TheAkananuru(Tamil:அகநானூறு,Akanāṉūṟu,literally "four hundred [poems] in the akam genre" ), sometimes calledNedunthokai(lit."anthology of long poems" ), is a classicalTamil poeticwork and one of theEight Anthologies(Ettuthokai) in theSangam literature.[1]It is a collection of 400 love poems with invocatory poem dedicated toPerumal.The collected poems were composed by 144 poets, except 3 poems which are by anonymous author(s).[1]The poems range between 13 and 31 lines, and are long enough to include more details of the subject, episode and its context. According toKamil Zvelebil– a Tamil literature and history scholar, they are "one of the most valuable collections" from ancient Tamil history perspective.[1]
TheAkananuruanthology is notable for its mathematical arrangement: the odd number poems are dedicated topalai(arid landscape); poem number ten and its multiples (10, 20, 30, etc., up to 400) areneytal(coastal landscape); poems bearing number 2 and then in increments of 6 followed by 4 (that is number 8, 12, 18, 22, 28, etc.) belong to thekuṟiñci(mountainous landscape); poems bearing number 4 and then in increments of 10 (14, 24, 34, 44, etc.) aremullai(pastoral forests); poems with number 6 and then in increments of 10 (16, 26, 36, etc.) aremarutam(riverine farmlands).[2]The anthology was compiled by Uruttiracanman, the son of Maturai Uppurikuti Kilan under the patronage of the Pandyan king Ukkiraperuvaluti.[1][2]TheAkananurupoems offer many valuable cultural insights as well as historically significant evidence and allusions.[citation needed]For example, poem 69, 281 and 375 mention theMaurya Empire,poems 251 and 265 allude to theNandas,the poem 148 mentions Greek-Romans (Yavanas) as trading gold for pepper throughMuziris– an ancient Kerala port nearKochi,and a number of poems echo the Hindu puranic legends about Parasurama, Rama, Krishna and others.[1][3]
According to Kamil Zvelebil – a scholar of Tamil literature and history, a few poems in theAkananuruwere probably composed sometime between 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE, the middle layer between 2nd and 4th century CE, while the last layers were completed sometime between 3rd and 5th century CE.[4]Other names forAkananuruincludeAhappattu,Ahananuru,andAgananuru.[5]
Authors
editAs many as 145 poets are said to have contributed to Akananuru collection.[5]Perunthevanaar, who translated theMahabharathaminto Tamil, is one of the authors. Rudrasarman compiled this anthology[6]at the behest of thePandyaking Ukkiraperuvazhuthi.
Ramayana Reference
editThe Akanāṉūṟu has a reference to theRamayanain poem 70. The poem places a triumphantRamaatDhanushkodi,sitting under aBanyan tree,involved in some secret discussions, when the birds are chirping away.[7]This seems to indicate that the story of the Ramayana was familiar in the Tamil lands before theKamba Ramayanamof the 12th century.[8][9]
(Sri Rama'sVictory)
Now, the dinsome village is wrapped up in silence
Like unto the banyan tree of many a stilt root
From the branches of which birds chirped ceaselessly
And which the triumphantRamastilled
With a show of his hand,
That he might discuss in peace secret matters.
At the hoary Tanushkoti upon the shore —
The town of the great Pandyas,
The wielders of victorious spears –,
A town where women would collect blooms of neytal
With rounded stems
Which would blossom amidst green foliage
In the watery fields, hard by the shore,
Where the fresh and golden blossoms of Nalal
And punnai trees shed their pollen
And make picturesque the sand —-,
To adorn themselves on festival days.
—Akananuru: Palai 70,Translated byA. Dakshinamurthy
Krishna leela Reference
editTheAkananurumentions Various Vishnu avatharams such asParasurama,Rama,Krishnaand others.[1][10]According to Alf Hiltebeitel – an Indian Religions and Sanskrit Epics scholar, theAkanaṉūṟuhas the earliest known mentions of some stories such as "Krishna stealing sarees of Gopis" which is found later in north Indian literature, making it probable that some of the ideas from Tamil Hindu scholars inspired the Sanskrit scholars in the north and theBhagavata Purana,or vice versa.[11]However the textHarivamsawhich is complex, containing layers that go back to the 1st or 2nd centuries BCE, Consists the parts of Krishna Playing with Gopis and stealing sarees.
Date
editTheAkananurupoems were likely composed later in the Sangam period than other akam poetry based on the linguistic evidence, the introduction of mathematical arrangement, and given the mention of overseas trade and north Indian dynasties. According toTakanobu Takahashi,theAkananurupoems were composed over several centuries, likely from 1st to 3rd century CE.[12]Other scholars such as Vaiyapuri Pillai chronologically place theAkanaṉūṟuafter theNarrinaiandKuṟuntokaianthologies.[1]According to Kamil Zvelebil, except for a fewAkananurupoems such as 10, 35, 140 which were probably completed between 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE, while few poems are believed to be composed around the late 2nd century BCE based on the mentions of the Maurya and the Nanda empire.[13]Most of theAkananuruwas likely composed sometime between the 2nd and 5th century CE.[4]
Poetic characteristics
editAganaṉūṟu book comes under theAgamcategory in its subject matter. The poems of this anthology are of theAkavalmeter.Akananuru contains 401 stanzas and is divided into three sections[5]
- Kalintruyanainirai(களிற்றுயானைநிறை), 121 stanzas
- Manimidaipavalam(மணிமிடைபவளம்), 180 stanzas
- Nittilakkovai(நித்திலக்கோவை), 100 stanzas
English Translations
editBharathidasan Universityhas published a full translation of all the 400 songs byA. Dakshinamurthyin 3 volumes in 1999:[14]
(The heroine's companion consoles her friend at the advent of the rainy season)
The rumbling clouds winged with lightning
Poured amain big drops of rain and augured the rainy season;
Buds with pointed tips have sprouted in the jasmine vines;
The buds of Illam and the green trunk Kondrai have unfolded soft;
The stags, their black and big horns like twisted iron
Rushed up toward the pebbled pits filled with water
And leap out jubilantly having slaked their thirst;
The wide expansive Earth is now free
From all agonies of the summer heat
And the forest looks exceedingly sweet;
Behold there O friend of choicest bangles!
Our hero of the hilly track will be coming eftsoon,
Driving fast his ornate chariot drawn by the steeds
With waving plumes and trimmed manes
When the stiffly tugged reins
Will sound like the strumming of Yal.
As he drives, he has the chariot bells tied up
So as not to disturb the union of bees
That live on the pollen of the blossoms in the bushes.
He rushes onward thinking all along of your great beauty.
O friend whose fragrance is like unto the blossoming Kantal
On the mountain, tall and huge, east of Urantai of dinsome festivity!
—Akananuru: Mullai 4,Translated byA. Dakshinamurthy
See also
editReferences
edit- ^abcdefgKamil Zvelebil 1973,pp. 53–54.
- ^abTakanobu Takahashi 1995,pp. 46–47.
- ^Raoul McLaughlin (2010).Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China.A&C Black. pp. 48–50.ISBN978-1-84725-235-7.
- ^abKamil Zvelebil 1973,pp. 41–43 with Chart 4.
- ^abcC. V. Narasimhan."The Tamil language: A brief history of the language and its literature".Indian Institute of Technology Madras.Archived fromthe originalon 21 January 2004.
- ^Reddy 2003, p. A-240
- ^Dakshinamurthy, A (July 2015)."Akananuru: Neytal – Poem 70".Akananuru.Retrieved22 July2019.
- ^Pillai, M S Purnalingam (1904).A Primer of Tamil Literature.Madras, British India: The Ananda Press.Retrieved22 July2019.
- ^Zvelebil, Kamil (1973).The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India.Leiden, The Netherlands: E J Brill.Retrieved22 July2019.
- ^Raoul McLaughlin (2010).Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China.A&C Black. pp. 48–50.ISBN978-1-84725-235-7.
- ^Alf Hiltebeitel (1988).The Cult of Draupadī: Mythologies from Gingee to Kurukserta.University of Chicago Press (Motilal Banarsidass 1991 Reprint). pp. 188–190.ISBN978-81-208-1000-6.
- ^Takanobu Takahashi 1995,pp. 51–53.
- ^Nadarajah, Devapoopathy (1994).Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500.Motilal Banarsidass Publ.ISBN978-81-208-1215-4.
- ^"Publication Division | Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India".Archived fromthe originalon 17 March 2014.Retrieved11 July2013.
- Bibliography
- Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
- Pillai, M. S. Purnalingam (1994).Tamil Literature.Asian Educational Services. p. 115.ISBN81-206-0955-7.
- Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003).The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia.Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.ISBN9780521011099.
- Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press,ISBN9780231150651
- Takanobu Takahashi (1995).Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics.BRILL Academic.ISBN90-04-10042-3.
- Kamil Zvelebil (1973).The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India.BRILL.ISBN90-04-03591-5.
- Zvelebil, Kamil(1992).Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature.BRILL. p. 73.ISBN90-04-09365-6.