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Armageddon

For other uses, seeArmageddon (disambiguation).
"Battle of Armageddon" redirects here. For the hymn, seeThe Battle of Armageddon.

According to theBook of Revelationin theNew Testamentof the ChristianBible,Armageddon(/ˌɑːrməˈɡɛdən/AR-mə-GHED-ən;Ancient Greek:Ἁρμαγεδών,romanized:Harmagedṓn;[1][2]Late Latin:Armagedōn;[3]fromHebrew:הַר מְגִדּוֹ,romanized:Har Məgīddō) is the prophesied location of a gathering of armies for a battle during theend times,which is variously interpreted as either a literal or a symbolic location. The term is also used in a generic sense to refer to anyend-of-the-worldscenario. InIslamic theology,Armageddon is also mentioned inHadithas the Greatest Armageddon orAl-Malhama Al-Kubra(the great battle).[4]

Tel Megiddowith archaeological remains from the Bronze and Iron Ages
Ruins atop Tel Megiddo

The "mount" ofMegiddoin northern Israel is not actually amountain,but atell(a mound or hill created by many generations of people living and rebuilding at the same spot)[5]on which ancient forts were built to guard theVia Maris,an ancienttrade routelinkingEgyptwith the northern empires ofSyria,AnatoliaandMesopotamia.Megiddo was the location of various ancient battles, includingone in the 15th century BCandone in 609 BC.The nearby modernMegiddois akibbutzin theKishon Riverarea.[6]

Etymology

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The wordArmageddonappears only once in theGreek New Testament,inRevelation 16:16. The word is a Greek transliteration of the Hebrewhar məgīddō(הר מגידו).Harmeans "a mountain" or "a range of hills". This is a shortened form ofhararmeaning "to loom up; a mountain".Məgīddōrefers to a fortification made byKing Ahabthat dominated thePlain of Jezreel.Its name means "place of crowds".[7][8]

Adam Clarkewrote in his Bible commentary (1817) on Revelation 16:16:

Armageddon– The original of this word has been variously formed, and variously translated. It isהר־מגדוןhar-megiddon,"the mount of the assembly;" orחרמה גדהוןchormah gedehon,"the destruction of their army;" or it isהר־מגדוhar-megiddo,"Mount Megiddo."[9]

Christianity

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See also:Christian eschatology
Saint John the Evangelist onPatmos.Painting byHieronymus Bosch(1505).

Megiddo is mentioned twelve times in theOld Testament,ten times in reference to the ancient city ofMegiddo,and twice with reference to "the plain of Megiddo", most probably simply meaning "the plain next to the city".[10]None of these Old Testament passages describes the city of Megiddo as being associated with any particular prophetic beliefs. The oneNew Testamentreference to the city of Armageddon found inRevelation 16:16makes no specific mention of any armies being predicted to one day gather in this city, either, but instead seems to predict only that "they (will gather) the kings together to... Armageddon".[11]The text does however seem to imply, based on the text from the earlier passage of Revelation 16:14, that the purpose of this gathering of kings in the "place called Armageddon" is "for the war of the great day of God, the Almighty". Because of the seemingly highly symbolic and even cryptic language of this one New Testament passage, some Christian scholars conclude that Mount Armageddon must be an idealized location.[12]R. J. Rushdoonysays, "There are no mountains of Megiddo, only the Plains of Megiddo. This is a deliberate destruction of the vision of any literal reference to the place."[13]Other scholars, includingC. C. Torrey,KlineandJordan,argue that the word is derived from theHebrewmoed(מועד), meaning "assembly". Thus, "Armageddon" would mean "Mountain of Assembly", which Jordan says is "a reference to the assembly at Mount Sinai, and to its replacement, Mount Zion".[12]

Most traditions interpret this Bible prophecy to be symbolic of the progression of the world toward the "great day of God, the Almighty" in which God pours out his just and holy wrath against unrepentant sinners led by Satan, in a literal end-of-the-world final confrontation.[14]'Armageddon' is the symbolic name given to this event based on scripture references regarding divine obliteration of God's enemies. The hermeneutical method supports this position by referencing Judges 4 and 5 where God miraculously destroys the enemy of their elect, Israel, at Megiddo.[15]

Christian scholarWilliam Hendriksenwrites:

For this cause, Har Magedon is the symbol of every battle in which, when the need is greatest and believers are oppressed, the Lord suddenly reveals His power in the interest of His distressed people and defeats the enemy. When Sennacherib's 185,000 are slain by the Angel of Jehovah, that is a shadow of the final Har-Magedon. When God grants a little handful of Maccabees a glorious victory over an enemy which far outnumbers it, that is a type of Har-Magedon. But the real, the great, the final Har Magedon coincides with the time of Satan’s little season. Then the world, under the leadership of Satan, anti-Christian government, and anti-Christian religion – the dragon, the beast, and the false prophet – is gathered against the Church for the final battle, and the need is greatest; when God's children, oppressed on every side, cry for help; then suddenly, Christ will appear on the clouds of glory to deliver his people; that is Har-Magedon.[16]

Dispensationalism

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See also:Dispensationalism

In his discussion of Armageddon,J. Dwight Pentecosthas devoted a chapter to the subject, "The Campaign of Armageddon", in which he discusses it as acampaignand not a specificbattle,which will be fought in theMiddle East.Pentecost writes:

It has been held commonly that the battle of Armageddon is an isolated event transpiring just prior to the second advent of Christ to the earth. The extent of this great movement in which God deals with "the kings of the earth and of the whole world"[17]will not be seen unless it is realized that the "battle of that great day of God Almighty"[18]is not an isolated battle, but rather a campaign that extends over the last half of the tribulation period. The Greek word "polemo", translated "battle" in Revelation 16:14, signifies a war or campaign, while "machē" signifies a battle, and sometimes even single combat. This distinction is observed by Trench (seeRichard C. Trench,New Testament Synonyms,pp. 301–32) and is followed by Thayer (seeJoseph Henry Thayer,Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament,p. 528) and Vincent (see Marvin R. Vincent,Word Studies in the New Testament,II, 541). The use of the wordpolemos(campaign) in Revelation 16:14 signifies that God views the events culminating in the gathering at Armageddon at the second advent as one connected campaign.

— Pentecost, p. 340

Pentecost then discusses the location of this campaign, and mentions the "hill of Megiddo" and other geographic locations such as "thevalley of Jehoshaphat"[19]and "the valley of the passengers",[20]"Lord coming fromEdomor Idumea, south ofJerusalem,when he returns fromthe judgment";and Jerusalem itself.[21][22]

Pentecost further describes the area involved:

This wide area would cover the entire land of Israel and this campaign, with all its parts, would confirm what Ezekiel pictures when he says the invaders will 'cover the land'.[23]This area would conform to the extent pictured byJohnin Revelation 14:20.[24]

Pentecost then outlines the biblical time period for this campaign to occur and with further arguments concludes that it must take place with the70th week of Daniel.The invasion of Israel by the Northern Confederacy "will bring the Beast and his armies to the defense of Israel as her protector". He then usesDanielto further clarify his thinking.[25]

Again, events are listed by Pentecost in his book:

  1. "The movement of the campaign begins when the King of the South moves against the Beast–False Prophet coalition, which takes place 'at the time of the end'."[26]
  2. The King of the South gets in battle with the North King and the Northern Confederacy.[27]Jerusalem is destroyed as a result of this attack,[28]and, in turn, the armies of the Northern Confederacy are destroyed.[29]
  3. "The full armies of the Beast move into Israel[30]and shall conquer all that territory.[31]Edom,Moab,andAmmonalone escape. "
  4. "... a report that causes alarm is brought to the Beast"[32]
  5. "The Beast moves his headquarters into the land of Israel and assembles his armies there."[33]
  6. "It is there that his destruction will come."[34][35]

After the destruction of the Beast at theSecond ComingofJesus,thepromised Kingdomis set up, in which Jesus and thesaintswill rule for athousand years.Satan is then loosed "for a season" and goes out to deceive the nations, specifically Gog and Magog.[36]The army mentioned attacks the saints in theNew Jerusalem,they are defeated by a judgment of fire coming down from heaven, and then comes theGreat White Thronejudgment, which includes all of those through the ages[37]and these are cast into theLake of Fire,which event is also known as the "second death" and Gehenna, not to be confused with Hell, which is Satan's domain. Pentecost describes this as follows:

The destiny of the lost is a place in the lake of fire.[38]This lake of fire is described as everlasting fire[39][40]and as unquenchable fire,[41][42]emphasizing the eternal character of retribution of the lost.

— Pentecost, p. 555

Jehovah's Witnesses

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See also:Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnessesbelieve that Armageddon is the means by whichGodwill fulfill his purpose for the Earth to be populated with happy healthy humans who will be free fromsinand death.[43]They teach that thearmies of heavenwill eradicate all who oppose theKingdom of God,wiping out all wicked humans on Earth, only leaving righteous mankind.[44]

They believe that the gathering of all of the nations of the earth refers to the uniting of the world's political powers, as a gradual process which began in 1914 and was later seen in manifestations such as theLeague of Nationsand theUnited Nationsfollowing theFirstandSecond World Wars.[45][full citation needed]These political powers are said to be influenced bySatanand they are disgusting in that they stand in the place of God's kingdom before men as the only hope of mankind.[43]Babylon the Greatis interpreted as being the world empire of false religions, and it will be destroyed by the beast just prior to Armageddon.[46][47][full citation needed]Witnesses believe that after all other religions have been destroyed, the governments of the world will turn their attention to destroying Jehovah’s Witnesses, provoking God to intervene and precipitating Armageddon.[48]

Jehovah's Witnesses teach that the armies of heaven, led by Jesus, will then destroy all forms of human government and then Jesus, along with a selected144,000humans, will rule Earth for 1,000 years.[49]They believe that Satan and his demons will be bound for that period, unable to influence mankind. After the 1,000 years are ended, and the second resurrection has taken place,Satanis released and allowed to tempt the perfect human race one last time. Those who follow Satan will be destroyed, along with him, leaving the earth, and humankind at peace with God forever, free from sin and death.[50]

The religion's current teaching on Armageddon originated in 1925 with formerWatch Tower SocietypresidentJ. F. Rutherford,who based his interpretations on passages that are found in the books of Exodus, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Psalms as well as additional passages that are found in the books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles. The doctrine marked a further break from the teachings of the Watch Tower Society's founderCharles Taze Russell,who for decades had taught that the final war would be an anarchistic struggle for domination on earth.[51]Tony Wills, the author of a historical study of Jehovah's Witnesses, wrote that Rutherford seemed to relish his descriptions of how completely the wicked would be destroyed at Armageddon, dwelling at great length on prophecies of destruction. He stated that towards the close of his ministry, Rutherford allocated about half the space that was available inThe Watchtowermagazines to discussions about Armageddon.[52]

Seventh-day Adventist

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Main article:Seventh-day Adventist eschatology § Armageddon
Seventh-day Adventistunderstanding of Revelation 13–22

The teachings of theSeventh-day Adventist Churchstate that the terms "Armageddon", "Day of the Lord" and "The Second Coming of Christ" all describe the same event.[53][verification needed]Seventh-day Adventists further teach that the current religious movements taking place in the world are setting the stage for Armageddon, and they are concerned by an anticipated unity betweenspiritualism,AmericanProtestantismandRoman Catholicism.A further teaching inSeventh-day Adventist theologyis that the events of Armageddon will leave the earth desolate for the duration of themillennium.[54][full citation needed]They teach that the righteous will be taken to heaven while the rest of humanity will be destroyed, leaving Satan with no one to tempt and effectively "bound".[55]The final re-creation of a "new heaven and a new earth";[56]then follows the millennium.

Christadelphians

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ForChristadelphians,Armageddon marks the "great climax of history when the nations would be gathered together 'into a place called in the Hebrew tongue Armageddon', and the judgment on them would herald the setting up of the Kingdom of God."[57]

Baháʼí Faith

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See also:Battle of Megiddo (1918)

FromBaháʼí literature,a number of interpretations of the expectations surrounding the Battle of Armageddon may be inferred, three of them being associated with events surrounding the World Wars.[58]

The first interpretation deals with a series of tablets written byBahá'u'lláh,founder of theBaháʼí Faith,to be sent to various kings and rulers.[58]The second, and best-known one, relates to events near the end ofWorld War IinvolvingGeneral Allenbyand theBattle of Megiddo (1918)wherein World Powers are said to have drawn soldiers from many parts of the world to engage in battle at Megiddo. In winning this battle Allenby also prevented theOttomansfrom killing'Abdu'l-Baha,then head of the Baháʼí Faith, whom they had intended tocrucify.[59][60]A third interpretation reviews the overall progress of the World Wars, and the situation in the world before and after.[58]

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Bibletranslation.ws"(PDF).bibletranslation.ws.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2011-07-16.Retrieved2009-09-23.
  2. ^"Revelation 16:16 And they assembled the kings in the place that in Hebrew is called Armageddon".biblehub.Archivedfrom the original on 2012-10-27.Retrieved2019-04-01.
  3. ^Collins English Dictionary,HarperCollins, 3rd ed., p. 81
  4. ^"Hadith - Book of Tribulations - Sunan Ibn Majah - Sunnah - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)".sunnah.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-11-12.Retrieved2020-12-24.
  5. ^"Amateur Archaeologists Get the Dirt on the Past"Archived2021-03-08 at theWayback Machine,The New York Times
  6. ^"Maps and pictures of Megiddo mountain and the surrounding plain (in Spanish)".bloganavazquez.Archivedfrom the original on 2017-06-14.Retrieved2010-06-22.
  7. ^"Strong's Number 4023 Hebrew Dictionary of the Old Testament Online Bible with Strong's Exhaustive Concordance, Brown Driver Briggs Lexicon, Etymology, Translations Definitions Meanings & Key Word Studies".lexiconcordance.Archivedfrom the original on 2014-03-01.Retrieved2014-02-25.
  8. ^BC The Archaeology of the Bible Lands. By Magnus Magnusson. BBC Publications 1977
  9. ^"Revelation 16 Clarke's Commentary".Bible Hub.
  10. ^"Bible Keyword Search Results: megiddo (KJV)".2011.Archivedfrom the original on 2012-07-15.Retrieved2011-01-15.Listing of the 12 Biblical Old Testament passages containing the word "Megiddo".
  11. ^"Revelation 16, The Seven Bowls of God's Wrath".2011.Archivedfrom the original on 2011-01-11.Retrieved2011-01-15.New Testament excerpt describing various apparent calamities of nature with respect to Armageddon.
  12. ^abJames B. Jordan,Biblical Horizons, No. 85Archived2010-08-01 at theWayback Machine
  13. ^Rousas John Rushdoony,Thy Kingdom Come: Studies in Daniel and Revelation,190.
  14. ^Chapman, Roger (2015)."Premillennial Dispensationalism".Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices.London: Routledge. pp.517–518.ISBN978-1317473510.
  15. ^Judges 5:19 | Hebrew Bible,archivedfrom the original on 2022-01-09,retrieved2022-01-09
  16. ^William Hendriksen,More Than Conquerors,163.
  17. ^Rev. 16:14
  18. ^Revelation 16:14
  19. ^Joel 3:2
  20. ^Ezekiel 39:11
  21. ^Zech. 12:2–11; 14:2
  22. ^Pentecost, p. 341
  23. ^Ezekiel 38:9–16
  24. ^Revelation 14:20
  25. ^"Daniel 11:40–45 (King James Version)".BibleGateway.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2007.Retrieved2007-11-16.
  26. ^"Daniel 11:40 (King James Version)".BibleGateway.Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2007.Retrieved2007-11-16.
  27. ^Daniel 11:40
  28. ^Zechariah 12:2
  29. ^Ezekiel 39,Zechariah 12:4
  30. ^Daniel 11:41
  31. ^Daniel 11:41–42
  32. ^Daniel 11:44,Revelation 16:12
  33. ^Daniel 11:45
  34. ^Daniel 11:45
  35. ^Pentecost, p. 356
  36. ^Revelation 20:8
  37. ^Revelation 20:11–15
  38. ^Rev. 19:20; 20:10, 14–15; 21:8
  39. ^"Matthew 25:41 (King James Version)".Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2007.Retrieved2007-11-16.
  40. ^"Matthew 18:8 (King James Version)".Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2007.Retrieved2007-11-16.
  41. ^"Mark 9:43–44 (King James Version)".Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2007.Retrieved2007-11-16.
  42. ^"Mark 9:46–48 (King James Version)".Archivedfrom the original on 25 November 2007.Retrieved2007-11-16.
  43. ^ab"Armageddon—A Happy Beginning".The Watchtower:4–7. December 1, 2005.Archivedfrom the original on September 29, 2015.RetrievedMay 22,2015.
  44. ^"Armageddon—God's War to End All Wars".The Watchtower:5–8. April 1, 2008.Archivedfrom the original on July 20, 2015.RetrievedMay 22,2015.
  45. ^What Does the BibleReallyTeachpp. 215–218 "1914 – A Significant Year in Bible Prophecy"
  46. ^"The End of False Religion is Near".wol.jw.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-05-02.Retrieved2015-05-22.
  47. ^Mankind's Search for God chap. 16 p. 371 par. 13 "the destruction of Babylon the Great will usher in a period of 'great tribulation' that culminates in 'the war of the great day of God the Almighty... Har–Magedon.'"
  48. ^"Walk by Faith, Not by Sight!".The Watchtower:19. September 15, 2005.
  49. ^"The Marvelous New World of God's Making".wol.jw.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2015-08-31.Retrieved2015-05-22.
  50. ^"Flight to Safety Before the 'Great Tribulation'".The Watchtower:18. June 1, 1996.
  51. ^Alan Rogerson (1969).Millions Now Living Will Never Die.Constable. p. 47.
  52. ^Wills, Tony (2006),A People For His Name,Lulu Enterprises, p. 154,ISBN978-1-4303-0100-4
  53. ^"Seventh-day Adventists believe" 1988 by the Ministerial Association General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists
  54. ^Handbook of Seventh-day Adventist Theology2000 Review and Herald Publishing Association and the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists
  55. ^Revelation 20:2
  56. ^Revelation 21:1
  57. ^The Christadelphian(1970), Volume 107, pp. 555–556.
  58. ^abcLambden, Stephen."Catastrophe, Armageddon and Millennium: some aspects of the Bábí-Bahá'í exegesis of apocalyptic symbolism".Baháʼí Studies Review.9.Archivedfrom the original on 2018-12-24.Retrieved2007-06-10.
  59. ^Roderic Maude and Derwent Maude (1997).The Servant, the General, and Armageddon.George Ronald.ISBN0-85398-424-7.
  60. ^Smith, Peter(2000)."A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith".A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith.Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 18.ISBN1-85168-184-1.
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  • Media related toArmageddonat Wikimedia Commons
  • The dictionary definition ofArmageddonat Wiktionary
  • Quotations related toArmageddonat Wikiquote
  • Armageddon,in James Crossley and Alastair Lockhart (eds.)Critical Dictionary of Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements.2021

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