Abseiling

"Rappel" redirects here. For the town in Estonia formerly known as Rappel, seeRapla.

Abseiling(/ˈæbseɪl/AB-saylor/ˈɑːpzaɪl/AHP-zyle;fromGermanabseilen'to rope down'), also known asrappelling(/ˈræpɛl/RAP-pellor/rəˈpɛl/rə-PELL;fromFrenchrappeler'to recall, to pull through'), is the controlled descent of a steep slope, such as a rock face, by moving down a rope. When abseiling, the person descending controls their own movement down a static orfixed rope,in contrast tolowering off,in which the rope attached to the person descending is paid out by theirbelayer.

Abseiling using atubular belay device

Description

Abseiling from a building inJapan

The technique is used byclimbers,mountaineers,cavers,canyoners,search and rescueandrope accesstechnicians to descend cliffs or slopes when they are too steep and/or dangerous to descend without protection. Many climbers use this technique to protect establishedanchorsfrom damage. Rope access technicians also use this as a method to access difficult-to-reach areas from above for various industrial applications like maintenance, construction, inspection and welding.

To descend safely, abseilers use a variety of techniques to increase the friction on the rope to the point where it can be controlled comfortably. These techniques range from wrapping the rope around their body (e.g. theDülfersitztechnique) to using custom-built devices like arackor afigure of 8.Practitioners choose a technique based on speed, safety, weight and other circumstantial concerns.

In the United States, the term "rappelling" is used.In the United Kingdom, both terms are understood,but "abseiling" is more common.In Australia, New Zealand and Canada, the two terms are used interchangeably. Globally, the term "rappelling" appears in books written in English more often than "abseiling".

History

Abseiling has existed, both using body abseil and descenders for centuries, with body abseiling being mentioned in the late 1400s,and descenders being described in the early 1600s.

The origin of thetermrappel in reference to the technique is attributed by Mountaineering authorRoger Frison-Rochecirca 1944.Frison-Roche in turn attributed thetechniqueof rappelling toJean Charlet-Straton,aChamonixguide who lived from 1840 to 1925. However, at the time, the term rappel meant to use a doubled rope that could be pulled down afterwards, and did not necessarily refer to abseiling,and while Frison-Roche may have used a doubled rope technique, he did not use an abseiling technique devised by Charlet-Straton.Different approaches for using a doubled rope had already been described in the late 1700s and by Edward Whymper around 1860, though neither case were used with what would be considered abseiling.Charlet-Straton then used another doubled rope technique which was called the rappel during a failed solo attempt ofPetit Druin 1876. The technique he used to descend the rope would not normally be considered abseiling, and had already been described numerous times long before he used it, with most authors saying it risked injuries.After many attempts, some of them solo, he managed to reach the summit of the Petit Dru in 1879 in the company of two other hired Chamonix guides, Prosper Payot and Frédéric Folliguet.During that ascent, Charlet-Straton again used the technique, with his companions assisting.

Equipment

• Ropes:Static ropeis ideal, but oftendynamic ropeis used.
• Anchors:Usually constructed from trees, boulders, ice or rock features, using webbing/cordelette, orrock climbing equipment.Some areas have fixed anchors such asboltsorpitons.
• Descender:A friction device or friction hitch that allows the rope to be played out in a controlled fashion, under load, with minimal effort by the person controlling it.
• Climbing harness:Fixed around the waist or whole body used to secure thedescender.Fit is important to preventsuspension trauma.
• Safety back-up: Typically afriction hitchsuch as aPrusik,Klemheist knot,orautoblock knotwrapped around the rope as to prevent uncontrolled descents.
• Helmets:Used to protect the head from bumps and falling rocks.
• Gloves:Used to protect hands from the rope and from colliding with the wall. May increase the risk of an accident by becoming caught in thedescender.
• Bootsorclimbing shoes:Used to increase friction against the rock
• Knee pads(and sometimeselbow-pads)

Application

AUnited States Air Force Pararescuemanrappels from a helicopter during a training exercise in Iraq, 2008

Abseiling is used in a number of applications, including:

• Climbing– for returning to the base of a climb or to a point where one can try a new route.
• Recreation
• Canyoning– to descend tall waterfalls and/or cliffs.
• Mountaineering
• Cavingandspeleology– where undergroundpitchesneed to be accessed.
• Adventure racing
• Industrial/commercial applications – to access parts of structures or buildings so as to perform maintenance, cleaning or construction, known asrope access.
• Access towildfires.
• Confined spaces access – e.g. ballast tanks, manholes
• Rescueapplications – used to access injured people on or nearby cliffs.
• Militaryapplications – tacticalheliborneinsertion of troops, includingspecial forces,into the battlefield close to the objective when proper landing zones are not available.

Styles/techniques

Australian rappeldemonstrated at a dam in Norway

Rescue-style (eared) figure eight descender and rope

• Australian rappel— Used in the military. The abseiler descends facing downwards allowing them to see where they are going.
• Tandem or spider abseiling — Used inclimbing.Involves two climbers descending on the same belay device. This is useful in rescue situations when one of the climbers is incapacitated or the descent needs to be done quickly. The set-up is similar to a regular rappelling, with the incapacitated climber suspended from the descender (and backed up on the primary climbers harness).
• Simul-rappellingorsimultaneously rappelling— Used in climbing and canyoning. Two climbers descend simultaneously on the same length of rope, where one climber's weight counterbalances the other. Generally the technique is considered less safe than the regular rappelling; however, it is useful in case of emergencies, or for rapping off opposite sides of a fin or spire where there are no anchor points. This is common in places like theNeedlesofSouth Dakota’sBlack Hills.
• Counterbalance abseiling — Used in climbing. This rescue technique is typically used by a leader to reach an injuredsecond.The leader abseils off on one strand of rope, using the incapacitated second's weight on the other strand of the rope as a counterbalance.
• Releasable abseil — Used by guides. This safety technique allows a leader to descend with inexperienced abseilers. A rope about twice the length of the descent is anchored with amunter mule hitch.The client descends on a single isolated strand of the rope. If the client becomes stuck halfway down the guide will be able to unlock the other strand and lower the client to the ground using the hitch as a belay device. This could be useful if the client panics, or gets clothing or hair entangled in the descender.
• Classical (non-mechanical methods), e.g. theDülfersitz— Used in emergencies. These technique are more dangerous than modern alternatives and only used when no other option is available. They involve descending without aid of mechanical devices, by wrapping the rope around the body, and were used before the advent of harnesses and hardware.
• South African classical abseil(double-roped) — Used in emergencies. This is a type of classical abseil where the user has a spare hand.
• Fireman's Belay — Safety backup. A partner stands on the ground below holding the rope(s). If the abseiler begins to fall they will be able to pull down on the rope to arrest the descent.

Safety

Abseiling can be dangerous and presents risks, especially to unsupervised or inexperienced abseilers. According to German mountaineerPit Schubert,about 25% of climbing deaths occur during abseiling, most commonly due to failing anchors.An analysis ofAmerican Alpine Clubaccident reports shows that this is followed by inadequate safety backups and rappelling off the ends of ropes.

Environmental concerns

Abseiling is prohibited or discouraged in some areas, as it may cause environmental damage, conflict with climbers heading upwards, and/or endanger people on the ground.

See also

• Canyoning
• Caving
• Mountaineering
• Search and rescue

External links

• BMC: Abseiling: Not the quickest way to reach the ground
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