Wikipedia

Azerbaijan (Iran)

(Redirected fromAdharbayjan)
Not to be confused with theRepublic of Azerbaijan.
For other uses, seeAzerbaijan (disambiguation).

37°36′N47°00′E/ 37.6°N 47.0°E/37.6; 47.0 AzerbaijanorAzarbaijan(Persian/Azerbaijani:آذربایجان,romanized:Āzarbāyjān,Persian pronunciation:[ɒːzæɾbɒːjˈdʒɒːn],Azerbaijani pronunciation:[ɑːzæɾbɑjˈdʒɑn]), also known asIranian Azerbaijan,[1]is ahistorical regionin northwesternIranthat bordersIraqandTurkeyto the west andArmenia,Azerbaijan,and the Azerbaijani exclave of theNakhchivan Autonomous Republicto the north.

Three provinces of Iranian Azerbaijan region

Iranian Azerbaijan includes three northwestern Iranian provinces:West Azerbaijan,East AzerbaijanandArdabil.[2][3]Some authors also includeZanjanin this list, some in a geographical sense,[4]others only culturally (due to the predominance of the Azeri Turkic population there).[5]The region is mostly populated byAzerbaijanis,with minority populations ofKurds,Armenians,Tats,Talysh,AssyriansandPersians.

Iranian Azerbaijan is the land originally and historically called Azerbaijan; the Azerbaijani-populated Republic of Azerbaijan appropriated the name of the neighbouring Azerbaijani-populated region in Iran during the 20th century.[6][7][8]Historic Azerbaijan was calledAtropatenein antiquity andAturpatakan(Adurbadagan) in the pre-Islamic Middle Ages. Some people refer to Iranian Azerbaijan asSouth (or Southern) Azerbaijanand the Republic of Azerbaijan as Northern Azerbaijan,[9]although others believe that these terms areirredentistand politically motivated.[10][11][12]

Following military defeats at the hands of theRussian Empire,Qajar Persiaceded all of its territories in theNorth CaucasusandTranscaucasiato Russia via theTreaty of Gulistanof 1813 and theTreaty of Turkmenchayof 1828.[13]The territories south of theAras River,which comprised the region historically known as Azerbaijan, became the new north-west frontier of the Persian Empire and later Iran.[14]The territories north of the Aras River, which were not known by the name Azerbaijan at the time of their capture by Russia, were absorbed into the Russian Empire, renamed theAzerbaijan Democratic Republicduring the country's short-lived independence from 1918 to 1920,[15]incorporated into theSoviet Unionas theAzerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic,and finally became the independent Republic of Azerbaijan when theSoviet Union dissolved.

Etymology and usage

The name Azerbaijan itself is derived fromAtropates,[16]thePersian[17][18][19]Satrap(governor) ofMedeain theAchaemenid Empire,who ruled a region found in modern Iranian Azerbaijan calledAtropatene.Atropates's name is believed to be derived from theOld Persianroots meaning "protected by fire."[20]The name is also mentioned in theAvestanFrawardin Yasht:âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaidewhich translates literally to: "We worship theFravashiof the holy Atare-pata. "[21]According to theEncyclopaedia of Islam:"InMiddle Persianthe name of the province was called Āturpātākān, older new-Persian Ādharbādhagān (آذربادگان/آذرآبادگان), Ādharbāyagān, at present Āzerbāydjān/Āzarbāydjān,GreekAtropatēnḗ(Ἀτροπατηνή),Byzantine GreekAdravigánon(᾿Αδραβιγάνων),ArmenianAtrpatakan(Ատրպատական),SyriacAdhorbāyghān."[22]The name Atropat in Middle Persian was transformed to Adharbad and is connected with Zoroastrianism. A famous Zoroastrian priest by the name Adarbad Mahraspandan is well known for his counsels.[23]Azerbaijan, due to its numerous fire-temples has also been quoted in a variety of historic sources as being the birthplace of the prophetZoroasteralthough modern scholars have not yet reached an agreement on the location of his birth.[24]

In the early 19th century,Qajar Iranwas forced to cede toImperial Russiaits Caucasian territories north of theAras River(modern-dayDagestan,Georgia,Armenia,and the Republic ofAzerbaijan), through the treaties ofGulistan(1813) andTurkmenchay(1828). Following the disintegration of the Russian Empire in 1917, as well as the short-livedTranscaucasian Democratic Federative Republic,in 1918, the leadingMusavat governmentadopted the name "Azerbaijan" for the newly establishedAzerbaijan Democratic Republic,which was proclaimed on May 27, 1918,[25]for political reasons,[26][27]even though the name of "Azerbaijan" had always been used to refer to the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran.[6][7][8]Thus, until 1918, when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independent state Azerbaijan, this designation had been used exclusively to identify the Iranian province of Azerbaijan.[7][8][15][28]

History

Main article:History of Iran
Caspian sea and Azerbaijan position on the left side of the map in the 10th century. The original map is in Ṣūrat al-'Arḍ (صورة الارض; "The face of the Earth" ), Ibn Hawqal (977), Beyrut, page 419.
An old map of Azerbaijan and its neighboring regions depicted by the Ibn Hawqal 1145 AD
TheTabula Rogeriana,drawn byMuhammad al-IdrisiforRoger II of Sicilyin 1154. Azerbaijan in the southwest of the Caspian sea. South is towards the top.

Pre-Islamic period

The oldest kingdom known in Iranian Azerbaijan is that of theManneawho ruled a region south-east ofLake Urmiacentered around modernSaqqez.The Manneans were a confederation of Iranian and non-Iranian groups. According to Professor Zadok:

it is unlikely that there was any ethnolinguistic unity in Mannea. Like other peoples of theIranian plateau,the Manneans were subjected to an ever-increasing Iranian (i.e., Indo-European) penetration.[29]

The Mannaeans were conquered and absorbed by an Iranian people called Matieni, and the country was calledMatiene,with Lake Urmia called Lake Matianus. Matiene was later conquered by the Medes and became a satrapy of the Median empire and then a sub-satrapy of the Median satrapy of the Persian Empire.

According toEncyclopædia Britannica,theMedeswere an:

Indo-European people, related to the Persians, who entered northeastern Iran probably as early as the 17th century BC and settled in the plateau land that came to be known as Media.[30]

AfterAlexander the GreatconqueredPersia,he appointed (328 BC) as governor the Persian generalAtropates,who eventually established an independent dynasty. The region, which came to be known asAtropateneor Media Atropatene (after Atropates), was much disputed. In the 2nd century BC, it was liberated fromSeleuciddomination byMithradates IofArsacid dynasty,and was later made a province of theSassanid EmpireofArdashir I.Under the Sassanids, Azerbaijan was ruled by amarzubān,and, towards the end of the period, belonged to the family ofFarrokh Hormizd.

Large parts of the region were conquered by theKingdom of Armenia.Large parts of the region made up part ofhistorical Armenia.The parts of historical Armenia within what is modern-day Azerbaijan comprise;Nor Shirakan,Vaspurakan,andPaytakaran.Vaspurakan, of which large parts were located in what is modern-day Iranian Azerbaijan is described as the cradle ofArmeniancivilization.[31]

On 26 May 451 AD, a very important battle was fought that would prove immensely pivotal inArmenian history.On theAvarayr Plain,at what is modern-dayChurs(modern-dayWest Azerbaijan Province), the Armenian Army underVardan Mamikonianclashed withSassanidPersia. Although the Persians were victorious on the battlefield itself, the battle proved to be a major strategic victory for Armenians, as Avarayr paved the way to theNvarsak Treaty(484 AD), which affirmed Armenia's right to practice Christianity freely.[32][33]

Heraclius,theByzantine emperor,briefly held the region in the 7th century until peace was made with the Sassanids. After theIslamic Conquest of Iran,Arabinvaders converted most of its people toIslamand made it part of thecaliphate.

Islamic period

Sasanian and early Islamic period

During theArab invasion of Iran,theSpahbedof Iran wasRostam Farrokhzad,the son ofFarrukh Hormizd,who was the son ofVinduyih,the uncle ofKhosrau Iand brother of the Sasanian usurperVistahm.Rustam himself was born in Azerbaijan and led theSasanian armyinto battle. He is also mentioned in theShahnameh.

The Sasanian army was defeated at thebattle of al-QādisiyyahandRostam Farrokhzad,along with many other Sasanian veterans, was killed. In 642,Piruz Khosrow,one of the Sasanian survivors during the battle of al-Qādisiyyah, fought against the Muslims atNahavand,which was a gateway to the provinces of Azerbaijan,ArmeniaandCaucasian Albania.The battle was fierce, but the Sasanian troops lost during the battle. This opened the gateway for the Muslims to enter Azerbaijan. The Muslims then invaded Azerbaijan and capturedIsfandiyar,the son ofFarrukhzad.Isfandiyar then promised, in return for his life, that he would agree to surrender his estates in Azerbaijan and aid the Muslims in defeating his brother, Bahram. Bahram was then defeated and sued for peace. A pact was drawn up according to which Azerbaijan was surrendered toCaliphUmaron usual terms of paying the annualJizya.

Muslims settled in Azerbaijan as they did in many parts of Iran. According to theIranian AzerbaijanihistorianAhmad Kasravi,more Muslims settled in Azerbaijan compared to other provinces due to the province's plentiful and fertile pastures. Local revolts against the Caliphate were common and the most famous of these revolts was the PersianKhurramite movement.

Abbasids and Seljuks

Map of Adharbayjan in the 9th-century

After the revolt ofBabak Khorramdin,who was a Zoroastrian of neo-Mazdakite background, theAbbasidcaliphate's grip on Azerbaijan weakened, allowing native dynasties to rise in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan was taken over by the KurdishDaisamand theSallaridMarzuban,the latter united it withArran,Shirvan,and most ofEastern Armenia.After confrontations with the localDailamiteandKurdishpopulations who had already established their own dynasties and emirates in different parts of Azerbaijan, theSeljuksdominated the region in the 11th and early 12th centuries, at which point the linguistic Turkification of the native Iranian populations began. In 1136, Azerbaijan fell to the Atabakan-e-Azerbaijan and Atabakan-e-Maragheh. It was later invaded by the Khwarizm Shah Jalal ad-din who held Azerbaijan until the advent of the Mongol invasions.

In the early years of the 13th century, large parts of Azerbaijan were conquered by theKingdom of Georgia,at the time led byTamar the Great.Under the command of the brothers Zakaria and IvaneMkhargrdzeli,the Georgians conquered Ardabil and Tabriz in 1208, and Qazvin and Khoy in 1210.[34][35][36][37]

Mongols and Turkmens

TheMongolsunderHulagu Khanestablished their capital atMaragheh.The bookSafina-yi Tabrizdescribes the general state ofTabrizduring theIlkhanidperiod. After being conquered byTimurin the 14th century, Tabriz became an important provincial capital of theTimurid empire.Later, Tabriz became the capital of theKara Koyunluempire.

Safavid, Afshars and Qajars and loss of the adjacent Caucasian territories

Main articles:Safavid dynasty,Afsharid dynasty,Qajar dynasty,andKhanates of the Caucasus
See also:Russo-Persian Wars,Treaty of Gulistan,andTreaty of Turkmenchay

It was out ofArdabil(ancient Artavilla) that theSafavid dynastyarose to renew the state of Persia and establish Shi'ism as the official religion of Iran. Around the same time, the population of what is now Azerbaijan and Iranwere converted to Shiism,[38]and both nations remain the only nations in the world with a significantly Shia majority, with Iran having the largest Shia population by percentage, with the Republic of Azerbaijan having the second-largest Shia population by percentage.[39][40]

After 1502, Azerbaijan became the chief bulwark and military base of the Safavids. It was the chief province from which the various Iranian empires would control theirCaucasianprovinces, all the way up toDagestanin the early 19th century. In the meantime, between 1514 and 1603, the Ottomans sometimes occupied Tabriz and other parts of the province duringtheir numerous warswith their Safavid ideological and political archrivals. The Safavid control was restored by Shah Abbas but during the Afghan invasion (1722–8) the Ottomans recaptured Azerbaijan and other western provinces of Iran, untilNader Shahexpelled them. At the beginning of the reign ofKarim Khan Zand,theAzad Khan Afghanunsuccessfully revolted in Azerbaijan and later the Dumbuli Kurds ofKhoyand other tribal chiefs ruled various parts of the territory. Azad Khan was defeated however byErekle II.With the advent of the Qajars, Azerbaijan became the traditional residence of the heirs-apparent. Even until then Azerbaijan remained the main area from where the high-ranked governors would control the various territories andKhanates of the Caucasuswhile the main power stayed inTehran.

Though the firstQajar Iranianruler,Agha Mohammad Khan,had reconquered theCaucasusand all of Iran in several swift campaigns, such as theharsh re-subjugation of Georgiain 1795, Iran would eventually irrevocably lose all of the Caucasus region to neighbouring Imperial Russia during the course of the 19th century, which had a crucial impact on the region of modern-day Iranian Azerbaijan. Shortly after the reconquest of Georgia, Agha Mohammad Shah was assassinated while preparing a second expedition in 1797 inShusha.[41]The reassertion of Iranian hegemony over Georgia did not last long; in 1799 the Russians marched intoTbilisi,[42]which would mark the beginning of the end of the Iranian-ruled domains in the Caucasus, comprising modern-dayGeorgia,Armenia,theRepublic of Azerbaijan,andDagestanthanks to the 19th centuryRusso-Persian Wars.[14]

Since the late 17th/early 18th century, the Russians were actively pursuing an expansionist policy towards its neighbouring empires to its south, namely the Ottoman Empire and the successive Iranian kingdoms. Agha Mohammad Khan's death and the Russian troops entering the Iranian possession of Tbilisi in 1799, led directly to theRusso-Persian War (1804–1813),the first of a number of Russo-Persian wars during the 19th century,[41]and the most devastating and humiliating one. By the end of the war in 1813 and the resultingTreaty of Gulistan,Qajar Iran was forced to cede Georgia, most of the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan, and Dagestan to Russia. The only Caucasian territories remaining in Iranian hands were what is nowArmenia,theNakhichevan Khanate,and theTalysh Khanate.The next war, theRusso-Persian War (1826–1828),resulted in an even more humiliating defeat, with Iran being forced to cede the remaining Caucasian regions,[14]as well as having Russian troops temporarily occupying Tabriz and Iranian Azerbaijan. As Iran was unwilling to allow the Russians to gain possession over its Caucasian territories in theNorth CaucasusandSouth Caucasus,the millennia-old ancient ties between Iran and the Caucasus region were only severed by the superior Russian force of Russia through these 19th-century wars.[41]

The area to the north of the riverAras,which included the territory of the contemporary republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia, were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia during the 19th century.[13][14][43][44][45][46][47]

Through the course of the 19th century Iran lost to Russia regions[14]which had been part Iran for centuries.[41]By the end of the 19th century, the border between Iran and Russia was set more southwards, at theAras River,which is currently the border between Iran and Armenia – Azerbaijan.

Subsequently, the Russians were very influential in Northern Iran including Azerbaijan (as Northern Iran fell intoRussia'ssphere of influence for decades). After 1905, the representatives of Azerbaijan were very active in theIranian Constitutional Revolutionas a result to this Russian influence.

Contemporary age

See also:Russian Invasion of Tabriz, 1911;Persian campaign (World War I);andAzerbaijan People's Government

The Russian (Tsarist) army occupied Iranian Azerbaijan in 1909 and again in 1912–1914 and 1915–1918, followed by Ottoman forces in 1914–1915 and 1918–1919; Bolshevik forces occupied Iranian Azerbaijan and other parts of Iran in 1920–1921,[48]and Soviet forces occupied Iranian Azerbaijan in 1941, creating a very short-lived autonomous,Soviet-supported statefrom November 1945 to November 1946,[49]which was dissolved after the reunification of Iranian Azerbaijan with Iran in November of the same year. The period roughly from the last majorRusso-Persian Warup to this date is so-called the period of high Russian influences in Iran. All of Northern Iran, including Iranian Azerbaijan, Gilan, Mazandaran, Qazvin, and many other places all the way up to Isfahan fell into the Russian sphere of influence. Russian armies were stationed in many regions of Iranian Azerbaijan, Russian schools were founded, and many Russianssettledin the region, but less than inGilanandMazandaran.Also, Azerbaijan saw the large influx of the so-calledWhite émigréeswho fled to Iran following theBolshevik revolutionin Russia. Iranian nationalism is partly the product of Azerbaijani intellectuals.[50][51]Azerbaijani provinces have played a major in the cultural and economic life of Iran in both the Pahlavi era as well as the Iranian Constitutional and Islamic revolution.

Monuments

The Iranian provinces of Azerbaijan, both West and East, possess a large number of monuments from all periods of history.[52]

Geography

Iranian Azerbaijan is generally considered the north-west portion of Iran comprising the provinces ofEast Azerbaijan,West Azerbaijan,andArdabil.[53]It shares borders with theRepublic of Azerbaijan,[54]Armenia, Turkey, and Iraq. There are 17 rivers and two lakes in the region. Cotton, nuts, textiles, tea, machinery, and electrical equipment are the main industries. The northern,alpineregion, which includesLake Urmia,is mountainous, with deep valleys and fertile lowlands.

The region is bounded in the north byArmeniaand theRepublic of Azerbaijanand in the West byLake Urmiaand Kurdish-inhabited areas of Iran, and in the East byGilan.

Mountains

Rivers

Aras River nearJoulfa

Most of the biggest rivers in Azerbaijan flow into eitherUrmia Lakeor theCaspian Sea(both of which areendorheic). Some of the major rivers are:

Biosphere reserve

Mountains ofArasbaran

Arasbārān,in the formerQaradagh,is aUNESCOregisteredbiosphere reserve(since 1976) and an IranianDept. of Environmentdesignated "Protected Area" inEast Azarbaijan Province,Iran,with a varying altitude from 256 m (840 ft) in the vicinity of theAras Riverto 2,896 m (9,501 ft) and covers an area of 78,560 hectares (194,100 acres; 303.3 sq mi). The biosphere is also home to some 23,500nomads.[58]Arasbaran is confined toAras Riverin the north,Meshgin Shahr Countyand Moghan in the east,Sarab Countyin the south, andTabrizandMarandcounties in the west.

Lakes

Plain

TheMugan plainis a plain located between Iran and the southern part of theRepublic of Azerbaijan.The highest density of irrigation canals is in the section of the Mugan plain which lies in the Republic of Azerbaijan. It is located on the bank of theAras riverextending to Iran.[61]

TheUrmia Plainis in theWest Azerbaijan Province,situated on western side of Lake Urmia and the eastern side of Turkish border.[62]

Politics

In Azerbaijan

Province Governor-general Representative of theSupreme Leader
East Azerbaijan Easmaeil Jabbarzadeh Mohsen Mojtahed Shabestari
West Azerbaijan Ghorbanali Saadat Mehdi Ghoreyshi
Ardabil Province Majid Khodabakhsh Hassan Ameli
Zanjan Province Asadollad Darvish Amiri Ali Khatami

Assembly of Experts

Of the 86 members ofAssembly of Experts,11 are representative of the Azerbaijan region.Ali MeshkinifromMeshgin Shahr[63]in theArdabil ProvincewasChairmen of the Assembly of Expertssince 1983 to 2007.

  • 5 representative of East Azerbaijan.
  • 3 representative of West Azerbaijan.
  • 2 representative of Ardabil Province.
  • 1 representative of Zanjan Province.
Name Province
Hashem Hashemzadeh Herisi East Azerbaijan
Mohsen Mojtahed Shabestari East Azerbaijan
Mohammad Feyzi East Azerbaijan
Mohammad Taghi Pourmohammadi East Azerbaijan
Ali Malakouti East Azerbaijan
Asghar Dirbaz West Azerbaijan
Ali Akbar Ghoreyshi West Azerbaijan
Javad Mojtahed Shabestari West Azerbaijan
Hassan Ameli Ardabil Province
Fakhraddin Mousavi Ardabil Province
Mohammad Reza Doulabi Zanjan Province

Islamic Consultative Assembly

Of the 290 members ofIslamic Consultative Assembly,44 are representative of Azerbaijan region. in the Azerbaijan region 40/44 Azerbaijani are in parliament the members of theFraction of Turkic regions.[64]

ElectorateAccording toCounty
[65]
Electoral district of East Azerbaijan
19
Tabriz, Osku and Azarshahr
6i
Mianeh
2n
Kaleybar, Khoda Afarin
1
Marand and Jolfa
1
Sarab
1
Bostanabad
1
Maragheh and Ajabshir
1
Hashtrud and Charuymaq
1
Bonab
1
Varzaqan
1
Ahar and Heris
1
Shabestar
1
Malekan
1
Electoral district of West Azerbaijan
12
Urmia
3j
Miandoab, Shahin Dezh, Takab
2o
Khoy, Chaypareh
1
Mahabad
1(Kurd)
Bukan
1(Kurd)
Maku, Poldasht, Showt, Chaldoran
1
Nagadeh, Oshnavieh
1(Kurd)
Salmas
1
Piranshahr, Sardasht
1(Kurd)
Electoral district of Ardabil Province
7
Ardabil, Nir, Namin and Sareyn
3k
Germi
1
Meshginshahr
1
Khalkhal and Kowsar
1
Parsabad and Bilesavar
1
Electoral district of Zanjan Province
5
Zanjan, Tarom
2m
Abhar, Khorramdarreh
1
Khodabandeh
1
Ijrud, Mahneshan
1

Cabinet of Iran

Consulate

Country Name City Province
Turkey Turkish Consulate in Tabriz[70] Tabriz East Azerbaijan
Turkish Consulate in Urmia[71] Urmia West Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Republic of Azerbaijan Consulate in Tabriz[72] Tabriz East Azerbaijan

Military

SeveralIranian ArmyandSepahdivisions and brigades are based in Azerbaijan, including:

Type Name City Province
Operational Headquarter ofArmyin North-West Northwestern Operational Headquarter of Ground Forces of Islamic Republic of Iran Army Urmia West Azerbaijan
Division (military)ofArmy 64th Infantry Division of Urmia Urmia West Azerbaijan
Division (military)ofArmy 21st Infantry Division of Azerbaijan Tabriz East Azerbaijan
Logistic Headquarter ofArmy Maraqeh District 4 Headquarter Maragheh East Azerbaijan
BrigadeofArmy 40th Infantry Separate Brigade of Sarab Sarab&Ardabil East Azerbaijan&Ardabil Province
BrigadeofArmy 41st Infantry Separate Brigade of Qushchi Urmia West Azerbaijan
Separate Brigade ofArmy 36th Armored Separate Brigade of Mianeh Mianeh East Azerbaijan
Army Training Centre ofArmy 03 Ajabshir Recruit Training Centre Ajab Shir East Azerbaijan
Military airbaseofIslamic Republic of Iran Army Aviation Havanirooz Tabriz Base Tabriz East Azerbaijan
Military airbaseofAir force Tactical Air Base 2,orPaygah Dovvom-e Shekari Tabriz East Azerbaijan
AgencyofNavy Navy Office of Tabriz Tabriz East Azerbaijan
Provincial Corps Ardabil Hazrat AbbasProvincial Corps Ardabil Ardabil province
Provincial Corps West Azerbaijan ShohadaProvincial Corps Urmia West Azerbaijan
Provincial Corps East Azerbaijan AshuraProvincial Corps Tabriz East Azerbaijan
Provincial Corps Zanjan Ansar al-MahdiProvincial Corps Zanjan Zanjan province

Economy

Industry and mining of Iranian Azerbaijan in North-west

The economy in Iranian Azerbaijan is based on Heavy industries, food industries, agriculture, and handicraft. The biggest economic hub is Tabriz which contains the majority of heavy industries and food industries. Iranian Azerbaijan has two free trade zones designated to promote international trade:Aras Free Zoneand Maku Free Zone. The agriculture industry in Iranian Azerbaijan is relatively better than many other parts of the country because of comparatively higher precipitation. Handicrafts are mostly a seasonal industry mostly in rural areas during wintertime when the agriculture season is finished. There are 500 important production and industrial unit in this area.[73]in October 2016, 500 Regional economic giant was introduced in 5 areas and 19 groups.[74][75]

Free trade zones and exhibition centers

Heavy industries

Industries include machine tools, vehicle factories, oil refineries, petrochemical complexes, food processing, cement, textiles, electric equipment, and sugar milling. Oil and gas pipelines run through the region. Wool, carpets, and metalware are also produced. In some factories and major companies in Azerbaijan include:

  • Iran Tractor Manufacturing Company(ITMCO), a producer oftractor,diesel engines, and other auto parts, and provider of industrial services with its headquarter and main site inTabriz.[77]ITMCOhas manufacturing sites in several countries and it exports different products to ten countries.[77]The company isISO 9001audited, and has received several awards of quality and exporting.[77]ITMCOis listed as one of Iran's 100 fortune brands.
  • Goldstone Tires,operating under thebrandGoldstone Tires is an Iranian manufacturer oftirefor automobiles, commercial trucks, light trucks, SUVs, race cars, airplanes, and heavy earth-mover machinery inArdabil.Artawheel Tire is currently the largest non-government owned tire manufacturer in Iran by market share.[78]The company currently has agreements withIran Khodro Tabrizto develop tires for thePeugeot 206models.[79]
  • Mashin Sazi Tabriz(MST) is a manufacturer of industrial machinery and tools inTabriz.The major products of the factory are turning machines, milling machines, drilling machines, grinding machines, and tools.
  • Rakhsh Khodro Dieselis an Iraniantruckmanufacturer established in 2005 and located inTabriz.This company is a strategic partner ofKamazof Russia,JACandJinbeiof China andMaz-Manof Belarus, and produces Kamaz trucks, JAC light trucks, and its own designed minibus. Its headquarters is inTabriz.
  • Amicois an Iranian truck manufacturer established in 1989 and located in Jolfa near Tabriz. This company produces light and heavy diesel vehicles.[80]
  • Iran Khodro Tabriz,whose headquarters is in Tehran, is the leading Iranian vehicle manufacturer; it has the country's largest car factory in Tehran and five other vehicle factories. The company's original name was "Iran National".[81]Until 2014, Iran Khodro Tabriz had a capacity of 520,000 vehicles,[82]building 150Samand Arisancars per day instead of the Bardo Pick-up Paykan.[83]The site also produces 100IKCO Samandsper day.[84]
  • Other major petrochemical companies, oil refineries and industries include Machine works Company of Tabriz, Iranian Diesel Engine Manufacturing (IDEM), Tabriz Oil Refinery, Tabriz Petrochemical, and Copper Mine Songon.

Rugs and carpets

The Ardabil CarpetandTabriz rugthe best kind ofIranian carpet.Now 40 percent ofIranian carpetexports are carried throughEast Azarbaijan.[85]Azerbaijani carpets and rugs are important:

  • Tabriz rugis a type in the general category ofIranian carpets[86][87][88]from the city ofTabriz.
  • Heriz rugarePersian rugsfrom the area ofHeris, East Azerbaijan,northeast ofTabriz.Such rugs are produced in the village of the same name in the slopes ofMount Sabalan.
  • Ardabil rugandArdabil carpetoriginate fromArdabil.Ardabil has a long and illustrious history of Azerbaijani carpet weaving. The reign of the Safavid dynasty in the 16th and 17th centuries represented the peak of Azerbaijani carpet making in the region.
  • Karadagh rugor Karaja rug is handmade in or near the village of Qarājeh (Karaja), in the Qareh Dāgh (Karadagh) region just south of theAzerbaijanborder, northeast of Tabrīz. The best-known pattern shows three geometric medallions that are somewhat similar to those in Caucasian carpets. The central one has a latch-hooked contour and differs in colour from the others, which are eight-pointed stars.[89]

Food industries

More than fifty percent of entire Iranian food exports are carried from Iranian Azerbaijan.[90]The major hub for the food industry in the region is Tabriz which includes theShirin Asal,Aydin, Shoniz, Anata, Baraka and Chichak manufacturers.[citation needed]Outside of Tabriz Minoo Industrial Group inKhorramdarrehis another nationally recognized food manufacturer.[91]

Agriculture

The principle crops of the region are grains, fruits, cotton, rice, nuts, and tobacco.

Demographics

People

See also:Iranian Azerbaijanis,List of Iranian Azerbaijanis,Demographics of Iran,andEthnic minorities in Iran

Iranian Azerbaijanis,are aTurkic-speakingpeople, of which are largely of Iranian origin.[92]They number between 16 and 24 percent[93][94][95][96]and between 15 and 16 million[97][98][99]ofIran's population,and comprise by far the second-largest ethnic group in the nation.[100]In the Azerbaijan region, the population consists mainly ofAzeris.[53]Azeris are the largest group in Iranian Azerbaijan, while Kurds are the second largest group and a majority in many cities ofWest Azerbaijan Province.[101]Iranian Azerbaijan is one of the richest and most densely populated regions of Iran. Many of these various linguistic, religious, and tribal minority groups, and Azeris themselves have settled widely outside the region.[102]The majority Azeris are followers ofShi'aIslam. The Iranian Azeris mainly reside in the northwest provinces, including the Iranian Azerbaijan provinces (East Azerbaijan,West AzerbaijanandArdabil),Zanjan,as well as regions of the North[103]toHamadan County[104]andShara District[104]in the EastHamadan Province,some regionsQazvin Province[105][106]and also Azerbaijani minorities living inMarkazi,[107]Kordestan,[108]Gilan,[109][110]andKermanshah.h[111]

Smaller groups, such asArmenians,Assyrians,Kurds,Tats,Talyshs,Jews,Circassians,(and otherPeoples of the Caucasus), andPersiansalso inhabit the region.

Religion

The majority ofAzerbaijanisin Azerbaijan are followers ofTwelver ShiaIslam.[112]Azerbaijanis commemorate Shia holy days (ten first days of the holy month ofMuharram) minority Sunni Azerbaijani Turks (ShafiandHanafi) who live in theArdabil Province(Hashatjin[113]and villages ofBileh Savar County)[114]andWest Azerbaijan province(near the cities ofUrmia,KhoyandSalmas) and have population about 200,000 people in this area.[115]

Immigration

Azerbaijani people mostly live in northwest parts of Iran, but large Azerbaijani populations can be found inKhorasan,[116]mostly inMashhad,[117]as well ascentral Iran,due tointernal migrationtoTehran,[116]Karaj,[106]andQum.[116]Where they have settled, they have become prominent – not only among urban and industrial working classes – but also in commercial, administrative, political, religious, and intellectual circles.[116]Azerbaijanis make up 25%–33%[105][106]ofTehranand ofTehran Province's population. They are the largest ethnic groups afterPersiansin Tehran and the Tehran Province.[118]The governor of Tehran isHossein Hashemi[119]fromSarab;he was born in East Azerbaijan;[120]Ali Khamenei,theSupreme Leader of Iran,was born inMashhadand is ofAzeriorigin.[121][122][123]The journalsVarliqandAzariare printed by theAzerbaijani peopleinTehran.

Population

Four provinces of Iranian Azerbaijan
See also:Azerbaijani population by urban area

According to the population census of 2012, the four provinces ofEast Azerbaijan(2012 pop. 3,724,620),West Azerbaijan(2012 pop. 3,080,576),Zanjan(2012 pop. 1,015,734), andArdabil(2012 pop. 1,248,488) have a combined population of 9 million people.[124]

Administrative divisions

Azerbaijan's major cities areTabriz[105][106](the capital ofEast Azerbaijan),Urmia[105][106](the capital ofWest Azerbaijan),Zanjan[105][106](the capital ofZanjan Province),Ardabil[105][106](the capital ofArdabil Province) and Major cities non-capital of Province's Azerbaijan areKhoyandMaragheh.[105][106]

Rank City County Province Population
(2016) 		Image
1 Tabriz Tabriz County East Azerbaijan 1,558,693[124]
2 Urmia Urmia County West Azerbaijan 736,224[124]
3 Ardabil Ardabil County Ardabil Province 529,374[124]
4 Zanjan Zanjan County Zanjan Province 486,495[124]
5 Khoy Khoy County West Azerbaijan 198,845[124]
6 Maragheh Maragheh County East Azerbaijan 175,255[124]
7 Miandoab Miandoab County West Azerbaijan 134,425[124]
8 Marand Marand County East Azerbaijan 130,825[124]
9 Ahar Ahar County East Azerbaijan 100,641[124]

New 2014 administrative divisions

5regions of Iran;region 3 includes Iranian Azerbaijan and its capital isTabriz,East Azerbaijan.[125]

DuringHassan Rouhani'sgovernment,theMinistry of Interiordeclared[126]that the provinces of Iran would be organized into regions.Region 3in Northwest Iran includesEast Azerbaijan Province,West Azerbaijan Province,Ardabil Province,Zanjan Province,Gilan Province,andKurdistan Province.[127][128][129][130][131]

Culture

SassanidkingBahram Guris a great favourite in Persian tradition and poetry. Depiction of Nezami's "Bahram and the Indian Princess in the Black Pavilion"Khamse( "Quintet" ), mid-16th centurySafavidera.

Azerbaijanishave influenced Iranian culture while also being influenced by their non-Iranian neighbors, particularlyCaucasiansandRussians.The majority of Azerbaijanis in both Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan areShiite Muslims.They celebrateNowruz,the Iranian new year, at the arrival of spring. Azerbaijan has adistinct musicthat is tightly connected to the music of other Iranian peoples such asPersian musicandKurdish music,and also the music of theCaucasian peoples.Although theAzerbaijani languageis not an official language of Iran it is widely used, mostly orally, among theIranian Azerbaijanis.[citation needed]

Literature

Many poets that came from Azerbaijan wrote poetry in bothPersianandAzerbaijani.Renowned poets inAzerbaijani languageareNasimi,Shah Ismail I(who was known with the pen-name “Khata'i” ),Fuzuli,Nasimi,andJahan Shahwere probably born outside what is now Iranian Azerbaijan.Azerbaijaniwas the dominant language of the Turkish ruling dynasties of the area, such asAk Koyunlu,[132]Kara Koyunlu,[133]and was later used in theSafavidcourt, until Isfahan became the capital,[134]and by religious, military and state dignitaries.[135][136]In the 16th century, Azerbaijani literature further flourished with the development ofAshik(Azerbaijani:Aşıq) poetic genre of bards. During the same period, under the pen-name of “Khaṭāʾī” (Azerbaijani:خطائی,lit. 'theCathayan')[137][138]Shah Ismail Iwrote about 1,400 verses in Azerbaijani,[139]which were later published as hisDivan.A unique literary style known asqoshma(Azerbaijani:qoşmaforimprovisation) was introduced in this period, and developed by Shah Ismail and later by his son and successor, ShahTahmaspandTahmasp I.[132]In the span of the 17th century, 18th and 19th century, Fizuli's unique genres as wellAshikpoetry were taken up by prominent poets and writers such asQovsi Tabrizi,Shah Abbas Sani,Khasta Qasim,Mirza Fatali Akhundov,Seyid Abulgasim Nabati,Ali Mojuzand others.

An influential piece of post-World War II Azerbaijani poetry,Heydar Babaya Salam(Greetings to Heydar Baba) was written by Azeri poetMohammad Hossein Shahriar.This poem, published inTabrizin 1954 and written in colloquial Azerbaijani, became popular amongIraniansand the people ofAzerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.InHeydar Babaya Salam,Shahriar expressed his identity as an Iranian attached to his homeland, language, and culture. Heydar Baba is a hill near Khoshknab, the native village of the poet.

Azerbaijan is mentioned favorably on many occasions inPersian literaturebyIran's greatest authors and poets.Examples:

گزیده هر چه در ایران بزرگان
زآذربایگان و ری و گرگان
All the nobles and greats of Iran,
Choose from Azerbaijan,Ray,andGorgan.
—Vis o Ramin

از آنجا بتدبیر آزادگان
بیامد سوی آذرآبادگان
From there the wise and the free,
set off to Azerbaijan
—Nizami

به یک ماه در آذرآبادگان
ببودند شاهان و آزادگان
For a month's time, The Kings and The Free,
Would choose in Azerbaijan to be
—Ferdowsi

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Nine historical sites in Azerbaijan have been designated asWorld Heritage SitesbyUNESCO:

Colleges and universities

There are many universities in Azerbaijan, included units and centers:public universityandprivate university,Islamic Azad University,Payame Noor University,Nonprofit educational institutions,University of Applied Science and Technology.

Some of the most prestigious public universities in the area are:

Row Colleges and universities City Province
1 University of Tabriz Tabriz East Azerbaijan
2 University of Urmia Urmia West Azerbaijan
3 Mohaghegh Ardabili University Ardabil Ardabil Province
4 University of Zanjan Zanjan Zanjan Province
5 Sahand University of Technology Tabriz East Azerbaijan
6 Urmia University of Technology Urmia West Azerbaijan
7 Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Zanjan Zanjan Province
8 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz East Azerbaijan
9 Urmia University of Medical Sciences Urmia West Azerbaijan
10 Ardabil University of Medical Sciences Ardabil Ardabil Province
11 Zanjan University of Medical Sciences Zanjan Zanjan Province
12 Tabriz Islamic Arts University Tabriz East Azerbaijan
13 Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University Tabriz East Azerbaijan
14 University of Maragheh Maragheh East Azerbaijan
15 Maragheh observatory Maragheh East Azerbaijan
16 University of Bonab Bonab East Azerbaijan

Architecture

Azeri styleis a style (sabk) of architecture when categorizingIranian architecturedevelopment in Azerbaijan history. Landmarks of this style of architecture span from the late 13th century (Ilkhanate) to the appearance of theSafavid dynastyin the 16th century CE.[145]

Ashik

Ashiks byAzerbaijani traditional clothinginNowruz-Tabriz

Ashikis a mystic bard, balladeer, or troubadour who accompanied his song be it a hikaye or a shorter original composition with a long-necked lute. The modern Azerbaijani ashiq is a professional musician who usually serves an apprenticeship, masters playing saz, and builds up a varied but individual repertoire of Turkic folk songs.[146]andThe Coffeehouse of Ashiksis a coffeehouse in cities of Azerbaijan where ashiks performTurkish hikaye.[147]In cities, towns, and villages of Iranian Azerbaijan ashiks entertain audiences in coffeehouses.[148]

Azerbaijan Cultural and Literature Foundation

Azerbaijan Cultural and Literature Foundation, was founded for the purpose of research, study and promote the study of the culture, art, language, literature, and history of Azerbaijan in four provinces (East Azerbaijan,West Azerbaijan,Ardabil,andZanjan) of Azerbaijan region.[149]

Transportation

Air

Iranian Azerbaijan is connected to other parts of Iran and the world via several air routes. There are seven civil airports in the region and the biggest Airport in the region isTabriz International Airportlocated in north-west of Tabriz. The other Airports are:

Row Airport City Province
1 Tabriz International Airport Tabriz East Azerbaijan
2 Urmia Airport Urmia West Azerbaijan
3 Ardabil Airport Ardabil Ardabil Province
4 Zanjan Airport Zanjan Zanjan Province
5 Sahand Airport Bonab East Azerbaijan
6 Khoy Airport Khoy West Azerbaijan
7 Parsabad-Moghan Airport Parsabad Ardabil Province

Air lines

An ATA Airlines A320-200 landing at Tabriz International Airport

Ata Airlinesis anairlinebased inTabriz,Iran.Operates scheduled domestic services and international services in theMiddle East,as well as charter services includingEurope.Its main base isTabriz International Airport.This airplane company is in Azerbaijan withEram Air.

Bridge

Railway

Azerbaijan is connected to the rest of Iranian railways through a line that connects Tabriz toTehran.This line continues from Tabriz toJolfacity in the north of East Azerbaijan province and is connected to the railways ofNakhichevan.Tabriz–Jolfa railway is one of the oldest railways in Iran that was built between 1912 and 1916. This railway line is the only part of Iranian railways that has an electric line. Tabriz also connected to Turkey through Tabriz-Razi railways which were built 1960–1961. The most important railways station in Azerbaijan isTabriz Railway Stationwhich was founded in West ofTabrizin 1917; the current railway building of Tabriz railway station was built during the secondPahlaviera by Iranian architectHeydar Ghiaï-Chamlou.The first railroad arriving at Tabriz had been built byRussians.The railway started fromJolfa,a city on the border of Iran and the modernRepublic of Azerbaijan.

Active lines this railway included: Tabriz–Tehran,Tabriz–Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic,and Tabriz–Turkey.

Metro

Tabriz Metroopened on 28 August 2015 with 7 km length and 6 stations.[150]It will encompass 5 lines (4 lines are underground subway and 1 line is planned to connectTabrizto Sahand) and the total planned length is 75 kilometres (47 mi). Line 1 is the first line under construction that connects Shah-Golu in the southeast to Laleh district in the southwest after passing through the city center of Tabriz.[151]

  • Tabriz Urban Railway Organization (TURO), El-Gölü Station
  • Tabriz Railway Station

Roads

A network of Iranian national roads connects cities and populated areas of Azerbaijan to each other and to other parts of Iran. The only freeway in Azerbaijan isFreeway 2 (Iran)which connects Tabriz to Tehran and it is planned to construct the rest of the freeway up to the Iran-Turkey border atBazargan.Other roads and highways includeRoad 32 (Iran)which connects Tehran to Tabriz and continues to the Iran-Turkey border at Bazargan. Here is a list and map of roads that pass through Azerbaijan.

Type Number Road Distance (km) Distance (mi) City of Origin City of Destination Location Image
Freeways Freeway 2 (Iran) 600 370 Tehran Tabriz(Az)
HighwaysandRoads Road 11 (Iran) 325 202 Jolfa(Az) Baneh
HighwaysandRoads Road 12 (Iran) 572 355 Bazargan(Az) Bileh Savar(Az)
HighwaysandRoads Road 14 (Iran) 460 290 Razi, Ardabil(Az) Salmas(Az)
HighwaysandRoads Road 16 (Iran) 428 266 Astara Serow(Az)
HighwaysandRoads Road 21 (Iran) 978 608 Ilam Jolfa(Az)
HighwaysandRoads Road 22 (Iran) 428 266 Sarakhs Khalkhal(Az)
HighwaysandRoads Road 23 (Iran) 390 240 Miandoab(Az) Hamadan
HighwaysandRoads Road 24 (Iran) 142 88 Hashtrud(Az) Bonab(Az)
HighwaysandRoads Road 26 (Iran) 151 94 Miandoab(Az) Piranshahr(Az)
HighwaysandRoads Road 27 (Iran) 245 152 Khomarlu(Az) Tabriz(Az)
HighwaysandRoads Road 31 (Iran) 539 335 Parsabad(Az) Manjil
HighwaysandRoads Road 32 (Iran) 880 550 Tehran Bazargan(Az)
HighwaysandRoads Road 33 (Iran) 155 96 Ardabil(Az) Bileh Savar(Az)
HighwaysandRoads Road 35 (Iran) 155 96 Zanjan(Az) Khorramabad

Media

Sahand TVmain building

TV and radio

Native language instruction

Azerbaijani language is not taught in Iranian schools; but for the first time at the level of academic education since 2016, Azerbaijani language and literature launched in Azerbaijan forTabriz University.[152]

Newspapers

Sport

Sport Olympiad

For the first time, Sports Olympiad of northwest in 23 sports to hostArdabilcity will be held the presence ofWest Azerbaijan,East Azerbaijan,ArdabilandZanjan provinces.[157]

Sahand Stadium;has a capacity of about 70,000 and is located inTabriz.

Major sport clubs

Representatives of Azerbaijani in the top two leagues:

Football
Futsal
Volleyball
Basketball
  • Shahrdari Tabriz
Cycling Team

Major sport events

Sports facilities

Large and important stadiums:

See also

Notes

^aReporting and estimationWorld FactbookandLibrary of Congress
^cReporting and estimationNew America Foundation
^dReporting and estimationMinority Rights Group International
^eReporting and estimationBritannica Encyclopaedia
^fReporting and estimationEthnologue
^gReporting and estimationEncyclopædia Iranica,The number of Turkic speakers in Iran today is estimated about 16 million, The majority are ethnic Azeris
^hJust inSonqor County
^iAhmad Alirezabeighi,Zahra Saei,Masoud Pezeshkian,Mohammad Hosein Farhanghi,Shahabaddin Bimegdar,Mohammad Esmaeil Saeidi
^jHadi Bahadori,Rohollah HazratpourandNader Ghazipour
^kReza Karimi,Sodeif BadriandMohammad Feyzi
^mAli WaqfchiandFereydun Ahmadi
^nFardin FarmandandYaqub Shivyari
^oHomayun HashemiandJahanbakhsh Mohebbinia

References

  1. ^James Minahan. "Miniature Empires", Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998.
  2. ^"Azerbaijan: Region, Iran".Encyclopedia Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-04-20.Retrieved2019-10-06.
  3. ^The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume XI (Brill Publishers, Leiden, 2002). Article: "Zandjan", page 446:

    The mediaeval geographers mostly placed Zandjan in Djibal province, usually linking it with Abhar [q.v] or Awhar some 80 km/50 miles to its south-east, but they usually stated that it was on the frontier with Adharbaydjan, and some authorities attributed it to Daylam or to Rayy.
  4. ^Tadeusz Swietochowski; Brian C. Collins (1999).Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan.Scarecrow Press. p. 65.ISBN978-0-8108-3550-4.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-04-06.Retrieved2019-11-02.
  5. ^Touraj Atabaki (4 November 2000).Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran.I.B.Tauris. pp. 8, 90 and 112.ISBN978-1-86064-554-9.Archivedfrom the original on 26 February 2021.Retrieved2 November2019.
  6. ^abAtabaki, Touraj (2000).Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran.I.B.Tauris. p. 25.ISBN9781860645549.
  7. ^abcDekme gian, R. Hrair; Simonian, Hovann H. (2003).Troubled Waters: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Region.I.B. Tauris. p. 60.ISBN978-1860649226.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-01-19.Retrieved2020-11-08.Until 1918, when the Musavat regime decided to name the newly independent state Azerbaijan, this designation had been used exclusively to identify theIranian province of Azerbaijan.
  8. ^abcRezvani, Babak (2014).Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan: academisch proefschrift.Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 356.ISBN978-9048519286.The region to the north of the river Araxes was not called Azerbaijan prior to 1918, unlike the region in northwestern Iran that has been called since so long ago.
  9. ^Brown, Cameron S. (December 2002)."Observations from Azerbaijan".Middle East Review of International Affairs.6(4). Archived fromthe originalon 23 February 2003.Retrieved2020-02-02.
  10. ^Michael P. Croissant, "The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications", Praeger/Greenwood, 1998. excerpt from pg 61: "During the Soviet-era historical revisionism and myth-building intended to denounce imperialism, the notion of a" northern "and" southern "Azerbaijan was created and propagated throughout USSR. It was charged that the" two Azerbaijanis "once united were separated artificially by a conspiracy between imperial Russia and Iran".
  11. ^Ethnic Conflict and International Security,Edited by Michael E. Brown, Princeton University Press, 1993
  12. ^Bert G. Fragner, ‘Soviet Nationalism’: An Ideological Legacy to the Independent Republics of Central Asia’ in Van Schendel, Willem (Editor). Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World: Nationalism, Ethnicity and Labour in the Twentieth Century. London, GBR: I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2001. Excerpt from pg 24: "Under Soviet auspices and in accordance with Soviet nationalism, historical Azerbaijan proper was reinterpreted as 'Southern Azerbaijan', with demands for liberation and, eventually, for 're'-unification with Northern (Soviet) Azerbaijan – a breathtaking manipulation. No need to point to concrete Soviet political activities in this direction, as in 1945–46 etc. The really interesting point is that in the independent former Soviet republics this typically Soviet ideological pattern has long outlasted the Soviet Union."
  13. ^abSwietochowski, Tadeusz(1995).Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition.Columbia University Press.pp. 69, 133.ISBN978-0-231-07068-3.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-07-13.Retrieved2020-11-08.
  14. ^abcdeTimothy C. DowlingRussia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and BeyondArchived2016-09-03 at theWayback Machinepp 728–729 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014ISBN1598849484
  15. ^abSiavash Lornejad, Ali Doostzadeh.ON THE MODERN POLITICIZATION OF THE PERSIAN POET NEZAMI GANJAVIArchived2021-08-28 at theWayback MachineCCIS, 2012ISBN978-9993069744p 10
  16. ^electricpulp."ATROPATES – Encyclopaedia Iranica".iranicaonline.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-05-12.Retrieved2012-01-15.
  17. ^Minahan, James (1998).Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20.ISBN978-0-313-30610-5.
  18. ^Chamoux, François (2003).Hellenistic Civilization.John Wiley and Sons. p.26.ISBN978-0-631-22241-5.
  19. ^Bosworth A.B., Baynham E.J. (2002).Alexander the Great in Fact and fiction.Oxford University Press.p. 92.ISBN978-0-19-925275-6.
  20. ^Encyclopædia Iranica,"ATROPATES"ArchivedOctober 15, 2007, at theWayback MachineM. L. Chaumont.
  21. ^Peterson, Joseph H."AVESTA: KHORDA AVESTA (English): Frawardin Yasht (Hymn to the Guardian Angels)".avesta.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2018-09-29.Retrieved2007-03-03.
  22. ^"Aḏh̲arbayḏj̲ān (Azarbāyḏj̲ān)".doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0016.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  23. ^Peterson, Joseph H."Counsels of Adarbad Mahraspandan".avesta.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-01-26.Retrieved2007-05-06.
  24. ^G. Gnoli, Zoroaster's time and homeland, Naples, 1980
  25. ^Touraj Atabaki.Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great PowersArchived2021-08-27 at theWayback MachineI.B.Tauris, 4 sep. 2006ISBN978-1860649646p 132
  26. ^Yilmaz, Harun (2015).National Identities in Soviet Historiography: The Rise of Nations Under Stalin.Routledge. p. 21.ISBN978-1317596646.On May 27, the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (DRA) was declared with Ottoman military support. The rulers of the DRA refused to identify themselves as [Transcaucasian] Tatar, which they rightfully considered to be a Russian colonial definition. (...) Neighboring Iran did not welcome the DRA's adoption of the name of "Azerbaijan" for the country because it could also refer to Iranian Azerbaijan and implied a territorial claim.
  27. ^Barthold, Vasily (1963).Sochineniya, vol II/1.Moscow. p. 706.(...) whenever it is necessary to choose a name that will encompass all regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan, nameArrancan be chosen. But the term Azerbaijan was chosen because when the Azerbaijan republic was created, it was assumed that this and the Persian Azerbaijan will be one entity, because the population of both has a big similarity. On this basis, the word Azerbaijan was chosen. Of course right now when the word Azerbaijan is used, it has two meanings as Persian Azerbaijan and as a republic, its confusing and a question arises as to which Azerbaijan is talked about.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  28. ^Fragner, B.G. (2001).Soviet Nationalism: An Ideological Legacy to the Independent Republics of Central Asia.I.B. Tauris and Company. pp. 13–32.In the post Islamic sense, Arran andShirvanare often distinguished, while in the pre-Islamic era, Arran or the westernCaucasian Albaniaroughly corresponds to the modern territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In theSovietera, in a breathtaking manipulation, historical Azerbaijan (northwesternIran) was reinterpreted as "South Azerbaijan" in order for the Soviets to lay territorial claim on historical Azerbaijan proper which is located in modern-day northwestern Iran.
  29. ^MANNEA by R. Zadok in Encyclopaedia IranicaArchivedJanuary 8, 2008, at theWayback Machine
  30. ^""Mede".Encyclopædia Britannica.2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 February 2007 ".
  31. ^Hovannisian, Richard G. (1999).Armenian Van/Vaspurakan.Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers.ISBN1-56859-130-6.
  32. ^Hewsen, Robert H.(August 17, 2011)."AVARAYR".Encyclopædia Iranica.Archivedfrom the original on November 17, 2015.RetrievedNovember 1,2015.So spirited was the Armenian defense, however, that the Persians suffered enormous losses as well. Their victory was pyrrhic and the king, faced with troubles elsewhere, was forced, at least for the time being, to allow the Armenians to worship as they chose.
  33. ^Susan Paul Pattie (1997).Faith in History: Armenians Rebuilding Community.Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 40.ISBN1560986298.The Armenian defeat in the Battle of Avarayr in 451 proved a pyrrhic victory for the Persians. Though the Armenians lost their commander, Vartan Mamikonian, and most of their soldiers, Persian losses were proportionately heavy, and Armenia was allowed to remain Christian.
  34. ^L. Baker, Patricia; Smith, Hilary; Oleynik, Maria (2014).Iran.London, United Kingdom: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 158.ISBN978-1841624020.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-09-03.Retrieved2017-09-19.
  35. ^Salia, Kalistrat (1983).History of the Georgian nation.Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin. p. 181.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-09-03.Retrieved2017-09-19.
  36. ^Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011).Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1.Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO. p. 196.ISBN978-1598843361.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-09-03.Retrieved2017-09-19.
  37. ^Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015).Historical Dictionary of Georgia(2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 184, 623.ISBN978-1442241466.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-08-27.Retrieved2020-11-08.
  38. ^Akiner, Shirin (5 July 2004).The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security.Taylor & Francis.ISBN9780203641675.Archivedfrom the original on 28 March 2021.Retrieved8 November2020– via Google Books.
  39. ^"Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Presidential Library – Religion"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 2011-11-23.Retrieved2015-06-17.
  40. ^Juan Eduardo Campo,Encyclopedia of Islam,p.625
  41. ^abcdFisher et al. 1991,p. 329.
  42. ^Alekseĭ I. Miller.Imperial RuleArchived2021-08-27 at theWayback MachineCentral European University Press, 2004ISBN9639241989p 204
  43. ^L. Batalden, Sandra (1997).The Newly Independent States of Eurasia: Handbook of Former Soviet Republics.Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 98.ISBN978-0-89774-940-4.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-07-13.Retrieved2020-11-08.
  44. ^E. Ebel, Robert, Menon, Rajan (2000).Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus.Rowman & Littlefield. p. 181.ISBN978-0-7425-0063-1.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-07-13.Retrieved2020-11-08.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  45. ^Andreeva, Elena (2010).Russia and Iran in the Great Game: Travelogues and Orientalism(reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 6.ISBN978-0-415-78153-4.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-07-13.Retrieved2020-11-08.
  46. ^Çiçek, Kemal, Kuran, Ercüment (2000).The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation.University of Michigan.ISBN978-975-6782-18-7.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-07-13.Retrieved2015-06-20.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^Ernest Meyer, Karl, Blair Brysac, Shareen (2006).Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia.Basic Books. p. 66.ISBN978-0-465-04576-1.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-07-13.Retrieved2020-11-08.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^"The Gilan Republic".iran-bulletin.org.[permanent dead link‍]
  49. ^Jessup, John E. (1989).A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985.New York: Greenwood Press.ISBN0-313-24308-5.[page needed]
  50. ^For more information see: Ali Morshedizad, Roshanfekrane Azari va Hoviyate Melli va Ghomi (Azari Intellectuals and Their Attitude to National and Ethnic Identity (Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz publishing co., 1380)
  51. ^"Cold War International History Project Virtual Archive 2.0 Collection: 1945–46 Iranian Crisis".Archived fromthe originalon July 15, 2010.
  52. ^Kleiss, Wolfram."AZERBAIJAN xii. MONUMENTS".Encyclopædia Iranica.Archivedfrom the original on 2012-12-05.Retrieved2013-12-27.
  53. ^ab"Azerbaijan".Encyclopædia Britannica.2019-10-06.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-04-20.Retrieved2019-10-06.(excerpt: "geographic region that comprises the extreme northwestern portion of Iran. It is bounded on the north by the Aras River, which separates it from independent Azerbaijan and Armenia; on the east by the Iranian region of Gīlān and the Caspian Sea; on the south by the Iranian regions of Zanjān and Kordestān; and on the west by Iraq and Turkey. Azerbaijan is about 40,000 square miles (100,000 square km) in area." )
  54. ^M. N. POGREBOVA, Encyclopædia Iranica, ARCHEOLOGY. viii. NORTHERN AZERBAIJAN (REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN), 16 June 2004ArchivedMarch 24, 2006, at theWayback Machine
  55. ^"Iran: 54 Mountain Summits with Prominence of 1,500 meters or greater"Archived2019-05-07 at theWayback MachinePeaklist.org. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
  56. ^"East Azerbaijan Mountaineering Confederation".Archived fromthe originalon September 25, 2009.
  57. ^National Geographic Society (2005)National Geographic Atlas of the World(8th ed.) Washington, DC,ISBN0-7922-7542-X
  58. ^"Profile at UNESCO biosphere reserve directory".Archived fromthe originalon June 5, 2009.
  59. ^"Britanica".Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 7 September 2011.Retrieved4 September2011.
  60. ^"Shorabil Lake".tripadvisor.in.Archivedfrom the original on 19 October 2013.Retrieved18 September2013.
  61. ^Tapper, Richard."MOḠĀN".Encyclopædia Iranica.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-03-13.Retrieved2013-12-27.
  62. ^"خطا".a-gharbi.rmto.ir.Archived fromthe originalon 2019-01-30.Retrieved2015-06-30.
  63. ^"The chairman of the Assembly of Experts died"(in Persian). Radio Zamaneh. 2007-08-30. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-09-30.Retrieved2007-08-08.
  64. ^"Iranian Turks' new parliamentary faction breaking more taboos".en.trend.az. 31 October 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 3 November 2016.Retrieved31 October2016.
  65. ^"جدول مدارک تحصیلی و سوابق اجرایی اعضای 14 کمیسیون مجلس نهم".Fars News Agency.Archivedfrom the original on 30 December 2017.Retrieved22 October2013.
  66. ^NewsArchived2017-07-20 at theWayback MachineHamshahri Online
  67. ^"15 of 18 Proposed Iranian Cabinet Ministers Devoted by Parliament".Mojnews.16 August 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 20 October 2013.Retrieved29 August2013.
  68. ^"شهیندخت مولاوردی، معاون حسن روحانی در امور زنان شد".PersianDeutsche Welle.13 August 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 10 June 2015.Retrieved8 October2013.
  69. ^"Ms Molaverdi appointed as vice president for women, family Affairs".President of IranWebsite. 13 August 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2018.Retrieved8 October2013.
  70. ^"تبریز، میهمان رئیس جمهور ترکیه".ISNA.17 February 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-10-20.Retrieved2013-10-20.
  71. ^"مهمت بولوت سرکنسول جدید ترکیه در ارومیه ، با استاندار دیدار کرد".Asar-e Omid News Agency. Archived fromthe originalon 2015-09-23.Retrieved2013-10-20.
  72. ^"Ə.F.Əlizadənin İran İslam Respublikasının Təbriz şəhərində Azərbaycan Respublikasının baş konsulu təyin edilməsi haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikası Prezidentinin Sərəncamı".Presidential AzerbaijanWebsite.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-10-20.Retrieved2013-10-20.
  73. ^"دبیر اجرایی خانه کارگر تبریز: برندهای معتبر بزرگترین سرمایه کشورها هستند".Nasr News. 15 September 2016.Retrieved15 September2016.
  74. ^"برندهای برتر تولید و خدمات شمال غرب کشور انتخاب و معرفی میشوند".Tasnim News.September 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 27 February 2021.Retrieved26 October2016.
  75. ^"500 غول اقتصاد منطقه آذربایجان معرفی شدند+اسامی".Nasr News. September 2016.Retrieved26 October2016.
  76. ^abc"Irandaily | No. 3720 | Domestic Economy | Page 4".Archivedfrom the original on 2011-06-29.Retrieved2013-10-19.
  77. ^abcOfficial websiteArchived2011-07-22 at theWayback Machine
  78. ^"Goldstone Tire".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-04-20.Retrieved2010-07-28.
  79. ^"Industry".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-13.Retrieved2010-07-28.
  80. ^"ارس خودرو دیزل، واحد نمونه ملی در صنعت خودرو".Fars News.2012.Archivedfrom the original on 15 September 2016.Retrieved30 August2016.
  81. ^"Automotive".2008-06-17. Archived fromthe originalon 2008-06-17.Retrieved2011-05-29.
  82. ^"خودروی جایگزین وانت پیکان+تصاویر".Mashregh News.Archivedfrom the original on 8 August 2016.Retrieved26 July2016.
  83. ^"Bardo".Iran KhodroWebsite. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-10-19.Retrieved2013-10-19.
  84. ^"آغاز تولید سمند در ایران خودرو تبریز/ تولید روزانه حدود 150 دستگاه آریسان و 100 دستگاه سمند".Fars News Agency.Archivedfrom the original on 22 July 2015.Retrieved22 July2015.
  85. ^"احداث موزه فرش و ايجاد پايانه صادراتي فرش در تبريز".Fars News Agency.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-10-19.Retrieved2013-10-19.
  86. ^Along with Kashan, Kerman, Herat, and every major city of Iran...
  87. ^Jacoby, Heinrich (1952).How to know Oriental carpets and rugs.Allen & Unwin. p. 15.Persian carpets: Tabriz, Ramadan,...
  88. ^Jacobsen, Charles W. (2007).Facts about Oriental Rugs.READ BOOKS. p. 2.ISBN978-1-4067-0467-9."Different weaves...Persian rugs..Bakhtiari..Kashan..Lorestan..Shiraz..Tabriz..
  89. ^"Karaja rug".Britannica Encyclopaedia.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-10-18.Retrieved2013-10-17.
  90. ^"استانهای آذری نشین قطب تولید شیرینی و شکلات کشور".Donya-e-Eqtesad.2010. Archived fromthe originalon 25 June 2016.Retrieved26 May2016.
  91. ^"غول صنعتي" مينو "بورسي مي شود".Donya-e-Eqtesad.2014.Archivedfrom the original on 2 December 2021.Retrieved26 May2016.
  92. ^V. Minorsky,Studies in Caucasian History,Cambridge University Press, 1957, p. 112
  93. ^"Azeris".Minority Rights Group International.2009.Archivedfrom the original on 21 September 2013.Retrieved16 October2013.
  94. ^"Results a new nationwide public opinion survey of Iran"(PDF).New America Foundation.June 12, 2009. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 23 July 2013.Retrieved13 August2013.
  95. ^Library of Congress, Library of Congress – Federal Research Division."Ethnic Groups and Languages of Iran"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 2012-01-30.Retrieved2009-12-02.16% estimated in 2012
  96. ^CIA."CIA World Factbook".Archivedfrom the original on 2021-01-10.Retrieved2012-05-27.
  97. ^"IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey".Encyclopædia Iranica.March 29, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 17 May 2019.Retrieved17 October2013.
  98. ^"Azerbaijani, South # A language of Iran".Ethnologue.2013.Archivedfrom the original on 14 December 2019.Retrieved17 October2013.
  99. ^"Azerbaijani".Encyclopædia Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 6 October 2014.Retrieved17 October2013.
  100. ^Brenda Shaffer.The Limits of Culture: Islam and Foreign PolicyArchived2017-03-21 at theWayback MachineMIT Press, 2006ISBN0262195291p 229
  101. ^Keith Stanley McLachlan,The Boundaries of Modern Iran,Published by UCL Press, 1994. pg 55
  102. ^Encyclopaedia Iranica,page 243, accessed January 9, 2007
  103. ^Parviz Aḏkāʾi and EIr."HAMADĀN i. GEOGRAPHY".Encyclopædia Iranica.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-10-17.Retrieved2013-10-21.
  104. ^ab"زبانهاي رايج و نوع گويش در شهرستان".Governor ofHamadan.Archivedfrom the original on 1 November 2013.Retrieved21 October2013.
  105. ^abcdefg"Country Study Guide-Azerbaijanis".STRATEGIC INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENTS-USA. 2005.ISBN9780739714768.Retrieved13 August2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  106. ^abcdefgh"Iran-Azerbaijanis".Library of Congress Country Studies.December 1987.Archivedfrom the original on 25 January 2020.Retrieved13 August2013.
  107. ^"معرفی استان مرکزی".Office of Culture and Islamic Guidance.Archivedfrom the original on 25 February 2013.Retrieved21 October2013.
  108. ^"Kordestān".Encyclopædia Britannica.Archivedfrom the original on 22 October 2013.Retrieved21 October2013.
  109. ^Bazin, Marcel."GĪLĀN i. GEOGRAPHY AND ETHNOGRAPHY".Encyclopædia Iranica.Archivedfrom the original on 13 October 2013.Retrieved16 October2013.
  110. ^Parviz Aḏkāʾi and EIr."GILĀN xiv. Ethnic Groups".Encyclopædia Iranica.Archivedfrom the original on 16 October 2013.Retrieved16 October2013.
  111. ^Michael Knüppel, E."Turkic languages of persia".Encyclopædia Iranica.Archivedfrom the original on 2011-04-29.Retrieved2013-09-19.
  112. ^Robertson, Lawrence R. (2002).Russia & Eurasia Facts & Figures Annual.Academic International Press. p. 210.ISBN0-87569-199-4.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-03-20.Retrieved2015-06-20.
  113. ^"Bileh Savar".Encyclopaedia Islamica.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-10-14.Retrieved2014-08-21.
  114. ^"برگزاری جشن" وحدت "در شهر اهل تسنن هشتجین".International Quran News Agency.Archived fromthe originalon 2015-01-20.Retrieved2014-08-21.
  115. ^Hun, Abubakr."ترکهای سنّی آذربایجان غربی قربانیان تبعیض مضاعف".urmu.freeoda.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-10-07.Retrieved2014-08-21.
  116. ^abcdTapper, R."AZERBAIJAN vi. Population and its Occupations and Culture".Encyclopædia Iranica.Archivedfrom the original on 22 March 2013.Retrieved16 October2013.
  117. ^"Mourning Azerbaijanis residing in Mashhad".Mehr News Agency.August 18, 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 4 October 2013.Retrieved23 August2013.
  118. ^"Tehran, Political situation".Municipality of Tehran.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-09-21.Retrieved2013-08-16.
  119. ^"سیدحسین هاشمی استانداری تهران را تحویل گرفت".Hamshahri Online. 11 September 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-09-14.Retrieved2013-10-21.
  120. ^"سید حسین هاشمی استاندار تهران شد".Mehr News Agency.8 September 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 2014-07-29.Retrieved2013-10-21.
  121. ^"Azeris unhappy at being butt of national jokes".IRIN. 25 May 2006. Archived fromthe originalon August 14, 2007.Retrieved2009-06-19.
  122. ^"Foreign plots and cockroaches in Iran".Asia Times Online.2006-06-08. Archived from the original on 2011-08-28.Retrieved2009-06-19.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  123. ^Abedin, Mahan (September 28, 2004)."Middle East | Iran at sea over Azerbaijan".Asia Times.Archived fromthe originalon 2011-06-28.Retrieved2009-06-19.
  124. ^abcdefghij"The population of Iranian cities".Statistical Center of Iran. 14 February 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 4 March 2016.Retrieved13 August2013.
  125. ^"تبریز مرکز استانهای آذربایجان شرقی، آذربایجان غربی، اردبیل، زنجان، گیلان و کردستان می گردد".TRTpersian. July 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 26 June 2014.Retrieved1 August2014.
  126. ^"منطقهبندی کشور، بیمها و امیدها".JamejamOnline. June 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2014.Retrieved1 August2014.
  127. ^"استانهای کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند".HamshahriOnline. July 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 23 June 2014.Retrieved1 August2014.
  128. ^"استانهای کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند".Entekhab Online. July 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 18 July 2014.Retrieved1 August2014.
  129. ^"ایران، فدرال می شود؟ تقسیم کشور به 5 منطقه مستقل".Khabar-Online. July 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 8 August 2014.Retrieved1 August2014.
  130. ^"استانهای کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند".JamejamOnline. July 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 15 August 2014.Retrieved1 August2014.
  131. ^"استانهای کشور به 5 منطقه تقسیم شدند".yjc. July 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 25 June 2014.Retrieved1 August2014.
  132. ^ab"AZERBAIJAN x. Azeri Turkish Literature".Encyclopaedia Iranica.May 24, 2012.Archivedfrom the original on 31 October 2012.Retrieved20 October2013.
  133. ^Minorsky, V. "Jihān-Shāh Qara-Qoyunlu and His Poetry (Turkmenica, 9)",Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London,Vol. 16, No. 2 (1954), p. 277
  134. ^Cyril Glassé (ed.),The New Encyclopedia of Islam,Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, revised ed., 2003,ISBN0-7591-0190-6,p. 392: "Shah Abbas moved his capital fromQazvintoIsfahan.His reign marked the peak of the Safavid dynasty's achievement in art, diplomacy, and commerce. It was probably around this time that the court, which originally spoke a Turkic language, began to use Persian "
  135. ^Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,ISBN0-521-20094-6,pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."
  136. ^Price, Massoume (2005).Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook.ABC-CLIO. p. 66.ISBN978-1-57607-993-5.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-10-25.Retrieved2015-06-20.The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language.
  137. ^Abbas Amanat (2017).Iran: A Modern History.p. 60.A book of Turkish poetry, under the curious pen name Khata'i (presumably someone from "Cathay," today's China), was most likely composed by Isma'il for his Turkmen followers as inspirational literature.
  138. ^"XƏTAİ".Azərbaycan kişi adlarının izahlı lüğəti(in Azerbaijani).məşhur Azərbaycan şairi və dövlət xadimi Şah İsmayılın bu təxəllüsü tədqiqatlarda "Xətay, Kitay türklərindən olan", "xəta törədən, əlindən xəta çıxan" və "Allah, Tanrı" kimi izah edilir. Çinin ən qədim adı olan "Kitay", "ki" od, Günəş, "tay" dağ sözlərindən düzəlmiş, "Günəşli dağ" və ya "Günəşli ölkə" mənasında işlənir. Zənnimizcə, Ş[ah] İ[smayıl] Xətainin Kitay türklərindən olması ehtimalı daha düzgündür.
  139. ^Minorsky, Vladimir (1942). "The Poetry of Shah Ismail".Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.10(4): 1053.doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090182.S2CID159929872.
  140. ^"World Heritage Committee inscribes seven cultural sites on World Heritage List".UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 31 July 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 4 August 2010.Retrieved26 December2019.
  141. ^"Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex".UNESCO World Heritage Centre.Archivedfrom the original on 6 July 2018.Retrieved1 July2013.
  142. ^"Sheikh Safi al-din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble in Ardabil – UNESCO World Heritage Centre".Whc.unesco.org. 2010-07-29.Archivedfrom the original on 2018-07-06.Retrieved2010-08-02.
  143. ^Source: Unescopress."World Heritage Committee inscribes seven cultural sites on World Heritage List | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization".Unesco.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2012-10-10.Retrieved2010-08-02.
  144. ^Huff, Dietrich (2002-07-20)."Taḵt-e Solaymān".Encyclopædia Iranica.Archivedfrom the original on 2013-05-17.Retrieved2013-06-11.
  145. ^Fallāḥʹfar, Saʻīd (سعید فلاحفر).The Dictionary of Iranian Traditional Architectural Terms (Farhang-i vāzhahʹhā-yi miʻmārī-i sunnatī-i Īrān فرهنگ واژههای معماری سنتی ایران).Kamyab Publications (انتشارات کامیاب). Kāvushʹpardāz. 2000, 2010. Tehran.ISBN978-964-2665-60-0US Library of Congress LCCN Permalink:http://lccn.loc.gov/2010342544Archived2012-07-13 atarchive.todaypp.16
  146. ^Colin P. Mitchell (Editor),New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society,2011, Routledge, 90–92
  147. ^Basgoz, I (1970). "Turkish Hikaye-Telling Tradition in Azerbaijan, Iran".Journal of American Folklore.83(330): 394.doi:10.2307/539661.JSTOR539661.
  148. ^Albright, C. F. (1976). "The Azerbaijani cashiq and his performance of a dästän".Iranian Studies.9(4): 220–247.doi:10.1080/00210867608701517.
  149. ^"به دنبال مکان مناسب برای راهاندازی بنیاد فرهنگی آذربایجان هستیم".Isna.26 October 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 27 October 2016.Retrieved26 October2016.
  150. ^"Tabriz Metro Opens"Archived2016-04-21 at theWayback Machine(Railway Gazette)
  151. ^"متروی تبریز اوایل خردادماه به راه میافتد".INN. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-10-17.Retrieved2013-10-19.
  152. ^"ایجاد رشته زبان و ادبیات آذری در منطقه 3 آموزشی کشور".IRIB.16 August 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 21 August 2016.Retrieved17 August2016.
  153. ^ab"لیست نشریات استان اردبيل".List of periodicals in the Iranian Provinces.Archivedfrom the original on 27 August 2013.Retrieved17 October2013.
  154. ^"ارومیه فعال در حوزه مطبوعات/ انتشار اولین نشریه شهرستانی در ارومیه".Mehr News Agency.6 October 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 12 October 2013.Retrieved17 October2013.
  155. ^ab"لیست نشریات استان زنجان".List of periodicals in the Iranian Provinces.Archivedfrom the original on 17 October 2013.Retrieved17 October2013.
  156. ^abcdefgh"لیست نشریات آذربایجان شرقی".Mayor of TabrizWebsite. Archived fromthe originalon 17 October 2013.Retrieved17 October2013.
  157. ^"برگزاری المپیاد ورزشی شمالغرب در اردبیل".Tasnim News.10 October 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 18 October 2016.Retrieved20 October2016.

Sources

Azerbaijani editionofWikipedia,the free encyclopedia
South Azerbaijani editionofWikipedia,the free encyclopedia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azerbaijan_(Iran)&oldid=1256506892"