Wikipedia

Alternative investment

Analternative investment,also known as analternative assetoralternative investment fund(AIF),[1]is aninvestmentin anyasset classexcludingcapital stocks,bonds,andcash.[2]

A British 1 shilling em Boss ed stamp, typical of the type included in an investment portfolio of stamps.

The term is a relatively loose one and includestangible assetssuch asprecious metals,[3]collectibles (art,[4]wine,antiques,vintage cars,coins,watches, musical instruments, orstamps[5]) and some financial assets such asreal estate,commodities,private equity,distressed securities,hedge funds,exchange funds,carbon credits,[6]venture capital,film production,[7]financial derivatives,cryptocurrencies,non-fungible tokens,andTax Receivable Agreements.[8]Investments in real estate,forestryandshippingare also often termed "alternative" despite the ancient use of such real assets to enhance and preserve wealth.[9]Alternative investments are to be contrasted withtraditional investments.

Research

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As the definition of alternative investments is broad, data and research vary widely across the investment classes. For example, art and wine investments may lack high-quality data.[10]TheGoizueta Business SchoolatEmory Universityhas established theEmory Center for Alternative Investmentsto provide research and a forum for discussion regardingprivate equity,hedge fund,andventure capitalinvestments.

Access to alternative investments

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In recent years, the growth ofalternative financehas opened up new avenues to investing in alternatives such as the following:

Art

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In a 1986 paper,William Baumolused the repeat sale method and compared prices of 500 paintings sold over 410 years before concluding that the average real annual return on art was 0.55%.[11]Another study of high-quality oil paintings sold in Sweden between 1985 and 2016 determined the average return to be 0.6% annually.[12][13]However, art gallerists are sometimes ambivalent to the idea of treating artwork as an investment.[14]Art is also notoriously difficult to value, and there are quite a few factors to bear in mind forart valuation.

Equity crowdfunding

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Equity crowdfundingplatforms allow "the crowd" to review early-stage investment opportunities presented by entrepreneurs and take an equity stake in the business. Typically an online platform acts as a broker between investors and founders. These platforms differ greatly in the types of opportunities they will offer up to investors, how much due diligence is performed, degree of investor protections available, minimum investment size and so on. Equity crowdfunding platforms have seen a significant amount of success in the UK and, with the passing ofJOBS ActTitle III in early 2016, are now picking up steam in the United States.

Infrastructure as an asset class

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The notion of “infrastructure as an asset class” has grown steadily in the past seven years.[15][16]But, so far, this development has been the preserve of institutional investors: pension funds, insurance companies and sovereign wealth funds, with very limited access to high-net-worth investors (except a few largefamily offices).

SEIS and EIS funds

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Only available in the UK, SEIS funds and EIS funds present a tax-efficient way of investing in early-stage ventures. These work much like venture capital funds, with the added bonus of receiving government tax incentives for investing and loss relief protection should the companies invested in fail. Such funds help to diversify investor exposure by investing in multiple early ventures. Fees are normally charged by the management team for participating in the fund, and these can end up totaling anywhere between 15% and 40% of the fund value over the course of its life.

Lease investing

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Lease investing platforms provide investors with options to co-invest and have partial ownership in physical assets that earnleaseincome. Through these platforms, investors can have fractional ownership of a particular asset leased to an organization and earn fixed returns.

Private equity

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Private equityconsists of large-scale private investments into unlisted companies in return for equity. Private funds are typically formed by combining funds from institutional investors such as high-net-worth individuals, insurance companies, university endowment funds and pension funds. Funds are used alongside borrowed money and the money of the private equity firm itself to invest in businesses they believe to have high growth potential.[17]

Venture capital

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Venture capitalconsists of private investments made into young start-up companies in exchange for equity. Venture capital funds are typically formed by drawing capital fromseed money,orangel investors.Nowadays,crowdfundingis also used by start-up companies for capital.Accredited investorssuch as high-net worth individuals, banks, and other companies will also invest in a start-up company if it grows to a large enough scale.

Investors

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The 2003 Capgemini World Wealth Report, based on 2002 data, showedhigh-net-worth individuals,as defined in the report, to have 10% of their financial assets in alternative investments. For the purposes of the report, alternative investments included "structured products, luxury valuables and collectibles, hedge funds, managed futures, and precious metals".[18]By 2007, this had reduced to 9%.[19]No recommendations were made in either report about the amount of money investorsshouldplace in alternative investments. As of 2019, the global breakdown of financial assets included a 13% allocation to alternative investments.[20]

AGood Deliverybar, the standard for trade in the major international gold markets.

Characteristics

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Alternative investments are sometimes used as a way of reducing overall investment risk throughdiversification.

Some of the characteristics of alternative investments may include:

  • Lowcorrelationwith traditional financial investments such as stocks and bonds[21]
  • It may be difficult to determine the current market value of the asset
  • Alternative investments may be relatively illiquid (see "liquid alts")
  • Costs of purchase and sale may be relatively high
  • There may be limited historical risk and return data
  • A high degree of investment analysis may be required before buying

Industry

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See also:List of asset management firms

Alternatives may be offered by traditional investment companies or specialized companies. Among companies which specialize in alternative investments, some offer a variety of strategies others offer only a specific type.

In 2023,Blackstone,which specializes in only alternative investments including private equity, private debt, real assets, hedge funds, and hedge funds of funds, became the first alternative investment manager to reach $1 trillion in assets under management (AUM).[22]Other notable alternative asset managers includeApollo,Brookfield,KKR,andCarlyle,each of which have hundreds of billions in AUM.[22]

As of 2023, traditional asset management companies had begun to offer alternatives includingBlackRock,T. Rowe Price,andFranklin Templeton Investments.[23]

Liquid alternatives

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Main article:Liquid alternative investment

Liquid alternatives ( "alts" ) are alternative investments that provide daily liquidity.[example needed]Liquid alternative investments should[according to whom?]produce returns uncorrelated to GDP growth, must have protection againstsystemic market riskand should be too small to create new systemic risks for the market.[24]Hedge fundsmay be included in this category; however, traditional hedge funds may have liquidity limitations, and the term is usually used for registered mutual funds which use hedge fund strategies such aslong-shortequity investments.[25]

United States

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Liquid alternatives became popular in the late 2000s, growing from $124 billion in assets under management 2010 to $310 billion in 2014.[26]However, in 2015 only $85 million was added, with 31 closed funds and a high-profile underperformance by the largest long-short equity fund at the time, Marketfield Fund.[26]

In 2014 there were an estimated 298 liquid alternative funds with strategies such as long-short equity funds; event-driven, relative value, tactical trading (including managed futures), and multi-strategy. This number does not include option income funds, tactical shorting and leveraged indexed funds.[25]

There has been expressed skepticism over the complexity of liquid alts and the lack of able portfolio managers.[27]One of the world's largest hedge fund managers,AQR Capital,began offering funds in 2009,[28]and grew from $33 billion inassets under management(AUM) in 2010 to $185 billion in AUM in 2017 driven in part by marketing mutual-fund like products with lower fees.[29]As of 2016, AQR Capital was the largest manager of liquid alts.[30]

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Scope - Definition of AIF - AIFMD".Linklaters.31 January 2017.Retrieved1 October2022.
  2. ^"Alternative Investment".Retrieved13 February2021.
  3. ^Investing, Intelligent."Five Alternative Investments To Protect Your Wealth From Inflation".Forbes.Retrieved7 January2017.
  4. ^Coslor, Erica; Spaenjers, Christophe (2016). "Organizational and epistemic change: The growth of the art investment field".Accounting, Organizations and Society.55:48–62.doi:10.1016/j.aos.2016.09.003.hdl:11343/119743.
  5. ^Greenwood, John (6 October 2008)."First class returns for alternative investments".Retrieved7 January2017.
  6. ^"FAQs - The Gold Standard".Retrieved7 January2017.
  7. ^Schwartz, Shelly (18 October 2010)."Investing In The Big Screen Can Be A Profitable Story".CNBC.Archivedfrom the original on 12 June 2011.Retrieved29 October2011.
  8. ^"Tax Receivable Agreements | Parallaxes Capital | Alternative Assets".Parallaxes Capital | Experts in Tax Receivable Agreements.Retrieved17 May2022.
  9. ^"Invest in a forest".24 August 2007.Retrieved7 January2017.
  10. ^"Alternative Investments - What is the best way to invest money?".Retrieved7 January2017.
  11. ^Baumol, William(May 1986). "Unnatural Value: Or Art Investment as Floating Crap Game".The American Economic Review.76(2): 10–14.JSTOR1818726.
  12. ^Kundu, Dennis; Raza, Alexander (2016)."What drives the value of art?".Stockholm School of Economics.
  13. ^Modig, Karolina (4 February 2017)."Ny svensk studie: Konst en dålig investering".Svenska Dagbladet(in Swedish).
  14. ^E, Coslor (1 January 2010)."HOSTILE WORLDS AND QUESTIONABLE SPECULATION: RECOGNIZING THE PLURALITY OF VIEWS ABOUT ART AND THE MARKET".Economic Action in Theory and Practice: Anthropological Investigations.Research in Economic Anthropology. Vol. 30. pp. 209–224.doi:10.1108/S0190-1281(2010)0000030012.hdl:11343/59437.ISBN978-0-85724-117-7.S2CID187187796.
  15. ^WPC Conference Committee (9 February 2012)."Infrastructure As A New Asset Class for Pensions and SWFs"(PDF).2nd Annual World Pensions Forum,Roundtable led by Arbejdsmarkedets TillægsPension (ATP), Denmark’s National Supplementary Pension.Retrieved17 August2017.
  16. ^Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (24 May 2016)."Pension Investment in infrastructure Debt: A New Source of Capital for Project Finance".World Bank (Infrastructure and PPPs Blog).Washington, DC.Retrieved9 August2017.
  17. ^Barber, Felix; Goold, Michael (1 September 2007)."The Strategic Secret of Private Equity".Harvard Business Review.ISSN0017-8012.Retrieved18 May2022.
  18. ^"World Wealth Report 2003"(PDF).Merrill Lynch/Cap Gemini Ernst & Young.p. 12. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 24 May 2010.Retrieved28 March2010.
  19. ^"World Wealth Report 2008"(PDF).Cap Gemini Merrill Lynch.p. 14. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 24 December 2010.Retrieved28 March2010.
  20. ^"with a loss of 2 trillion USD, High Net Worth Individual wealth declines after seven consecutive years of growth but HNWI's trust and satisfaction in wealth managers and firms remain high".Capgemini US.9 July 2019.Retrieved18 May2022.
  21. ^"Introduction to Alternative Investments".{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
  22. ^ab"Blackstone Is the First Alternative Asset Manager to Hit $1 Trillion AUM. So Where Does It Go From Here?".Morningstar, Inc.21 August 2023.Retrieved2 September2023.
  23. ^"Blackstone Is the First Alternative Asset Manager to Hit $1 Trillion AUM. So Where Does It Go From Here?".Morningstar, Inc.21 August 2023.Retrieved2 September2023.
  24. ^"The Definition of A Liquid Alternative".Advent Alternatives.Archived fromthe originalon 19 January 2015.Retrieved7 January2017.
  25. ^ab"Drowning in Liquid Alts | IMPACT 2014 content from WealthManagement".30 March 2015. Archived fromthe originalon 30 March 2015.Retrieved16 June2016.
  26. ^abKrouse, Sarah (31 December 2015)."The Year the Hedge-Fund Model Stalled on Main Street".Wall Street Journal.ISSN0099-9660.Retrieved16 June2016.
  27. ^Benjamin, Jeff."As liquid-alt mutual funds proliferate, some question their value".Retrieved7 January2017.
  28. ^"AQR hedging its bets with big mutual fund plan".Reuters.24 June 2009.Retrieved15 October2017.
  29. ^Vardi, Nathan."Inside The Booming Financials Of Billionaire Cliff Asness' AQR Capital Management".Forbes.Retrieved15 October2017.
  30. ^Smith, Randall (15 September 2016)."Investors Stick With Assets That Mimic Hedge Funds".New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved15 October2017.

Further reading

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  • H. Kent Baker and Greg Filbeck (2013).Alternative Investments: Instruments, Performance, Benchmarks and Strategies.John Wiley & Sons.ISBN978-1-118-24112-7.
  • David M. Weiss (2009).Financial Instruments: Equities, Debt, Derivatives and Alternative Investments.Portfolio.ISBN978-1-59184-227-9.
  • How To Invest In Stamps And Coins.Quick Easy Guides. 2008.ISBN978-1-60620-661-4.
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