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Antonov An-24

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TheAntonov An-24(Russian/Ukrainian:Антонов Ан-24) (NATO reporting name:Coke) is a 44-seat twinturboproptransport/passenger aircraft designed in 1957 in theSoviet Unionby theAntonov Design Bureau[1]and manufactured by Kyiv, Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude Aviation Factories.

An-24
Volga-Avia Antonov An-24
General information
TypeTransport aircraft/TurbopropRegional airliner
National originSoviet Union
ManufacturerAntonov
StatusIn limited service
Primary usersUTair Cargo
Number built1,388 (including the Chinese Y-7)[1]
History
Manufactured1959–1979
Introduction date1962
First flight29 October 1959[1]
VariantsAntonov An-26
Antonov An-30
Antonov An-32
Developed intoXian Y-7

Design and development

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Polet AirlinesAn-24RV
An-24 at Uzhhorod, Ukraine 21 May 2005
Interior of a Kampuchea Airlines Antonov AN-24 from 1994

First flown in 1959, the An-24 was produced in some 1,000 units of various versions; in 2023 there are 93 still in service worldwide, mostly in theCommonwealth of Independent Statesand Africa.[2]

It was designed to replace the veteran pistonIlyushin Il-14transport on short to medium haul trips, optimised for operating from rough strips and unprepared airports in remote locations.[3]The high-wing layout protects engines and blades from debris, thepower-to-weight ratiois higher than that of many comparable aircraft and the machine is rugged, requiring minimal ground support equipment.

Due to its rugged airframe and good performance, the An-24 was adapted to perform many secondary missions such as ice reconnaissance and engine/propeller test-bed, as well as further development to produce the An-26 tactical transport, An-30 photo-mapping/survey aircraft and An-32 tactical transport with more powerful engines. Various projects were envisaged such as a four jet short/medium haul airliner and various iterations of powerplant.

The main production line was at theKyiv-Svyatoshino(later renamed "Aviant") aircraft production plant which built 985, with 180 built atUlan Udeand a further 197 An-24T tactical transport/freighters atIrkutsk.Production in the USSR was shut down by 1978.

Production continues at China'sXi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporationwhich makes licensed, reverse-engineered and redesigned aircraft as theXian Y-7,and its derivatives. Manufacture of the Y-7, in civil form, has now been supplanted by theMA60derivative with western engines and avionics, to improve performance and economy, and widen the export appeal.

The aircraft introduced in Mongolia was initially planned to be used by the air force, but was eventually handed over to a private airline company for use, and some were later used in research facilities. Since then, as the aircraft has deteriorated, it has been stored in Ulaanbaatar.[4]

Total production

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Total Production (Not including Chinese Y-7)[5] 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959
1285 1 2 15 25 45 88 83 82 91 135 136 158 166 112 62 44 25 9 1 4 1

Variants

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Cockpit
An-24
Designation for prototypes. Four built.[6]
An-24A
(first use) Proposed production version powered byKuznetsov NK-4turboprops, discontinued when the NK-4 was cancelled.[6]
An-24A
(second use) Production 50-seat airliners built at Kyiv with the APU exhaust moved to the tip of the starboard nacelle.[7]
An-24ALK (Avtomatizeerovannaya [sistema] Lyotnovo Kontrolya– automatic flight check system)
Several An-24s were converted for navaids calibration tasks, with one An-24LR 'Toros' re-designated An-24ALK after conversion. This aircraft was fitted with a photo-theodolite and powerful light sources for the optical sensors.[8]
An-24AT
A 1962 project for a Tactical transport with rear loading ramp and powered by Isotov TV2-117DS coupled turboprops.[9]
An-24AT-RD (RD –Reaktivnyye Dvigateli– jet engines)
The An-24AT tactical transport project with two turbojet boosters pod-mounted under the outer wings and a wider loading ramp.[9]
An-24AT-U (Uskoriteli– boosters)
A projected Tactical transport from 1966 with three or five PRD-63 (Porokhovoy Raketnyy Dvigatel– gunpowder rocket engine) JATO bottles, wider cargo ramp and provision for up to three brake parachutes.[9]
An-24B
The second 50-seat airliner version with one extra window each side, single-slotted flaps replacing the double-slotted flaps and extended chord of the centre-section to compensate for the lower performance flaps. Some aircraft were delivered with four extra fuel bladders in the wing centre-section.[10]
An-24D
A projected long-range airliner version of the An-24B with a single RU-19 booster jet engine in the starboard nacelle, stretched fuselage with seating for 60, strengthened structure and increased fuel capacity.[11]
An-24LL (Letyushchaya Laboratoriya– flying laboratory)
The generic suffix LL can be applied to any test-bed, but in the An-24's case seems to refer to a single aircraft equipped formetrology(science of measurement), to be used for checking the airworthiness of production aircraft.[8]
An-24LP (LesoPozharnyy– forest fire fighter)
Three An-24RV aircraft converted into fire bombers/cloud seeders by installing a tank in the cabin, optical smoke and flame detectors, provision for a thermal imager, racks for carrying flare dispensers and the ability to carry firefighters for para-dropping.[12]
An-24LR 'Toros' (Ice Hummock)(Ledovyy Razvedchik– ice reconnaissance)
At least two An-24Bs converted to carry the 'Toros' SLAR (sideways looking airborne radar) either side of the lower fuselage, for ice reconnaissance, guiding icebreakers, convoys and other shipping.[13][note 1]
An-24LR 'Nit' (Thread)
One An-24B was converted to with 'Nit' SLAR in large pods along the lower fuselage sides.[14]
An-24PRT (Poiskovo-spasahtel'nyy Reaktivnyy [Uskoritel'] Transportnyy– SAR boosted transport)
The production search and rescue aircraft based on the An-24RT, eleven built.[15]
An-24PS (Poiskovo-Spasahtel'nyy– SAR)
A single An-24B aircraft converted for search and rescue duties, rejected after acceptance trials in favour of a derivative of the An-24RT.[16]
An-24RR ([samolyot] Radiotsionnyy Razvedchik– radiation reconnaissance [aircraft])
Four aircraft converted as Nuclear, biological and chemical warfare reconnaissance versions of the An-24B, carrying RR8311-100 air sampling pods low on the forward fuselage and a sensor pod on a pylon on the port fuselage side.[17]
An-24RT (Reaktivnyy [Uskoritel'] Transportnyy– boosted transport)
Similar to the AN-24T, fitted with an auxiliary turbojet engine.[18]
An-24RT (Retranslyator– relay installation)
A few An-24T and An-24RT aircraft converted to Communications relay aircraft. Sometimes referred to as An-24Rt to differentiate from the An-24RT.[19]
An-24RV ofPLAAFat China Aviation Museum, Beijing
SAT Airlines' Antonov An-24RV
An-24RV (Reaktivnyy [Uskoritel'] V– boosted V)
Turbojet boosted export version, similar to the An-24V but fitted with a 1,985-lb (8830 N) thrust auxiliary turbojet engine in the starboard nacelle.[20]
An-24ShT (Shtabnoy Transportnyy– Staff/HQ transport)
A tactical Airborne Command Post for use by commanders, also capable of forming ground-based communications and HQ.[19]
An-24T (Transportnyy– transport)
(first use) Tactical transport version, rejected due to poor field performance and range, together with inability to load or air-drop vehicles during acceptance testing.[21]
An-24T (Transportnyy– transport)
(second use) A tactical transport version with a ventral loading hatch, cargo winch and escape hatch aft of the nose landing gear.[22]
An-24T 'Troyanda' (Ukrainian – rose)
From the 1960s the Soviet Union was faced with nuclear submarine threats that were virtually undetectable with the technology available. To assist in the development of advanced optical, chemical, sonic, infra-red and electromagnetic detection systems, several aircraft were built or modified as test-beds. One significant aircraft was the An-24T 'Troyanda' which was built new, for the development of sonobuoy and infra-red detection systems. As well as equipment inside the cabin, sensors could be mounted in large teardrop fairings either side of the lower forward fuselage, and extra equipment could be carried in extended wing centre-section fairings.[8]
An-24TV (Transportnyy V– transport V)
The export cargo version of the An-24T.[23]
An-24USh (Uchebno-Shturmanskiy (samolyot)– Navigator training aircraft)
Seven An-24Bs were converted to An-24USh navigator/air traffic controller trainers with five training stations and four standard rows of seats for trainees in waiting. Outwardly the USh was distinguishable by the bulged windows at each training station.[8]
An-24V-I
The initial export version of the An-24B 50-seat airliner with the early narrow chord inner wings, double-slotted flaps, single ventral fin.[24]
An-24V-II
Export late production 50-seat mixed passenger, cargo and freight aircraft with extended chord inner wing, single-slotted flaps, twin ventral fins and powered by AI-24T(SrsII) engines.[24]
An-26
Tactical transport with cargo ramp.
An-30
Survey/photo-mapping aircraft.
An-32
Designed to withstand adverse weather conditions better than the standard An-26.
An-34
The initial designation of the An-24T production tactical transport.[22]
An-44
Projected cargo aircraft developed from the An-24. Ice reconnaissance and transport versions were also planned.
An-50
A mid-1960s project for a jet-powered An-24, with fourIvchenko AI-25turbofan engines in podded pairs, pylon mounted forward of the wings. Not proceeded with due to competition from the Yak-40.[25]
Xian Y-7
The Y-7 is a Chinese built derivative of the An-24/An-26 family.[26]
MA60
Upgraded and Westernised Y-7.
An-24
In the early 1990s, North Korea installed N-019 Topaz pulse-Doppler radars on at least one of its An-24 aircraft in an attempt to achieve a rudimentaryAirborne Early Warningcapability.[27]

Operators

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Military operators

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Antonov An 24PB ofBangladesh Air Force,displayed at Bangladesh Air Force museum
North Korea
Korean People's Army Air Force- 1 (converted to a rudimentary airborne early warning aircraft)
Russia
Syria
Syrian Air Force– 1[29]
Ukraine
Cambodia
Royal Cambodian Air Force- 2


Former military operators

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Afghanistan
TheAfghan Air Forcereceived six from 1975
Algeria
Algerian Air Force
Angola
People's Air and Air Defence Force of Angola
Armenia
Armenian Air Force
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Air Force
Bangladesh
Bangladesh Air Force
Belarus
Belarus Air Force
Bulgaria
Bulgaria Air Force
People's Republic of China
Republic of the Congo
Congolese Air Force
Cuba
Cuban Air Force
Czech Republic
Czech air force(before 2005)
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakian Air Force– No longer in service
German Democratic Republic
Air Forces of the National People's Army
Egypt
Egyptian Air Force
Georgia
Georgian Air Force
Guinea
Military of Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Military of Guinea-Bissau
Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea Air Force
Hungary
Hungarian Air Force,none in service, all retired in 1992
Iran
Iranian Air Force
Iraq
Iraqi Air Force
Kazakhstan
Military of Kazakhstan
Laos
Lithuania
Mali
Air Force of Mali- two[31]
Moldova
Moldovan Air Force
Mozambique
Military of Mozambique
Nicaragua
Nicaraguan Air Force
North Yemen
Yemen Arab Republic Air Force:three bought in 1979[32]
Poland
Polish Air Force- 6 operated from 1966 to 1977; replaced with An-26
Romania
Romanian Air Force– the last RoAF An-24 was retired in 2007.[33]
Slovakia
Slovak Air Force- the last SAF An-24 was retired in 2006.
Somalia
Somali Air Corps
Soviet Union
Sudan
Sudanese Air Force- at least five An-24TVs purchased from the USSR in the late 1960s. Retired in the late 1990s.[34]
Turkmenistan
Military of Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Military of Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Vietnam People's Air Force
Yemen
Yemen Air Force

Civil operators

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As of July 2018, 86 An-24s were in airline service.[35]

Following fatal incidents in July 2011 Russian President (now Prime Minister)Dmitry Medvedevproposed the accelerated decommissioning of An-24s,[36]which resulted in a ban for this type from scheduled flights insideRussia.[37]However, later the ban was cancelled and, as of 2023, An-24 are still in limited commercial service in Russia.

Thailand


Ukraine
Moldova
  • Air Moldova(6) Used on flights to CIS And as charter aircraft
Russia
Kazakhstan
Former civil operators
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Civil operators have included:

Afghanistan
Belarus
Bulgaria
Cambodia
People's Republic of China
Congo
Cuba
German Democratic Republic
Egypt
Guinea
  • Air Guinee
  • Union des Transports Africains (West Coast Airways)
Iraq
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lithuania
Preserved An-24 at Aleksotas airport (S. Dariaus / S. Gireno) (EYKS), Kaunas
Lebanon
Mali
Mongolia
North Korea
Pakistan
Philippines
Poland
Romania
Russia
Somalia
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Turkmenistan
Soviet Union
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
An-24 operators within Aeroflot and post Soviet countries[1]
UGA – (Oopravleniye Grazhdahnskoy Aviahtsii
- Civil Aviation Directorate) 		OAO – (Otdel'nyy Aviaotryad– independent flight detachment) LO – (Lyotnyy Otryad– flight squad) / (Aviaeskadril'ya– squadrons) Home base CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) Airline
Arkhangel'sk 2nd Arkhangel'sk 392nd Arkhangel'sk-Vas'kovo AVL Arkhangelsk Airlines
Azerbaijan Baku 360th / 1st & 3rd squadrons Baku-Bina AZAL(no An-24s)
Belorussian Gomel' 105th / 1st squadron Gomel' Gomelavia
1stMinsk 353rd Minsk-Loshitsa (Minsk-1) Belavia;Minsk-Avia
Mogilyov Mogilyov Mogilyov-Avia
Central Regions Belgorod Belgorod Belgorod Air Enterprise(no An-24s)
Bryansk Bryansk Bravia(Bryansk-Avia)
Bykovo 61st Moscow-Bykovo Bykovo Avia
Ivanovo Ivanovo-Yuzhnyy (Zhukovka) IGAP(Ivanovo State Air Enterprise)
Kostroma Kostroma Kostroma Air Enterprise
Kursk Kursk Kurskavia
Ryazan' Ryazan' Ryazan'aviatrans
Tambov 169th Tambov-Donskoye Aviata(Avalinii Tambova)
Tula 294th Tula Tula Air Enterprise
Voronezh 243rd Voronezh Voronezhavia
Vladimir Vladimir Vladimir Air Enterprise/Avialeso'okhrana
East Siberian Bobaido Bobaido Bobaido Air Enterprise
Chita 136th / 1st Squadron Chita Chita Avia
Irkutsk 134th Irkutsk-1 Baikal Airlines
Ust'-Ilimsk Ust'-Ilimsk Ust'-Ilimsk Air Enterprise
Ust'-Kut Ust'-Kut Ust'-Kut Air Enterprise
Ulan-Ude 138th Ulan-Ude /Mukhino Buryatia Airlines
Far Eastern SakhalinCAPA / Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk UAD 147th / 1st Squadron Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk /Khomutvo Sakhalinskiye Aviatrassy
1stKhabarovsk 289th Khabarovsk Dalavia Far East Airlines Khabarovsk
Kazakh Chimkent 158th Chimkent Kazakhstan Airlines;Chimkent-Avia
Gur'yev 156th Gur'yev Kazakhstan Airlines;Atyrau Air Ways
Karaganda 14th Karaganda Kazakhstan Airlines
Kustanay 155th Kustanay Kazakhstan Airlines
Tselinograd 239th Tselinograd Kazakhstan Airlines;Air Astana
Kirghiz (dissolved by 1987)
Komi Syktyvkar 366th Syktyvkar Komiavia;Komiinteravia
Krasnoyarsk Abakan 130th Abakan Khakassia Airlines(Abakan A.E.)
Latvian Riga 106th / 2nd Squadron Riga-Spilve Latavio
Leningrad Pskov 320th / 2nd Squadron Pskov
Lithuanian Vilnius 277th / 4th Squadron Vilnius Lithuanian Airlines
Magadan Anadyr' Anadyr'-Ugol'nyy Chukotavia
Chaunskoye 6th Chaunskoye Chaunskoye Air Enterprise
1stMagadan 185th / (1st or 3rd Squadron) Magadan-Sokol Kolyma-Avia
Moldavian Kishinyov 407th Kishinyov Air Moldova
North Caucasian Astrakhan' 110th Astrakhan'-Narimanovo Astrakhan' Airlines
Krasnodar 241st/ 3rd Squadron Krasnodar ALK Kuban Airlines
Makhachkala 111th Makhachkala Daghestan Airlines
Stavropol' Stavropol' SAAK(Stavropol' Joint Stock AL)
Taganrog Taganrog Tavia
Tajik Leninabad 292nd / 2nd Squadron Leninabad Tajikistan Airlines
Training Establishments Directorate KVLUGA(Kirovograd Civil Aviation Higher Flying School) Kirovograd Ukraine State Flight Academy
Turkmen Ashkhabad 165th / 1st Squadron Ashkhabad Turkmenistan Airlines/Akhal
Krasnovodsk 360th / 1st Squadron Krasnovodsk Turkmenistan Airlines/Khazar
MaryComposite Independent Air Squadron Mary
Tashauz Tashauz
Tyumen' Salekhard Salekhard Tyumen' Avia Trans
Surgut 358th Surgut Surgut Avia
Ukrainian Donetsk Donetsk Donbas–East Ukrainian Airlines
Kyiv 86th / 2nd Squadron Kyiv-Zhulyany Air Ukraine/ Avialinïi Ukraïny
Kirovograd Kirovograd-Khmelyovoye Air URGA
L'vov 88th L'vov Lviv Airlines
Simferopol 84th Simferopol Aviakompaniya Krym/ Crimea AL
Voroshilovgrad Voroshilovgrad
Urals Izhevsk Izhevsk Izhavia
Kirov Kirov Kirov Air Enterprises(no An-24s)
Magnitogorsk Magnitogorsk Magnitogorsk Air Enterprise
1stPerm' Perm'-Bolshoye Savino Perm Airlines
1stSverdlovsk Sverdlovsk-Kol'tsovo Ural Airlines[Yekaterinburg]
Uzbek Samarkand 163rd Samarkand Uzbekistan Airways
Tashkent 160th Tashkent-Yuzhnyy Uzbekistan Airways
Volga Cheboksary Cheboksary Cheboksary Air Enterprise
Cheboksary Nizhnekamsk Independent air Squadron Nizhnekamsk Nizhnekamsk Air Enterprise
Gor'kiy Gor'kiy-Strigino Nizhegorodskie Airlines(sic)
TatarCAPA / 1st Kazan' 408th Kazan' Tatarstan Airlines
Orenburg 195th / 2nd Squadron Orenburg-Tsentral'nyy Orenburg Airlines
Penza 396th Penza Penza Air Enterprise
Saransk Saransk
Saratov Saratov
Ufa 415th Ufa BAL Bashkirian Airlines
Yoshkar-Ola Yoshkar-Ola
West Siberian Kemerovo 196th Kemerovo
Kolpashevo Kolpashevo
Novosibirsk 6th(?) Novosibirsk-Severnyy 2nd Novosibirsk Air Enterprise
Tolmachevo 448th Novosibirsk-Tolmachevo Sibir'
Novokuznetsk 184th Novokuznetsk Aerokuznetsk
Omsk 365th / 2nd Squadron Omsk Omsk-Avia
Tomsk 119trh Tomsk Tomsk Avia
Yakutian Yakutsk 271st Yakutsk Sakha Avia
Mirny Mirny Almazy Rossii– Sakha (Alrosa)
GosNII GVF( "state scientific test institute for civil air fleet" ) Moscow -Sheremetyevo-1

Accidents

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Main article:List of accidents and incidents involving the Antonov An-24

Specifications (An-24B)

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Data fromJane's All the World's Aircraft 1976–77[39]

General characteristics

  • Crew:3
  • Capacity:50 passengers
  • Length:23.53 m (77 ft 2 in)
  • Wingspan:29.20 m (95 ft 10 in)
  • Height:8.32 m (27 ft 4 in)
  • Wing area:74.98 m2(807.1 sq ft)
  • Aspect ratio:11.7:1
  • Empty weight:13,300 kg (29,321 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight:21,000 kg (46,297 lb)
  • Fuel capacity:5,550 L (1,470 US gal; 1,220 imp gal)
  • Powerplant:2 ×Ivchenko AI-24Aturbopropengines, 1,900 kW (2,550 shp) each (eshp)
  • Propellers:4-bladed AV-72constant-speed propellers,3.90 m (12 ft 10 in) diameter

Performance

  • Cruise speed:450 km/h (280 mph, 240 kn) at 6,000 m (20,000 ft)
  • Range:2,400 km (1,500 mi, 1,300 nmi) with maximum fuel; 550 km (340 mi; 300 nmi) with maximum payload
  • Service ceiling:8,400 m (27,600 ft)
  • Rate of climb:1.91 m/s (375 ft/min)

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

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  1. ^TheAn-24 incident at Gambell, Alaskaoccurred 27 February 1974, when a Soviet Antonov An-24LR "Toros" (CCCP-47195) ice reconnaissance aircraft, low on fuel, carrying three crew members and twelve scientists, landed at Gambell Airport.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^abcdGordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003
  2. ^"AeroTransport Data Bank".
  3. ^Stroud 1968,pp. 78–79
  4. ^"Antonov An-24".
  5. ^"Антонов Ан-24".russianplanes.net.Retrieved22 August2019.
  6. ^abGordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,p. 16
  7. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,pp. 16, 18
  8. ^abcdGordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,p. 36
  9. ^abcGordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,p. 20
  10. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,pp. 20–22
  11. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,pp. 23, 25
  12. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,pp. 32–33
  13. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,pp. 34–35
  14. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,p. 35
  15. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,p. 32
  16. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,pp. 31–32
  17. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,pp. 33–34
  18. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,p. 30
  19. ^abGordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,p. 34
  20. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,pp. 30–31
  21. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,pp. 25–26
  22. ^abGordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,pp. 26–27
  23. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,pp. 29–30
  24. ^abGordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,pp. 22–23
  25. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,pp. 37–38
  26. ^Gordon, Komissarov & Komissarov 2003,pp. 37, 40
  27. ^Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr. (April 2011)."MiG-29 in KPAF Service".KPA Journal.2(4): 2.
  28. ^Hoyle 2015,p. 46
  29. ^The military balance. 2023.James Hackett, International Institute for Strategic Studies. London. 2023.ISBN978-1-003-40022-6.OCLC1372013483.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  30. ^Hoyle 2015,p. 51
  31. ^Cooper et al. 2011,p. 41
  32. ^Cooper 2017,p. 40
  33. ^Marnix Sap, Carlo Brummer:Fortele Aeriene Romanein: Lotnictwo Nr. 4/2010(in Polish)
  34. ^Cooper et al. 2011,p. 238
  35. ^"World Airline Census 2018".Flightglobal.Retrieved22 August2018.
  36. ^Odynova, Alexandra (15 July 2011)."Medvedev's Impossible Airplane Ban".The Moscow Times.Retrieved3 January2024.
  37. ^"Во исполнение поручения Президента Российской Федерации Минтрансом России рассматривается возможность вывода самолетов Ан-24 из эксплуатации на регулярных воздушных линиях".press release.The Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. 11 July 2011.Retrieved12 February2013.
  38. ^Cooper et al. 2011,p. 244
  39. ^Taylor 1976,pp. 406–408

Bibliography

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  • Cooper, Tom (2017).Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994.Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing.ISBN978-1-912174-23-2.
  • Cooper, Tom; Weinert, Peter; Hinz, Fabian; Lepko, Mark (2011).African MiGs, Volume 2: Madagascar to Zimbabwe.Houston: Harpia Publishing.ISBN978-0-9825539-8-5.
  • Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitry; Komissarov, Sergey (2003).Antonov's turboprop twins.Hinckley: Midland.ISBN1-85780-153-9.OCLC52325420.
  • Hoyle, Craig (8–14 December 2015). "World Air Forces Directory".Flight International.188(5517): 26–53.
  • Stroud, John (1968).Soviet transport aircraft since 1945.London: Putnam.ISBN0-370-00126-5.OCLC68589..
  • Taylor, John W. R.,ed. (1976).Jane's all the world's aircraft 1976-77.London: Jane's Yearbooks.ISBN0-354-00538-3.OCLC85999217.
  • Thisdell, Dan; Fafard, Antoine (9–15 August 2016). "World Airliner Census".Flight International.190(5550): 20–43.ISSN0015-3710.
  • "Антонов Ан-24".russianplanes.net.Archived fromthe originalon 4 November 2015.
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