Arkhangelsk[a](Russian:Архангельск,pronounced[ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk]) is acityand theadministrative centerofArkhangelsk Oblast,Russia.It lies on both banks of theNorthern Dvinanear its mouth into theWhite Sea.The city spreads for over 40 kilometres (25 mi) along the banks of the river and numerous islands of itsdelta.Arkhangelsk was the chief seaport of medieval and early modern Russia until 1703, when it was replaced by the newly foundedSaint Petersburg.
Arkhangelsk
Архангельск | |
|---|---|
    Top-down, left-to-right: View along theNorthern Dvinariver;Port of Arkhangelsk;Church of the Dormition and sea beach; view to the skyscraper Vysotka | |
 Coat of arms | |
Location of Arkhangelsk  | |
  Arkhangelsk Location of Arkhangelsk  Arkhangelsk Arkhangelsk (Russia)  Arkhangelsk Arkhangelsk (Europe) | |
| Coordinates:64°32′35″N40°32′15″E/ 64.54306°N 40.53750°E | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Arkhangelsk Oblast[1] |
| Novo-Kholmogory | 1584[2] |
| City status since | 1584 |
| Government | |
| • Body | City Duma |
| • Head[3] | Dmitry Morev[3] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 294.42 km2(113.68 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3 m (10 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 348,783 |
| • Estimate (2018)[6] | 349,742 (+0.3%) |
| • Rank | 50thin 2010 |
| • Density | 1,185/km2(3,070/sq mi) |
| •Subordinated to | city of oblast significanceof Arkhangelsk[7] |
| •Capitalof | Arkhangelsk Oblast,[7]city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk[7] |
| •Urban okrug | Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug[8] |
| •Capitalof | Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug,[8]Primorsky Municipal District[8] |
| Time zone | UTC+3(MSK [9]) |
| Postal code(s)[10] | 163000-163071 |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 8182[11] |
| OKTMOID | 11701000001 |
| City Day | Last Sunday of June[12] |
| Website | www |
A 1,133-kilometer-long (704 mi)railwayruns from Arkhangelsk toMoscowviaVologdaandYaroslavl,and air travel is served by theTalagi Airportand the smallerVaskovo Airport.As of the2021 Census,the city's population was 301,199.[15]
Coat of arms
editThe arms of the city display theArchangel Michaelin the act of defeating the Devil. Legend states that this victory took place near where the city stands, hence its name, and that Michael still stands watch over the city to prevent the Devil's return.[16]
History
editThis sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(February 2024) |
Early history
editVikingsknew the area around Arkhangelsk asBjarmaland.[17]Ohthere of Hålogalandtold circa 890 of his travels in an area by a river and the White Sea with many buildings. This was probably the place later known as Arkhangelsk. According toSnorri Sturluson,Vikings led byThorir Hundraided this area in 1027.[citation needed]
In 1989, an unusually impressive silver treasure was found by local farm workers by the mouth of Dvina, right next to present-day Arkhangelsk.[18]
Most of the findings comprised a total of 1.6 kilograms (3.5 lb) of silver, largely in the form of coins. Jewelry and pieces of jewelry come from Russia or neighboring areas. The majority of the coins were German, but the hoard also included a smaller number ofKufan,English,Bohemian,Hungarian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian coins. It is hard to place this find historically until further research is completed. There are at least two possible interpretations. It may be a treasure belonging to the society outlined by the Norse source material. Generally such finds, whether fromScandinavia,theBalticarea, or Russia, are closely tied to well-established agricultural societies with considerable trade activity.[citation needed]
Alternatively, like the Russian scientists who published the find in 1992,[18]one may see it as evidence of a stronger case of Russian colonization than previously thought.
Novgorodian arrival
editIn the 12th century, theNovgorodiansestablished amonasterydedicated toArchangel Michaelin the estuary of theNorthern Dvina.The main trade center of the area at that time wasKholmogory,located 75 kilometers (47 mi) southeast of Arkhangelsk, up the Dvina River, about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) downstream from where the Pinega River flows into the Dvina. Written sources indicate that Kholmogory existed early in the 12th century, but there is no archeological material of this period. It is not known whether the origin of this settlement was Russian, or if it goes back to pre-Russian times. In the center of the small town (or Gorodok) that is there today is a large mound of building remains and river sand, but it has not been archeologically excavated.
Norwegian–Russian conflict
edit
The area of Arkhangelsk came to be important in the rivalry between Norwegian and Russian interests in the northern areas. From Novgorod, the spectrum of Russian interest was extended far north to theKola Peninsulain the 12th century. However, here Norway enforced taxes and rights to the fur trade. A compromise agreement entered in 1251 which was soon broken.[citation needed]
In 1411, Yakov Stepanovich from Novgorod went to attack northern Norway. This was the beginning of a series of clashes. In 1419, Norwegian ships with five hundred soldiers entered theWhite Sea.The "Murmaners", as the Norwegians were called (cf.Murmansk), plundered many Russian settlements along the coast, among them the Archangel Michael Monastery.[19]
Novgorod managed to drive the Norwegians back. However, in 1478 the area was taken over byIvan IIIand passed to theGrand Duchy of Moscowwith the rest of theNovgorod Republic.
Trade with England, Scotland, and the Netherlands
editThree English ships theBona Esperanza,Edward Bonaventure,andBona Confidentiaset out to find theNortheast passage to Chinain 1553; two disappeared, and one, theEdward Bonaventureended up in the White Sea atNyonoksa,eventually coming across the area of Arkhangelsk at the mouth of the Dvina River where the St. Nicolas Monastery stood. Subsequently, the English gave the nameSt. Nicolas Bayto the sea now known as the White Sea.Ivan the Terriblefound out about this, and brokered a trade agreement with the ship's captain,Richard Chancellor.
Trade privileges were granted to English merchants in 1555, leading to the founding of theCompany of Merchant Adventurers,which began sending ships annually into the estuary of the Northern Dvina. Dutch merchants also started bringing their ships into the White Sea from the 1560s.[20] Scottishand English merchants also traded in the 16th century; however, by the 17th century it was mainly the Dutch that sailed to the White Sea area.[citation needed]
Founding and further development
edit
In 1584, Ivan ordered the founding ofNew Kholmogory(which would later be renamed after the nearby Archangel Michael Monastery). At the time access to theBaltic Seawas still mostly controlled by Sweden, so while Arkhangelsk was icebound in winter, it remained Moscow's almost sole link to the sea-trade. Local inhabitants, calledPomors,were the first to explore trade routes to NorthernSiberiaas far as the trans-Uralscity ofMangazeyaand beyond. In December 1613, during theTime of Troubles,Arkhangelsk was besieged by Polish-Lithuanian marauders commanded by Stanislaw Jasinski (Lisowczyks), who failed to capture the fortified town. In 1619, and again in 1637, fires broke out, and the entire city burned down.[citation needed]
In 1693,Peter the Greatordered the creation of a stateshipyardin Arkhangelsk. A year later the shipsSvyatoye Prorochestvo(Holy Prophecy),Apostol Pavel(Apostle Paul), and the yachtSvyatoy Pyotr(Saint Peter) were sailing in the White Sea. However, he also realized that Arkhangelsk would always be limited as a port due to the five months of ice cover, and after asuccessful campaignagainst Swedish armies in the Baltic area, he foundedSaint Petersburgin May 1703. Nonetheless, Arkhangelsk continued to be an important naval base and maritime centre in the Russian north.[21]
In 1722, Peter the Great decreed that Arkhangelsk should no longer accept goods that amounted to more than was sufficient for the town (for so-called domestic consumption). It was due to the Tsar's will to shift all international marine trade to Saint Petersburg. This factor greatly contributed to the deterioration of Arkhangelsk that continued up to 1762 when this decree was cancelled.[citation needed]
Arkhangelsk declined in the 18th century as the Baltic trade became ever more important. Its economy revived at the end of the 19th century when a railway to Moscow was completed andtimberbecame a major export. The city resistedBolshevikrule from 1918 to 1920 and was a stronghold of the anti-BolshevikWhite Army.The White Army was supported by anAllied interventionin which British, French, Italian, andAmerican troopshelped to defend against the Bolsheviks. The Allied forces, led by British Lieutenant GeneralFrederick Poole,suffered numerous set-backs and eventually withdrew from Russia. Without Allied support, the poorly disciplined White Army quickly collapsed and the Bolsheviks entered Arkhangelsk on February 21, 1920.[22]Arkhangelsk was also the scene of the Mudyug concentration camp.[23]
During both world wars, Arkhangelsk was a major port of entry for Allied aid. During World War II, the city became known in West Europe as one of the two main destinations (along withMurmansk) of theArctic convoysbringing supplies in to assist the Soviet Union. DuringOperation Barbarossa,the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Arkhangelsk was one of two cities (the other beingAstrakhan) selected to mark the envisioned eastern limit of German control. This military operation was to be halted at thisA-A line,but never reached it, as the German armies failed to capture either of these two cities and also failed to capture Moscow.
Arkhangelsk was also the site ofArkhangelsk ITL,or the ArkhangelskLabour Camp,in the 1930s and 1940s.
Today, Arkhangelsk remains amajor seaport,now open year-round due to improvements inicebreakers.The city is primarily a center for the timber and fishing industries.
On March 16, 2004, 58 people were killed inan explosionat an apartment building in the city.
Administrative and municipal status
editArkhangelsk is theadministrative centerof theoblast[7]and, within theframework of administrative divisions,it also serves as the administrative center ofPrimorsky District,even though it is not a part of it.[24]As an administrative division, it is, together with five rural localities, incorporated separately as thecity of oblast significanceof Arkhangelsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of thedistricts.[7]As amunicipal division,the city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk is incorporated asArkhangelsk Urban Okrug.[8]
City divisions
editFor administrative purposes, the city is divided into nine territorial okrugs:[25]
- Isakogorsky
- Lomonosovsky
- Maymaksansky
- Mayskaya Gorka
- Oktyabrsky
- Severny
- Solombalsky
- Tsiglomensky
- Varavino-Faktoriya
Economy and infrastructure
editEconomy
editTransportation
editArkhangelsk is the final destination ofNorthern Railway.In addition, the city is host to two airports,Vaskovo AirportandTalagi Airportwhere they host the2nd Arkhangelsk United Aviation DivisionandSmartaviaAirline,[26]respectively. M8 highwayprovides a direct link toMoscow,YaroslavlandSeverodvinsk,the administrative center of the oblast. Local public transit is provided bybusesand minibuses calledmarshrutkas.Until 2004 there were alsotrams,and until 2008,trolleybuses.
-
-
Port of Arkhangelsk -
-
Arkhangelsk train station -
-
Trolleybuses in Arkhangelsk
Education
edit
Arkhangelsk was home to Pomorsky State University andArkhangelsk State Technical Universitywhich merged with several other institutions of higher learning in 2010 to form theNorthern (Arctic) Federal University.
Arkhangelsk is home to the Northern State Medical University, Makarov state Maritime Academy, and a branch of the All-Russian Distance Institute of Finance and Economics.
Culture
editThis sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(February 2024) |
-
-
-
laboratory building of RAS -
TheSutyagin House,claimed to be the world's tallest wooden single-family house -
Mir Cinema
Mikhail Lomonosovcame from aPomorvillage near Kholmogory.[28]A monument to him was installed to a design byIvan Martosin 1829.[citation needed]A monument toPeter the Greatwas designed byMark Antokolskyin 1872 and installed in 1914.[29]
After its historic churches were destroyed duringJoseph Stalin's rule, the city's main extant landmarks are the fort-likeMerchant Yards(1668–1684) and the New Dvina Fortress (1701–1705).[30]The Assumption Church on the Dvina embankment (1742–1744) was rebuilt in 2004.
In 2008, it was decided that the city'scathedral,dedicated to theArchangel Michael,which had been destroyed under the Soviets, would be rebuilt. The foundation stone was laid in November 2008 by the regional Bishop Tikhon.[31]The cathedral, situated near the city's main bus station and river port, is expected to be completed and consecrated in 2019.[32]
Another remarkable structure is the Arkhangelsk TV Mast, a 151-meter (495 ft) tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting built in 1964. This tubular steel mast has six crossbars equipped with gangways, which run in two levels from the central mast structure out to each of the three guys. On these crossbars there are also several antennas installed.[33]
An unusual example of local "vernacular architecture"was the so-calledSutyagin House.This thirteen-story, 44-metre (144 ft) tall[34][35]residence of the local entrepreneur Nikolay Petrovich Sutyagin was reported to be the world's, or at least Russia's, tallest wooden house. Constructed by Sutyagin and his family over fifteen years (starting in 1992), without plans or a building permit, the structure deteriorated while Sutyagin spent a few years in prison on racketeering charges. In 2008, it was condemned by local authorities as a fire hazard, and the courts ordered it to be demolished by February 1, 2009.[34][36]On December 26, 2008, the tower was pulled down,[37][38]and the remainder of the building was dismantled manually by early February 2009.[39][40]
The cultural life of Arkhangelsk includes:
- The Arkhangelsk Lomonosov Drama Theater
- Arkhangelsk Philarmonia
- Arkhangelsk Youth Theater
- Arkhangelsk Oblast Museum
- Arkhangelsk Art Museum
- Stepan PisakhovMuseum
An airstrip in Arkhangelsk was the fictional setting for a level in the 1997 hit videogameGoldeneye 007.[41]
Literature
editThe Russian North, and, in particular, the area of Arkhangelsk, is notable for itsfolklore.Until the mid-20th century, fairy tales andbylinaswere still performed on the daily basis by performers who became professionals. Starting from the 1890s, folkloric expeditions have been organized to the White Sea area and later to other areas of the Arkhangelsk Governorate in order to write down the tales and thebylinas,especially in Pomor dialects.[citation needed]
In the 1920s, mostly due to the efforts ofAnna Astakhova,these expeditions became systematic. By the 1960s, the performing art was basically extinct. These folkloric motives and fairy tales inspired the literary works ofStepan PisakhovandBoris Shergin,who were both natives of Arkhangelsk.[citation needed]
Geography
editClimate
editArkhangelsk experiences asubarctic climate(Köppen climate classificationDfc), with long (November–March), very cold winters and short (June–August), mildly warm summers. More extreme climates at this high latitude - such asFairbanks, AlaskaorOymyakon,Sakha Republic- have much colder winters than Arkhangelsk, indicating that there is still significant moderation from the Atlantic Ocean.
Snowfall during winter is heavy, while summers are very rainy. Precipitation is very reliable year round.
| Climate data for Arkhangelsk (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) |
5.2 (41.4) |
12.3 (54.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
32.1 (89.8) |
33.0 (91.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
33.4 (92.1) |
27.7 (81.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
5.8 (42.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −8.4 (16.9) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
13.1 (55.6) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
18.6 (65.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
6.0 (42.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −11.6 (11.1) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
0.8 (33.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.6 (56.5) |
8.8 (47.8) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
1.9 (35.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −15.2 (4.6) |
−14.4 (6.1) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
2.5 (36.5) |
7.7 (45.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
5.6 (42.1) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −45.2 (−49.4) |
−41.2 (−42.2) |
−37.1 (−34.8) |
−27.3 (−17.1) |
−13.7 (7.3) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−21.1 (−6.0) |
−36.1 (−33.0) |
−43.2 (−45.8) |
−45.2 (−49.4) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 42 (1.7) |
32 (1.3) |
31 (1.2) |
32 (1.3) |
48 (1.9) |
65 (2.6) |
75 (3.0) |
82 (3.2) |
62 (2.4) |
68 (2.7) |
51 (2.0) |
48 (1.9) |
636 (25.0) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 36 (14) |
45 (18) |
48 (19) |
19 (7.5) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.8) |
11 (4.3) |
24 (9.4) |
48 (19) |
| Average rainy days | 2 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 22 | 19 | 9 | 4 | 143 |
| Average snowy days | 27 | 26 | 23 | 13 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 25 | 28 | 163 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 85 | 84 | 80 | 72 | 68 | 69 | 75 | 81 | 85 | 88 | 89 | 87 | 80 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 14.2 | 50.6 | 129.3 | 189.1 | 252.8 | 291.0 | 298.0 | 200.9 | 111.3 | 50.3 | 14.9 | 1.8 | 1,604.2 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[42] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:NOAA[43] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1897 | 20,400 | — |
| 1926 | 75,474 | +270.0% |
| 1939 | 284,570 | +277.0% |
| 1959 | 256,309 | −9.9% |
| 1970 | 342,590 | +33.7% |
| 1979 | 385,028 | +12.4% |
| 1989 | 415,921 | +8.0% |
| 2002 | 356,051 | −14.4% |
| 2010 | 348,783 | −2.0% |
| 2021 | 301,199 | −13.6% |
| Source: Census Data | ||
According to the2021 Census,Arkhangelsk has a population of 301,199 people, which makes it the 68th largest city in Russia.
In the2010 Census,the following ethnic groups were listed:
| Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Russians | 330,656 | 94.19% |
| Ukrainians | 4,404 | 1.25% |
| Belarusians | 1,581 | 0.45% |
| Others | 5,312 | 1.52% |
Sports
edit
Bandyis the biggest sport in the city and is considered a national sport in Russia.[44]Vodnik,the local team, nine times became the Russian champion (1996–2000 and 2002–2005). Their home arena has the capacity of 10000.[45]Arkhangelsk hosted theBandy World Championshipin1999and2003.[46]The 2011–2012 seasonRussian Bandy Leaguefinal was played here on March 25, 2012.[47][48]The 2016Youth-17 Bandy World Championshipwas played in Arkhangelsk between January 28 and 31.[49]
Notable people
edit- Mikhail Lomonosov(1711–1765), Russianpolymath
- Piter Poel(1760–1837), Dutch diplomat and publisher
- Johann Abraham Nüske(1796–1865), German-British guitarist and composer
- Ilya Shumov(1819–1881), Russian chess master and officer in the Russian Navy
- Wilhelm Greiffenhagen(1821–1890), Baltic German journalist and politician
- Eduard Schensnovich(1852–1911), Polish admiral in theImperial Russian Navy
- Stepan Pisakhov(1879–1960), Russian and Soviet writer
- Stepan Balmashov(1882–1902), Russian student and assassin
- Boris Shergin(1896–1973), Russian and Soviet writer
- Władysław Pobóg-Malinowski(1899–1962), Polish soldier and historian
- Monja Danischewsky(1911–1994) British film producer
- Boris Lukoshkov(1922–1989), Russian painter
- Timur Gaidar(1926–1999), Soviet and Russian admiral
- Mikhail Kalik(1927–2017), Soviet and Israeli film director and screenwriter
- Vladimir Tarasov(born 1939), Russian percussionist and constellation artist
- Boris Skrynnik(born 1948), President inFederation of International BandyandRussian Bandy Federation
- Slava Polunin(born 1950), Russian clown
- Vladimir Malaniuk(1957–2017), Ukrainian chess player (GM)
- Mikhail Pletnev(born 1957), Russian pianist and conductor
- Alexander Dobrunov(1959–2006), Russian judo fighter
- Victor Ferin(born 1969), Russian actor and filmmaker
- Alexander Kravchenko(born 1971), Russian poker player
- Anatoli Tebloyev(born 1974), Russian football player
- Yuliya Fomenko(born 1979), Russian athlete (middle-distance runner)
- Illya Haliuza(born 1979), Ukrainian football player
- Sergei Bykov(born 1983), Russian basketball player
- Nadezhda Kosintseva(born 1985), Russian chess player (GM)
- Andrei Pervyshin(born 1985), Russian ice hockey player
- Tatiana Kosintseva(born 1986), Russian chess player (GM)
- Alex Gilbert(born 1992), Russian-born New Zealand adoption advocate
Twin towns – sister cities
editThis article needs to beupdated.(February 2024) |
Arkhangelsk istwinnedwith:[50]
Former twin towns:
Słupsk,Poland (1989–2022, terminated as a result of theRussian invasion of Ukraine)[51]
Tromsø,Norway (2011–2022);Norwegian authorities gave 3 reasons for cutting Tromsø's ties with Arkhangelsk
Oulu,Finland (1993–2022)[52]
Kiruna,Sweden (1999–2022)[53]
Notes
edit- ^UK:/ˌɑːrkæŋˈɡɛlsk,ɑːrˈkæŋɡɛlsk/,US:/ɑːrˈkɑːnɡɛlsk/;[14]occasionally referred to in English asArchangelandArchangelsk.
References
editCitations
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- ^Энциклопедия Города России.Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 25.ISBN5-7107-7399-9.
- ^abИнформация о мэре города(in Russian). Мэрия Архангельска.Archivedfrom the original on January 31, 2023.RetrievedMay 31,2012.
- ^Паспорт города(in Russian). Мэрия Архангельска.Archivedfrom the original on May 11, 2012.RetrievedMay 31,2012.
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- ^abcdeOblast Law #65-5-OZ
- ^abcdOblast Law #258-vneoch.-OZ
- ^"Об исчислении времени".Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации(in Russian). June 3, 2011.RetrievedJanuary 19,2019.
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- ^ Wells, John C. (2008).Longman Pronunciation Dictionary(3rd ed.). Longman.ISBN978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации".Federal State Statistics Service.Archivedfrom the original on September 1, 2022.RetrievedSeptember 1,2022.
- ^"Archangel: Heraldic Argument in Russia".The Baronage Press. Archived fromthe originalon September 23, 2015.RetrievedAugust 1,2015.
- ^"Mythical Lands of Russia, Part 2: Bjarmia".Russia-InfoCentre (russia-ic ).Archivedfrom the original on April 10, 2021.RetrievedApril 9,2023.
- ^abNosov, E.N (1992)."THE ARKHANGELSK HOARD"(PDF).sarks.fi.Archived(PDF)from the original on April 21, 2017.
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- ^Ван Салинген, Симон (Van Salingen, Seemon) (1591)."Сообщение о Земле Лопий: Русские в Лапландии в XVI веке"[Message about Lapland: Russian in Lapland in the 16th century.].kolamap.ru website(in Russian).Archivedfrom the original on January 15, 2021.RetrievedFebruary 18,2021.
A Dutch letter about Russian interests in Lapland from 1562 to 1583. It includes Vardo's fortress Vardegus, thePechenga Monastery,Malmus (akaKola, Russia), and the St. Nicolas Monastery near the mouth of theDvina Riverat what is now Arkhangelsk.Flemishpirates robbed theEdward Bonaventurein 1554 asEdward Bonaventurewas returning fromNyonoksa,Russia.
{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^Hill, Alexander (2007). "Russian and Soviet Naval Power and the Arctic from the XVI Century to the Beginning of the Great Patriotic War".The Journal of Slavic Military Studies.20(3): 359–392.doi:10.1080/13518040701532958.S2CID145005700.
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- ^Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 11 252», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г..(State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 11 252,as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
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{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: others (link) - ^"The 500-ruble Bank of Russia note".Archivedfrom the original on December 8, 2015.RetrievedDecember 1,2015.
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- ^image
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- ^According to other sources, twelve stories, 38 meters (125 ft)
- ^Ponomaryova, Hope (June 26, 2008).Гангстер-хаус: Самый высокий деревянный дом в России объявлен вне закона[Gangster house:Russia's tallest wooden house is now outlawed].Rossiyskaya Gazeta(in Russian). Moscow, Russia.Archivedfrom the original on September 27, 2017.RetrievedAugust 15,2009.
- ^В Архангельске провалилась первая попытка снести самое высокое деревянное здание в мире[Arkhangelsk The first attempt to demolish the tallest wooden building in the world failed in Arkhangelsk].NEWSruRealty (Недвижимость)(in Russian). Moscow, Russia. December 26, 2008.Archivedfrom the original on June 8, 2009.RetrievedAugust 15,2009.
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Sources
edit- Архангельское областное Собрание депутатов. Областной закон №65-5-ОЗ от 23 сентября 2009 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Архангельской области», в ред. Областного закона №232-13-ОЗ от 16 декабря 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные Областные Законы в сфере осуществления местного самоуправления и взаимодействия с некоммерческими организациями». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Волна", №43, 6 октября 2009 г.(Arkhangelsk Oblast Council of Deputies. Oblast Law #65-5-OZ of September 23, 2009On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Arkhangelsk Oblast,as amended by the Oblast Law #232-13-OZ of December 16, 2014On Amending Various Oblast Laws Dealing with the Process of Municipal Self-Government and Relations with Non-Profit Organizations.Effective as of the day which is ten days after the official publication.).
- Архангельское областное Собрание депутатов. Областной закон №258-внеоч.-ОЗ от 23 сентября 2004 г. «О статусе и границах территорий муниципальных образований в Архангельской области», в ред. Областного закона №224-13-ОЗ от 16 декабря 2014 г. «Об упразднении отдельных населённых пунктов Соловецкого района Архангельской области и о внесении изменения в статью 46 Областного закона "О статусе и границах территорий муниципальных образований в Архангельской области" ». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Волна", №38, 8 октября 2004 г.(Arkhangelsk Oblast Council of Deputies. Oblast Law #258-vneoch.-OZ of September 23, 2004On the Status and Borders of the Territories of the Municipal Formations in Arkhangelsk Oblast,as amended by the Oblast Law #224-13-OZ of December 16, 2014On Abolishing Several Inhabited Localities in Solovetsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast and on Amending Article 46 of the Oblast Law "On the Status and Borders of the Territories of the Municipal Formations in Arkhangelsk Oblast".Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
Further reading
edit- Ogorodnikov Stepan. (1890)Очерк истории города Архангельска в торгово-промышленном отношенииatRunivers.ruinDjVuandPDFformats(in Russian)
External links
edit
- Official website(in Russian)
- Directory of organizations in Arkhangelsk(in Russian)
- Arkhangelsk Oblast Museum of Fine Arts(in Russian)