Apoplexy(fromAncient Greekἀποπληξία(apoplexia)'a striking away') refers to the rupture of an internal organ and the associated symptoms. Informally or metaphorically, the termapoplexyis associated with being furious, especially as "apoplectic". Historically, it described what is now known as ahemorrhagic stroke,typically involving a ruptured blood vessel in the brain; modern medicine typically specifies the anatomical location of the bleeding, such as cerebral apoplexy,ovarianapoplexy, orpituitaryapoplexy.[1][2][3]
Historical meaning
editFrom the late 14th to the late 19th century, the diagnosisapoplexyreferred to any sudden death that began with abrupt loss of consciousness, especially when the victim died within seconds after losing consciousness. The wordapoplexywas sometimes used to refer to the symptom of sudden loss of consciousness immediately preceding death.Strokes,rupturedaortic aneurysms,and evenheart attackswere referred to as apoplexy in the past, because before the advent ofbiomedical science,the ability to differentiate abnormal conditions and diseased states was limited. Althoughphysiology,as a medical field, dates back at least to the time ofHippocrates,until the late 19th century, physicians often had inadequate or inaccurate understandings of many of the human body's normal functions and abnormal presentations. Hence, identifying a specific cause of a symptom or of death often proved difficult or impossible.[4][5][6][7][8]
Hemorrhage
editTo specify the site of bleeding, the term "apoplexy" is often accompanied by a descriptiveadjective.For instance, bleeding within thepituitary glandis termed "pituitary apoplexy", and bleeding within theadrenal glandsis referred to as "adrenal apoplexy".[9]
Apoplexy also includeshemorrhagingwithin the gland and accompanyingneurologicalproblems, such as confusion, headache, and impairment of consciousness.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^Stöppler, Melissa Conrad, MD (February 7, 2011)."apoplexy".Oxford English Dictionary(definition of) (OED online ed.). Oxford University Press.
{{cite encyclopedia}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^"apoplexy".Collins English Dictionary.HarperCollins. 2012.RetrievedMay 9,2022– via dictionary.reference.
- ^Coupland, A.P.; Thapar, A.; Qureshi, M.I.; Jenkins, H.; Davies, A.H. (2017)."The definition of 'stroke'".J R Soc Med.110(1):9–12.doi:10.1177/0141076816680121.PMC5298424.PMID28084167.
- ^Engelhardt, E. (2017). "Apoplexy, cerebrovascular disease, and stroke: Historical evolution of terms and definitions".Dement Neuropsychol.11(4):449–453.doi:10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-040016.PMID29354227.
- ^Bauer, M.; Lang, C.; Patzelt, D. (2001). "Sudden death due to pituitary apoplexy".Leg Med (Tokyo).3(3):183–186.doi:10.1016/s1344-6223(01)00026-8.PMID12935525.
- ^Schutta, H.S.; Howe, H.M. (2006). "Seventeenth century concepts of" apoplexy "as reflected in Bonet's"sepulchretum"".J Hist Neurosci.15(3):250–268.doi:10.1080/09647040500403312.
- ^Lidell, J.A. (1873).A treatise on apoplexy, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral embolism, cerebral gout, cerebral rheumatism, and epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis.New York, NY: W. Wood & Company.
- ^Kleisiaris, C.F.; Sfakianakis, C.; Papathanasiou, I.V. (2014)."Health care practices in ancient Greece: The Hippocratic ideal".J Med Ethics Hist Med.7:6.PMC4263393.PMID25512827.
- ^Bashari, W.A.; Myint, Y.M.M.; Win, M.L.; Oyibo, S.O. (13 June 2020)."Adrenal insufficiency secondary to bilateral adrenal hemorrhage: A case report".Cureus.12(6): e8596.doi:10.7759/cureus.8596.PMC7294864.PMID32550089.
- ^Mohr, G.; Hardy, J. (1982). "Hemorrhage, necrosis, and apoplexy in pituitary adenomas".Surg Neurol.18(3):181–189.doi:10.1016/0090-3019(82)90388-3.PMID7179072.
External links
edit
The dictionary definition ofapoplexyat Wiktionary
Texts on Wikisource:
- Black, James Rush (6 April 1875)..Popular Science Monthly.6.
- Mott, Frederick Walker (1911). "Apoplexy".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 2 (11th ed.). pp.195–196.
