theIndian Air Force.[17]

Career as a scientist

This was my first stage, in which I learnt leadership from three great teachers—DrVikram Sarabhai,ProfSatish Dhawanand DrBrahm Prakash.This was the time of learning and acquisition of knowledge for me.

Abdul Kalam[18]

After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam became a member of theDefence Research & Development Serviceand joined theAeronautical Development Establishmentof theDefence Research and Development Organisation(DRDO) as a scientist. During his early career, he was involved in the design of smallhovercraft,and remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO.[19]Later, he joined theIndian National Committee for Space Research,working under renowned space scientistVikram Sarabhai.[3]He was interviewed and recruited intoIndian Space Research Organisation(ISRO) byH. G. S. Murthy,the first director of theThumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station.[20]

In 1969, Kalam transferred to ISRO where he became the project director of India's firstsatellite launch vehicle(SLV) which successfully deployed theRohinisatellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980. He had earlier started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[21]In 1969, Kalam received the approval from theGovernment of Indiato expand the programme to include more engineers.[18]In 1963-64, he visitedNASA'sLangley Research CenterinHampton,Goddard Space Flight CenterinGreenbelt,andWallops Flight Facility.[2][22]Since the late 1970s, Kalam was part of the effort to develop theSLV-3andPolar Satellite Launch Vehicle(PSLV), both of which were successful.[23][24]

In May 1974, Kalam was invited byRaja Ramannato witness the country's first nuclear testSmiling Buddhaas the representative ofTerminal Ballistics Research Laboratory,even though he was officially not part of the project.[25]In the 1970s, Kalam directed two projects,Project DevilandProject Valiant,which sought to developballistic missilesusing the technology from the successful SLV programme. Despite the disapproval of theunion cabinet,then Prime MinisterIndira Gandhiallotted funds for these aerospace projects under Kalam's directorship through her discretionary powers. Kalam also played a major role in convincing the cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified projects. His research and leadership brought him recognition in the 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship.[26]

Kalam worked with metallurgistV. S. R. Arunachalam,who was then scientific adviser to the Defence Minister, on the suggestion by the then Defence MinisterR. Venkataramanon the simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after another.[27]Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating₹3.88 billion(equivalent to₹66 billion or US$760 million in 2023) for the project titledIntegrated Guided Missile Development Programme(IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as its chief executive.[27]Kalam played a major role in the development of missiles includingAgni,an intermediate range ballistic missile andPrithvi,the tactical surface-to-surface missile, despite inflated costs and time overruns.[27][28]He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development ofballistic missileandlaunch vehicletechnology.[29][30][31]

Kalam served as the chief scientific adviser to the prime minister andsecretaryof the DRDO from July 1992 to December 1999. He played a key organisational, political and techinical role in thePokhran-IInuclear tests conducted in May 1998.[32]Along withRajagopala Chidambaram,he served as the chief project coordinator for the tests.[2][33]Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country's best known nuclear scientist.[34]However, the director of the site test,K. Santhanam,said that thethermonuclear bombhad been a "fizzle"and criticised Kalam for issuing an incorrect report.[35]The claim was refuted and rejected by Kalam and Chidambaram.[36]

In 1998, Kalam worked withcardiologistBhupathiraju Somarajuand developed a low costcoronary stent,named the "Kalam-Raju stent".[37][38]In 2012, the duo designed atablet computernamed the "Kalam-Raju tablet" for usage by healthcare workers in rural areas.[39]

Presidency

Kalam greeting then prime ministerVajpayeeon 25 December 2003

On 10 June 2002, theNational Democratic Alliancewhich was in power at the time, expressed its intention to nominate Kalam for the post of thePresident of India.[40][41]His candidature was backed by the opposition parties including theSamajwadi Partyand theNationalist Congress Party.[42][43]After the support for Kalam, incumbent presidentK. R. Narayananchose not to seek a re-election.[44]Kalam said of the announcement of his candidature:

I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere both in Internet and in other media, I have been asked for a message. I was thinking what message I can give to the people of the country at this juncture.[45]

On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in theIndian Parliament,accompanied by then prime ministerAtal Bihari Vajpayeeand senior cabinet members.[46]He faced off againstLakshmi Sahgal,and the polling for thepresidential electionwas held on 15 July 2002, in the Indian parliament and the state assemblies, with the media predicting a win for Kalam.[47]The counting was held on 18 July, and Kalam won the elections after securing 922,884 electoral votes as against the 107,366 votes won by Sahgal.[48]He was sworn in as the11th presidentof India on 25 July 2002.[49][50]He was the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy the top chair atRashtrapati Bhawan.[51]

Kalam with prime minister designateManmohan Singhin New Delhi on 19 May 2004

During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the "People's President".[52][53][54][55]He later stated that signing theOffice of profitbill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure.[56][57][58]In September 2003, during an interactive session atPGIMRinChandigarh,Kalam asserted the need ofUniform Civil Codein India, keeping in view the population of the country.[59][60]He also took a decision to imposePresident's rulein Bihar in 2005.[61]However, during his tenure as president, he made no decision on 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him to commutedeath penalties,including that of terroristAfzal Guru,who was convicted of conspiracy in theDecember 2001 attack on the Indian Parliamentand was sentenced to death by theSupreme Court of Indiain 2004.[62]He acted only on a single plea, rejecting that ofDhananjoy Chatterjee,who was later hanged.[63]

Towards the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the upcomingpresidential election.[64]His name was proposed by theUnited National Progressive Alliance,but he did receive the support of the rulingUnited Progressive Alliance.[65][66]However, two days later, he decided not to contest the election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving the Rashtrapati Bhavan in the political processes.[67]

Kalam addressing the nation on the eve of the 58th Republic day in 2007

In April 2012, towards the expiry of the term of the 12th presidentPratibha Patil,media reports claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.[68][69][70]After the reports,social networking siteswitnessed a surge in posts supporting his candidature.[71][72]While the rulingIndian National Congressopposed the nomination of Kalam,[73]other parties such as theBharatiya Janata Partyand theTrinamool Congresswere reported by the media to be keen on his candidature.[74][75][76][77]On 18 June 2012, Kalam declined to contest stating that:

Many, many citizens have also expressed the same wish. It only reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the people. I am really overwhelmed by this support. This being their wish, I respect it. I want to thank them for the trust they have in me.[78]

Post-presidency

Kalam addressing students atIIT Guwahatiin 2012

After leaving office, Kalam returned to teaching, and became a visiting professor at various institutions. He became a visiting professor atIIM Shillong,[79]a honorary professor at his alma materAnna Universityin Chennai,[80]and a honorary fellow of theIndian Institute of ScienceatBengaluru.[81][82]In September 2007, he became the first chancellor of the newly establishedIndian Institute of Space Science and TechnologyatThiruvananthapuram.[83]He also conducted lectures for management students in India,[84]and visited China twice at the invitation of theChinese governmentto conduct sessions at thePeking University.[85]

In 2011, Kalam voiced his support towards the establishment of thenuclear power plantatKoodankulamin Tamil Nadu, giving assurances for the safety of the facility.[86]However, some of the locals were unconvinced by his statements on the safety of the plant, and were hostile to his visit.[87]In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme calledWhat Can I Give Movementaimed at the youth of India with a central theme of defeating corruption.[88][89]

Death

Main article:Death and state funeral of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam MemorialatRameswaram

On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled toShillongto deliver a lecture on "Creating a Livable Planet Earth" at IIM Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest.[90][91]At around 6:35 p.m.IST,after five minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.[92]He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition, and upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life. Despite being placed in theintensive care unit,he was confirmed dead of a suddencardiac arrestat 7:45p.m.[93][94]His purported last words to his aideSrijan Pal Singhwere: "Funny guy! Are you doing well?"[95]

Following his death, Kalam's body was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July, where dignitaries including then president, vice president, and prime minister paid their last respects.[96]His body was placed in his Delhi residence for public viewing.[97]29 July, his body was flown to the town ofMandapamviaMadurai,and carried onwards towards his home town of Rameswaram by road. His body was displayed in an open area to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8p.m. that evening.[98][99][100]On 30 July 2015, the former president was laid to rest at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu ground with full state honours with over 350,000 people in attendance.[101][102]

Memorial

Main article:Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial

A memorial was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei Karumbu in Rameswaram.[103]It was inaugurated by then prime ministerNarendra Modiin July 2017.[104][105]The memorial displays replicas of rockets and missiles which Kalam had worked with, and various acrylic paintings about his life. There is a large statue of Kalam in the entrance showing him playing theveena,and two other smaller statues in sitting and standing posture respectively.[106]

Personal life and interests

Kalam's veena on display at theRashtrapati Bhavanmuseum in Delhi

Kalam was the youngest of five siblings, the eldest of whom was a sister, Asim Zohra (d. 1997), followed by three elder brothers: Mohammed Lebbai (5 November 1916–7 March 2021),[107][108]Mustafa Kalam (d. 1999) and Kasim Mohammed (d. 1995).[109]He was close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life, and would regularly send small sums of money to his older siblings, though he himself remaining a lifelongbachelor.[109][110]

Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle.[110][111]He was ateetotaler,[112]and avegetarian.[113]Kalam enjoyed writingTamilpoetry, playing theveena(an Indian string instrument),[114]and listening toCarnatic devotional musicevery day.[115]He never owned atelevision,and was in the habit of rising at 6:30 or 7a.m. and sleeping by 2a.m.[116]His personal possessions included a few books, aveena,clothing, acompact discplayer and alaptop.He left no will, and his possessions went to his eldest brother after his death.[117][118]

Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999. He explained, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available." His dream is to let every student to light up the sky with victory using their latent fire in the heart.[119]He had an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology such as developingbiomedical implants.He also supportedopen sourcetechnology overproprietary software,predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of information technology to more people.[120]

Religious and spiritual views

Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life.[121]He was a practisingSunni Muslim,and dailynamazand fasting duringRamadanwere integral to his life.[115][122]His father was an imam of a mosque, and had strictly instilled these Islamic customs in his children.[4]His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialogue. As Kalam recalled: "Every evening, my father A. P. Jainulabdeen, an imam, Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy Hindu temple, and a church priest used to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues concerning the island."[123][124]Such early exposure convinced Kalam that the answers to India's multitudinous issues lay in "dialogue and cooperation" among the country's religious, social, and political leaders.[122]Moreover, since Kalam believed that "respect for other faiths" was one of the key cornerstones of Islam, and he remarked: "For great men, religion is a way of making friends; small people make religion a fighting tool."[125]

One component of Kalam's widespread popularity among diverse groups in India, and an enduring aspect of his legacy, is thesyncretismhe embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and cultural traditions of India.[115][122][126]In addition to his faith in theQuranand Islamic practice, Kalam was well-versed in Hindu traditions, learntSanskrit.[127][128]and read theBhagavad Gita.[129][130]In 2002, in one of his early speeches to Parliament after becoming the president, he reiterated his desire for a more united India, stating that "During the last one year I met a number of spiritual leaders of all religions... and I would like to endeavour to work for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of our country".[126]Describing Kalam as a unifier of diverse traditions,Shashi Tharoorremarked, "Kalam was a complete Indian, an embodiment of the eclecticism of India's heritage of diversity".[115]Formerdeputy prime ministerL. K. Advaniconcurred that Kalam was "the best exemplar of the Idea of India, one who embodied the best of all the cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India's unity in immense diversity.[131]

Kalam's desire to meet spiritual leaders led him to meetPramukh Swami Maharaj,the Hindu guru of theBochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha(BAPS), who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru.[122]Kalam and Pramukh Swami met eight times over a fourteen-year period and on his first meeting on 30 June 2001, Kalam described being immediately drawn to Pramukh Swami's simplicity and spiritual purity.[123][132]Kalam stated that he was inspired by Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous interactions, and recalled being moved by Swami's equanimity and compassion, citing this incident as one of his motivations for writing his experiences as a book later.[123]Summarising the effect that Pramukh Swami had on him, Kalam stated that "[Pramukh Swami] has indeed transformed me. He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life... Pramukh Swamiji has put me in a God-synchronous orbit. No manoeuvres are required any more, as I am placed in my final position in eternity."[122][133]

Writings

Kalam delivering a speech in 2010

Kalam has authored various books during his career, and his books have garnered interest various countries.[134]

In his bookIndia 2020,he strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a "knowledge superpower" and adeveloped nationby 2020. He regarded his work on India'snuclear weaponsprogramme as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.[135]

I have identified five areas where India has a core competence for integrated action: (1) agriculture and food processing; (2) education and healthcare; (3) information and communication technology; (4) infrastructure, reliable and quality electric power, surface transport and infrastructure for all parts of the country; and (5) self-reliance in critical technologies. These five areas are closely inter-related and if advanced in a coordinated way, will lead to food, economic and national security.

Kalam described a "transformative moment" in his life in his bookTranscendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji.When he asked Pramukh Swami on how India might realise his vision of development, Swami answered to add a sixth area of developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and corruption.[123]

Bibliography
  • Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technologyby A P J Abdul Kalam andRoddam Narasimha;Indian Academy of Sciences,1988.[136]
  • India 2020:A Vision for the New Millenniumby A P J Abdul Kalam,Y. S. Rajan;New York, 1998.[137]
  • Wings of Fire:An Autobiographyby A P J Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari; Universities Press, 1999.[2]
  • Ignited Minds:Unleashing the Power Within Indiaby A P J Abdul Kalam; Viking, 2002.[138]
  • The Luminous Sparksby A P J Abdul Kalam, by; Punya Publishing Pvt Ltd., 2004.[139]
  • Mission Indiaby A P J Abdul Kalam, Paintings byManav Gupta;Penguin Books,2005[140]
  • Inspiring Thoughtsby A P J Abdul Kalam;Rajpal & Sons,2007[141]
  • Indomitable Spiritby A P J Abdul Kalam;Rajpal & SonsPublishing[142]
  • Envisioning an Empowered Nationby A P J Abdul Kalam with A Sivathanu Pillai; Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi[143]
  • You Are Born To Blossom: Take My Journey Beyondby A P J Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari; Ocean Books, 2011.[144]
  • Turning Points: A journey through challengesby A P J Abdul Kalam; HarperCollins India, 2012.[145]
  • Target 3 Billionby A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; December 2011 (Publisher:Penguin Books).
  • My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actionsby A P J Abdul Kalam; 2014 by the Rupa Publication.[146]
  • A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020by A P J Abdul Kalam and V Ponraj; July 2014 byHarperCollins.[147]
  • Forge your Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiringby A P J Abdul Kalam; byRajpal & Sons,29 October 2014.[148]
  • Reignited: Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Futureby A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; by Penguin India, 14 May 2015.[149]
  • Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamijiby A P J Abdul Kalam with Arun Tiwari; HarperCollins Publishers, June 2015[150]
  • Advantage India: From Challenge to Opportunityby A P J Abdul Kalam and Srijan Pal Singh; HarperCollins Publishers,15 October 2015.[151]

Awards and honours

Main article:List of honors and awards received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Kalam receivedhonorary doctoratesfrom various universities.[152][153][154]The Government of India honoured him with thePadma Bhushanin 1981 and thePadma Vibhushanin 1990.[25]In 1997, he was awarded India's highest civilian honour, theBharat Ratna,for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India.[155]He received theIndira Gandhi Award for National Integrationin 1997, andRamanujan Awardin 2000.[25]In 2008, he was the recipient ofHoover Medal.[156]In 2013, he was awarded theVon Braun Awardby theNational Space Society"to recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space-related project".[157]

Legacy

A 2015India Poststamp of Kalam
Main article:List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

In 2012, Kalam was ranked second inthe Greatest Indianpoll conducted byOutlook.[158]In September 2014, India and the United States launched the Fulbright-Kalam climate fellowship which enabled six Indian doctoral students and researchers to work with institutions in the US for a period of 6–12 months.[159]In 2015, theGovernment of Tamil Naduannounced that Kalam's birthday, 15 October, would be observed as "Youth Renaissance Day". It also instituted theDr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Award"constituting a gold medal, a certificate and₹500,000(US$5,800), to be awarded annually on theIndian Independence Day,to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth, the humanities or the welfare of students.[160]On the anniversary of Kalam's birth in 2015, theCentral Board of Secondary Educationreleased topics on his name as a part of the CBSE expression series.[161]On the same day,India Postreleased postage stamps commemorating the 84th anniversary of Kalam's birth.[162]

In 2017, researchers at the NASA'sJet Propulsion Laboratorydiscovered a new bacterium on the filters of theInternational Space Stationand named itSolibacillus kalamiito honour Kalam.[163]In February 2018, scientists from theBotanical Survey of Indianamed a newly found plant species asDrypetes kalamii,in his honour.[164]In 2022, a newly discovered species offootballfishwas named asHimantolophus kalamiin Kalam's honour.[165]

Several places and locations have been named after Kalam. In August 2015,Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Roadin New Delhi was named after Kalam.[166][167][168]In September 2015, the national missile test site inOdishain Wheeler Island was renamed asAbdul Kalam Island.[169]Several educational and scientific institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of Kalam such as theA P J Abdul Kalam Technological UniversityinThiruvananthapuram,Dr. Kalam Agricultural CollegeinKishanganj,[170]Kalam Institute of Health TechnologyinVisakhapatnam,[171]Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical UniversityinLucknow,[172]A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial Institute of Digestive DiseasesinKollam,[173],Kalam academic complex atMahatma Gandhi UniversityinKottayam,[174]Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Science CityinPatna,[175]Dr. Abdul Kalam Science Centre and PlanetariuminPuducherry,[176]and Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Lecture Theatre Complex atNetaji Subhas University of Technologyin Delhi.[177]

Biographies
  • Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr Kalamby S Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.[178]
  • President A P J Abdul Kalamby R K Pruthi; Anmol Publications, 2002.[179]
  • A P J Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of Indiaby K Bhushan, G Katyal; A P H Pub Corp, 2002.[180]
  • The Kalam Effect: My Years with the Presidentby P M Nair; HarperCollins, 2008.[181]
  • My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalamby Fr A K George; Novel Corporation, 2009.[182]
  • A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: A LifebyArun Tiwari;Harper Collins, 2015.[183]
  • The People's President: Dr A P J Abdul Kalamby S M Khan; Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016.[184]
Popular culture

In 2008, a documentary filmA Little Dreamdirected by P. Dhanapal was released in India.[185]In the 2011Hindi filmI Am Kalam,Kalam is portrayed as a positive influence on a poor but brightRajasthaniboy named Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol.[186]People's Presidentis a 2016 Indian documentaryfeature filmdirected by Pankaj Vyas and produced by the Government of India'sFilms Division.[187]My Hero Kalamis a 2018Kannadabiographical film by Shivu Hiremath which portrays Kalam's life from childhood to the Pokhran tests.[188]The third episode ofMega Icons(2018–2020), a documentary television series about prominent personalities of India aired onNational Geographicwas based on Kalam's life.[189]In the 2020TamilfilmSoorarai Pottru,Sheik Maideen portrayed Kalam.[190]InRocket Boys,a Hindi biographicalstreaming televisionseries onSonyLIV,the character of Kalam was played by Arjun Radhakrishnan.[191]In the 2022 Tamil filmRocketry: The Nambi Effect,Kalam is portrayed by Amaan.[192]

See also

References

  1. ^Contested the2002 Indian presidential electionas an independent candidate backed by the rulingNational Democratic Alliance
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  181. ^Nair, P. M. (2008).The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President.HarperCollins Publishers, a joint venture with the India Today Group.ISBN978-81-7223-736-3.Archivedfrom the original on 26 April 2016.Retrieved9 October2015.
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Political offices
Preceded by President of India
2002 - 2007 		Succeeded by
Government offices
New title
First holder
 Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India
1999 - 2002 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Director GeneralDefence Research and Development Organisation
1992 - 1999 		Succeeded by
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