Al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan(Persian:الحسن بن الفیروزان) (fl.10th century) was aDaylamiteprince from theFiruzanid family.
'Al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan | |
|---|---|
| Persian:الحسن بن الفیروزان | |
| Ruler ofSimnan | |
| In office c. 960s –? | |
| Governor ofSari | |
| In office Mid-930s –? | |
| Governor ofTabaristan | |
| In office 930–? | |
| Personal details | |
| Children | 3+, includingFiruzanandNasr |
| Parent |
|
| Relatives | Makan ibn Kaki(cousin) Abu'l-Hasan Ali(grandson) Buya ibn Hasan(grandson) Fanna Khusraw(grandson) Rukn al-Dawla(son-in-law) |
| Dynasty | Firuzanid family |
Biography
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Al-Hasan was the son ofFairuzan,a Daylamite soldier who, along with his brotherKaki,served theAlid dynasties of northern Iran.[1]In 902, both of them were killed during aSamanidinvasion of Tabaristan. Kaki had a son namedMakan ibn Kaki,who together with al-Hasan served the Alids. Makan had established family ties through marriage with the Alids, asJa'far,the son ofimamHasan ibn Ali al-Utrush(r. 914–917), was his son-in-law.[1]The latter was engaged in a complex struggle against al-Utrush's designated successorAbu Muhammad Hasan ibn Qasim,known as theDa'iila'l-Haqq(r. 917–928), and it was not until 923 that Ja'far and his brotherAhmadsucceeded in ousting theDa'iand forcing him to exile.[2]When Ja'far died in 924, he left the throne to Ahmad's sonAbu Ali Muhammad,but al-Hasan and Makan deposed Muhammad and installed al-Hasan's half-brotherIsmail,a son of Ja'far and the mother[clarification needed]of al-Hasan, in his place.[1][3]Muhammad, however, managed to escape from his captors and with the aid of theGilakimilitary chiefAsfar ibn Shiruya,who had seized control ofGurgan,defeated the two brothers and retook his throne.[1][3]
In 930, Makan managed to recover Tabaristan, and appointed al-Hasan as the governor of the region. Makan also made Abu Muhammad Hasan ibn Qasim the imam of the Alids. A fake rumor later spread about the death of Makan,[4]which made al-Hasan, who wanted to install his half-brother Ismail as the imam, rise into rebellion. However, the rebellion failed after Ismail was poisoned at the instigation of Abu Ja'far Husayn's mother.[5]Al-Hasan was shortly driven out fromAmolby two officers of Makan named Abu Ali and Abu Musa. Al-Hasan then fled toDaylam.[4]Makan was himself shortly driven out from Tabaristan by theZiyaridrulerMardavij.[1][5]
In 935, Mardavij was assassinated and succeeded by his brotherVushmgir.Makan was appointed by his new overlords, the Samanids, as the governor of Gurgan. Vushmgir himself shortly recognized Samanid suzerainty, and Al-Hasan was appointed as the governor ofSari.Relations between Makan and Vushmgir improved to the point where the former felt secure enough to drop his dependence on the Samanids. As a result, in 939 a Samanid army underAbu 'Ali Chaghaniattacked him at Gurgan. Following a seven-month siege of his capital, Makan was forced to flee to Rayy. The Samanid army pursued him, and in a battle fought on 25 December 940 atIskhabadnear Rayy, the Samanid forces were victorious. Makan himself was killed by an arrow, and then beheaded by the victors, who sent his head to the Samanid court inBukhara.[6][7]
Vushmgir, after the disastrous defeat, fled back to Tabaristan, but al-Hasan, who blamed Vushmgir for the death of his cousin, shortly rebelled against him. Vushmgir managed to defeat him, but al-Hasan convinced Abu 'Ali Chaghani to invade Tabaristan. Vushmgir was forced to recognize Samanid authority again.
When Abu 'Ali Chaghani left for SamanidKhurasan,Vushmgir retook control of Ray. He then lost it for good in 943, to theBuyidrulerHasan.Returning to Tabaristan, he was defeated there by al-Hasan, who had previously occupied Gurgan. Vushmgir fled to the court of theBavandidShahriyar II,and then to the court of the SamanidNuh I.Al-Hasan meanwhile allied with Hasan, but when Abu 'Ali Chaghani took Ray from the Buyids in 945, he recognized Samanid authority. Still, in 945 Vushmgir captured Gurgan with Samanid support, but did not manage to retain his rule there. It was only in 947 when he was able to take Gurgan and Tabaristan from al-Hasan with the help of a large Samanid army.
In 948, the Buyid rulerHasan(who since the Buyids' entrance intoBaghdadin 945 had used the titleRukn al-Dawla) invaded Tabaristan and Gurgan and took them from Vushmgir. While al-Hasan supported the Buyids, Vushmgir relied on his Samanid allies. Al-Hasan thereafter disappears from the history chronicles, and is first mentioned again in 967 after the death of Vushmgir, as the ruler ofSimnan,and aiding Vushmgir's sonQabusin his claims for the Ziyarid throne.
The fate of al-Hasan after this is unknown, he had two sons namedFiruzan ibn al-HasanandNasr ibn al-Hasan.He also had a daughter who marriedRukn al-Dawla,and bore him three sons namedAbu'l-Hasan Ali,Buya ibn Hasan,andFanna Khusraw.
References
editSources
edit- Madelung, W.(1975)."The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran".In Frye, R.N. (ed.).The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–249.ISBN978-0-521-20093-6.
- Nazim, M. (1987). "Mākān b. Kākī". In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.).E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume V: L–Moriscos.Leiden: BRILL. pp. 164–165.ISBN90-04-08265-4.
- Blair, Sheila (1992).The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana.BRILL. pp. 1–307.ISBN9789004093676.
- Ibn, Isfandiyar (1905).An Abridged Translation of the History of Tabaristan.University of Michigan: BRILL. pp.1–356.ISBN9789004093676.
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