Wikipedia

The arts

(Redirected fromArts)
This article is about the group of creative disciplines. For the concept of art, seeArt.
"Arts" redirects here. For the acronym, seeARTS.

The artsorcreative artsare a vast range of human practices ofcreative expression,storytelling,andculturalparticipation. The arts encompass multiple diverse and plural modes of thinking, doing, and being, in an extremely broad range ofmedia.Both dynamic and a characteristically constant feature of human life, they have developed into stylized and intricate forms. This is achieved through sustained and deliberate study, training, or theorizing within a particular tradition, across generations, and even betweencivilizations.The arts are a vehicle through which human beings cultivate distinct social, cultural, and individual identities while transmitting values, impressions, judgements, ideas, visions, spiritual meanings, patterns of life, and experiences across time and space.

Clockwise, from left to right:

Prominent examples of the arts include:visual arts(includingarchitecture,ceramics,drawing,filmmaking,painting,photography,andsculpting),literary arts(includingfiction,drama,poetry,andprose), andperforming arts(includingdance,music,andtheatre). They can employskillandimaginationto produceobjectsandperformances,convey insights andexperiences,and construct newenvironmentsand spaces.

The arts can refer to common, popular, or everyday practices as well as more sophisticated, systematic, or institutionalized ones. They can be discrete and self-contained or combine and interweave with other art forms, such as the combination of artwork with the written word incomics.They can also develop or contribute to some particular aspect of a more complex art form, as incinematography.By definition, the arts themselves are open to being continually redefined. The practice ofmodern art,for example, is a testament to the shifting boundaries, improvisation and experimentation, reflexive nature, andself-criticismor questioning that art and its conditions of production, reception, and possibility can undergo.

As both a means of developing capacities of attention and sensitivity andends in themselves,the arts can simultaneously be a form of response to the world. It is a way that our responses and what we deem worthwhile goals or pursuits are transformed. From prehistoriccave paintingsto ancient and contemporary forms ofritualto modern-dayfilms,art has served to register, embody, and preserve our ever-shifting relationships to each other and to the world.

Definition

Further information:ArtandClassificatory disputes about art

The arts are usually defined as a painting, sculpture, music, theatre, literature, and considered as a group of activities done by people with skill and imagination.[1]Art refers to the way of doing or the application of human creative skills, typically in visual form.[2]The arts are considered to be the various practices formed by human creativity and imagination.[3]

History and classifications

Main articles:History of art,History of music,andHistory of literature
TheVenus of Brassempouy

InAncient Greece,art andcraftwere referred to by the wordtechne.Ancient Greekart brought the veneration of the animal form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions.Ancient Romanart depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristic distinguishing features, e.g.Zeus' thunderbolt. InByzantineandGothic artof theMiddle Ages,the dominant church insisted on the expression of Christian themes due to the overlap ofchurch and state.[4][5]

Eastern arthas generally worked in a style akin to Westernmedieval art,namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour (meaning the plain colour of an object, such as basic red for a red robe, rather than the modulations of that colour brought about by light, shade, and reflection). A characteristic of this style is that local colour is defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon). This is evident, for example, in the art ofIndia,Tibet,andJapan.Islamic artavoids the representation of living beings, particularly humans and other animals, in religious contexts.[6]It instead expresses religious ideas throughcalligraphyand geometrical designs.[7]

Classifications

Lawrence Alma-Tadema'sCatullus-at-Lesbia's(1865)

In the Middle Ages,liberal artswere taught in Europeanuniversitiesas part of theTrivium,an introductory curriculum involvinggrammar,rhetoric,andlogic,[8]and of theQuadrivium,a curriculum involving the "mathematical arts" ofarithmetic,geometry,music, andastronomy.[9]In modernacademia,the arts can be grouped with, or as a subset of, thehumanities.[10]

The arts have been classified as seven: painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, music,performing,and cinema. Some view literature, painting, sculpture, and music as the main four arts, of which the others are derivative; drama is literature with acting, dance is music expressed throughmotion,andsongis music with literature andvoice.[11]Film is sometimes called the "eighth" and comics the "ninth art" in Francophone scholarship, adding to the traditional "Seven Arts".[12][13]Cultural fields likegastronomyare only sometimes considered as arts.[14]

Visual arts

Main article:Visual arts
Further information:Work of art

Architecture

Main article:Architecture
TheParthenonon top of theAcropolis,Athens,Greece

Architecture is the art and science ofdesigningbuildingsandstructures.[15][16]The wordarchitecturecomes from the Greekarkhitekton,[17]"master builder, director of works," fromαρχι-(arkhi) "chief" +τεκτων(tekton) "builder, carpenter".[18]A wider definition would include the design of the built environment, from the macro level ofurban planning,urban design,andlandscape architecture,to the microlevel of creating furniture. Architectural design usually must address feasibility andcostfor thebuilder,as well as function andaestheticsfor theuser.[19]

In modern usage, architecture is the art anddisciplineof creating, or inferring an implied or apparent plan for, a complex object orsystem.[20]Some types of architecture manipulate space, volume, texture, light, shadow, or abstract elements, to achieve pleasingaesthetics.[21]Architectural works may be seen as cultural and politicalsymbols,or works of art. The role of the architect, though changing, has been central to the design and implementation of pleasingly built environments, in which people live.[22]

Ceramics

Main article:Ceramic art
Celadonkettle from the 12th century.Goryeo celadonis considered to be among the great achievements ofKorean art.

Ceramic art is art made fromceramicmaterials (includingclay),[23]which may take forms such aspottery,tile,figurines,sculpture, andtableware.While some ceramic products are consideredfine art,others are considereddecorative,industrial,orappliedart objects. Ceramics may also be consideredartefactsinarchaeology.Ceramic art can be made by one person or by a group of people. In a pottery or ceramic factory, a group of people design, manufacture, and decorate the pottery. Some pottery is regarded asart pottery.[24]In a one-person pottery studio, ceramists or potters producestudio pottery.Ceramics excludesglassandmosaicsmade from glasstesserae.[25]

Conceptual art

Main article:Conceptual art

Conceptual art is art wherein the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns.[26] The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text.[27]Through its association with theYoung British Artistsand theTurner Prizeduring the 1990s,[28]its popular usage, particularly in the United Kingdom, developed as a synonym for allcontemporary artthat does not practice the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.[29]

Drawing

Main article:Drawing
See also:Digital art

Drawing is a means of making animageusing any of a wide variety of tools and techniques. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools aregraphitepencils,pen and ink,inkedbrushes,waxcoloured pencils,crayons,charcoals,pastels,andmarkers.Digital tools with similar effects are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing,hatching,crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling,stippling,and blending. Anartistwho excels in drawing is referred to as adrafter,draftswoman,ordraughtsman.[30]Drawing can be used to create art used in cultural industries such asillustrations,comics, and animation. Comics are often called the "ninth art" (le neuvième art) in Francophone scholarship, adding to the traditional "Seven Arts".[12]

Painting

Main article:Painting
TheMona LisabyLeonardo da Vinci

Painting is considered to be a form of self expression.[31]Drawing,gesture(as ingestural painting),composition,narration(as innarrative art), orabstraction(as inabstract art), among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner.[32]Paintings can be a wide variety of topics, such asphotographic,[33]abstract,[34]narrative,[35]symbolistic(Symbolist art),[36]emotive(Expressionism),[37]or political in nature (Artivism.)[38]Some modern painters incorporate different materials, such assand,cement,straw,wood, or strands of hair, for theirartwork texture.Examples of this are the works ofJean DubuffetorAnselm Kiefer.[39][40]

Photography

Main article:Fine-art photography

Photography as an art form refers to photographs that are created in accordance with the creative vision of the photographer. Art photography stands in contrast tophotojournalism,which provides a visual account for news events, and commercial photography, the primary focus of which is to advertise products or services.[41]

Sculpture

Main article:Sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of theplastic arts.Durable sculptural processes originally usedcarving(the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, such as clay), instone,metal,ceramics,wood, and other materials, but sincemodernism,shifts in sculptural processes have led to an almost complete freedom of materials and processes. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled byweldingor modelling, ormouldedorcast.[42][43][44]

Literary arts

Main articles:LanguageandLiterature
Sonnet 18
Sonnet 18byWilliam Shakespearepart of the Fair Youthsequenceofsonnets.
Problems playing this file? Seemedia help.

Literature (also known asliterary artsorlanguage arts) is literally "acquaintance with letters", as in the first sense given in theOxford English Dictionary.The noun "literature" comes from theLatinwordlittera,meaning "an individual written character (letter). "The term has generally come to identify a collection ofwritings,which inWestern cultureare mainlyprose(both fiction and non-fiction), drama, and poetry. In much, if not all, of the world, artistic linguistic expression can beoralas well and include suchgenresasepic,legend,myth,ballad,other forms of oral poetry, andfolktales.Comics, the combination of drawings or other visual arts with narrating literature, are often called the "ninth art" (le neuvième art) in Francophone scholarship.[12]

Performing arts

Main article:Performing arts
See also:Outline of martial artsandList of sports
Bharatanatyamperformer atIndian classical dance

Performing arts comprise dance, music, theatre,opera,mime,and other art forms in which human performance is the principal product. Performing arts are distinguished by this performance element in contrast with disciplines such as visual and literary arts, where the product is an object that does not require a performance to be observed and experienced. Each discipline in the performing arts is temporal in nature, meaning the product is performed over a period of time. Products are broadly categorized as being either repeatable (for example, by script or score) or improvised for each performance.[45]Artists who participate in these arts in front of an audience are calledperformers,includingactors,magicians,comedians,dancers,musicians,andsingers.Performing arts are also supported by the services of other artists or essential workers, such assongwritingandstagecraft.Performers often adapt theirappearancewith tools such ascostumesandstage makeup.[46]

Dance

Main article:Dance

Dance generally refers to humanmovement,either used as a form of expression or presented in a social,spiritual,or performance setting.[47][48][a]Choreographyis the art of making dances,[53]and the person who does this is called a choreographer.[54]Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent onsocial,cultural,aesthetic,artistic,and moral constraints and range from functional movement (such asfolk dance) to codifiedvirtuosotechniques such asballet.In sports: gymnastics,figure skating,andsynchronized swimmingare dance disciplines. In martial arts, "kata"is compared to dances.[55]

Music

Main article:Music
Amusical scoreof the openingmeasuresfromPiano Sonata No. 11byWolfgang Amadeus Mozart(Playⓘ)

Music is often defined as an art form whosemediumis a combination of sounds.[56]Though scholars agree that music generally consists ofa few core elements,their exact definitions are debated.[57]Commonly identified aspects includepitch(which governs melody and harmony),duration(includingrhythmandtempo), intensity (including dynamics), andtimbre.[58]Though considered acultural universal,definitions of musicvary wildly throughout the world as they are based on diverse views ofnature,the supernatural, and humanity.[59]Music is often differentiated intocompositionand performance, whilemusical improvisationmay be regarded as an intermediary tradition.[60]Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial.[61]

Theatre

Main article:Theatre

Theatre or theater (from Greektheatron(θέατρον);fromtheasthai,"behold"[62]) is the branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound, and spectacle.[63]In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style, theatre takes such forms as opera, ballet,mime,kabuki,classical Indian dance,andChinese opera.[64][65][66][67]

Multidisciplinary artistic works

Areas exist in which artistic works incorporate multiple artistic fields, such as film, opera, and performance art. While opera is often categorized as the performing arts of music, the word itself is Italian for "works", because opera combines artistic disciplines into a singular artistic experience. In a traditional opera, the work uses the following, the sets, costumes, acting, thelibretto,singers and an orchestra.[68]

Ernestine Schumann-Heinkas Waltraute

The composerRichard Wagnerrecognized the fusion of so many disciplines into a single work of opera, exemplified by his cycleDer Ring des Nibelungen( "The Ring of the Nibelung" ). He did not use the term opera for his works, but insteadGesamtkunstwerk( "synthesis of the arts" ), sometimes referred to as "Music Drama" in English, emphasizing the literary and theatrical components, which were as important as the music.Classical balletis another form that emerged in the 17th century in which orchestral music is combined with dance.[69]

Other works in the late 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries have fused other disciplines in unique and creative ways, such as performance art. Performance art is a performance over time that combines any number of instruments, objects, and art within a predefined or less well-defined structure, some of which can be improvised. Performance art may be scripted, unscripted, random, or carefully organized; even audience participation may occur.John Cageis regarded by many as a performance artist rather than a composer, although he preferred the latter term. He did not compose for traditional ensembles. Cage's compositionLiving Room Music,composed in 1940, is a "quartet" for unspecified instruments, really non-melodic objects, that can be found in the living room of a typical house, hence the title.[70]

Other arts

Applied arts

Main article:Applied arts

The applied arts are the application ofdesignand decoration to everyday, functional objects to make themaestheticallypleasing.[71]The applied arts include fields such asindustrial design,illustration,and commercial art.[72]The term "applied art" is used in distinction to thefine arts,where the latter is defined as arts that aim to produce objects that are beautiful or provide intellectual stimulation but have no primary everyday function. In practice, the two often overlap.

Video games

Main articles:Video gameandVideo games as an art form

Video gamesare multidisciplinary works that include non-controversially artistic elements such as visuals and sound, as well as an emergent experience from the nature of their interactivity. Within thevideo game community,there is debate surrounding whether video games should beclassified as an art formand whethergame developers—AAAorindie—should be classified as artists.[73]Hideo Kojima,a video game designer considered a "gaming arteur", argued in 2006 that video games are a type of service rather than an art form.[74][75]In the social sciences, cultural economists show how playing video games is conducive to involvement in more traditional art forms.[76]In 2011, theNational Endowment of the Artsincluded video games in its definition of a "work of art",[77]and theSmithsonian American Art Museumpresented an exhibit titledThe Art of the Video Gamein 2012.[78]

Arts critique

See also:Architecture criticism,Art criticism,Dance criticism,Film criticism,Literary criticism,Music criticism,Television criticism,andTheatre criticism
Monkeys as Judges of Art,1889,Gabriel von Max

Art criticism is the discussion or evaluation of art.[79][80][81]Art criticsusually criticize art in the context ofaestheticsor the theory of beauty.[80][81]A goal of art criticism is the pursuit of a rational basis for art appreciation[79][80][81]but it is questionable whether such criticism can transcend prevailing socio-political circumstances.[82]

The variety ofartistic movementshas resulted in a division of art criticism into different disciplines which may each use different criteria for their judgements.[81][83]The most common division in the field of criticism is between historical criticism and evaluation, a form ofart history,and contemporary criticism of work by living artists.[79][80][81]

Despite perceptions that criticism is a lower risk activity than making art, opinions of current art are liable to corrections with the passage of time.[80]Critics of the past can be ridiculed for dismissing artists now venerated (like the early work of theImpressionists).[81][84][85]Some art movements themselves were named disparagingly by critics, with the name later adopted as a badge of honour by the artists of the style with the original negative meaning forgotten, e.g. Impressionism andCubism.[84][86][87]Artists have often had an uneasy relationship with their critics. Artists usually need positive opinions from critics for their work to be viewed and purchased.[80][88]

There are many different variables that determine judgment of art such as aesthetics, cognition or perception. Aesthetic, pragmatic, expressive, formalist, relativist, processional, imitation, ritual, cognition, mimetic and postmodern theories, are some of many theories to criticize and appreciate art. Art criticism and appreciation can be subjective based on personal preference toward aesthetics and form, or on the elements and principle of design and by social and cultural acceptance.[89]

Education

Main article:Arts in education

Arts in education is a field ofeducational researchand practice informed by investigations intolearningthrough arts experiences. In this context, the arts can includeperforming arts education(dance, drama, music), literature and poetry,storytelling,visual arts educationin film,craft,design,digital art,media and photography.[90]

Politics

Main articles:The arts and politicsandArtivism

A strong relationship between the arts and politics, particularly between various kinds of art andpower,occurs across history andcultures.[91]As they respond toeventsand politics, the arts take on political as well as social dimensions, becoming themselves a focus of controversy and a force of political andsocial change.[92]

One observation is that a greattalenthas afree spirit.For instancePushkin,a well-regarded writer,[93]attracted the irritation ofRussian officialdomand particularlythe Tsar,since he "instead of being a good servant of the state in the rank and file of the administration and extolling conventional virtues in his vocational writings (if write he must), composed extremely arrogant and extremely independent and extremely wicked verse in which a dangerous freedom of thought was evident in the novelty of his versification, in the audacity of his sensual fancy, and in his propensity for making fun of major and minor tyrants."[93]Art and politics continue to have a strong relationship. Artists use their work to express their political views and promote social change. Governments use art to promote their own agendas.[94]

Notes

  1. ^The term 'Dance' is also used to describe the steps or pattern forone particular dance,[49]a certainmusical formorgenre,[50]asocial gathering for dancing,[51]ormotionin inanimate objects (e.g. "the dance of the waters [...] was visible for over a mile around" ).[52]

References

  1. ^"Definition of the arts".Merriam-Webster.Archivedfrom the original on 1 June 2017.Retrieved14 May2017.
  2. ^"art – definition of art in English from the Oxford dictionary".1 September 2016. Archived fromthe originalon 1 September 2016.Retrieved31 March2023.
  3. ^Fernandez, Angel; Art, Associate Professor of."The Importance of Art".Tarrant County College District.Archivedfrom the original on 1 June 2024.Retrieved1 June2024.
  4. ^Thorson, Dr Mark (1 September 2020)."Byzantine and Medieval Art: Teaching Christianity".Archivedfrom the original on 28 December 2023.Retrieved28 December2023– via mlpp.pressbooks.pub.
  5. ^"The Intricate Relationship Between Gothic Aesthetics and Religion: Unveiling the Dark Mysteries".hopenomatterwhat.7 November 2023.Archivedfrom the original on 28 December 2023.Retrieved28 December2023.
  6. ^Islamic Art in Detail, Sheila R. Canby, 2005, ISBN 9780674023901, Harvard University Press p.33
  7. ^Islamic Art in Detail, Sheila R. Canby, 2005, ISBN 9780674023901, Harvard University Press p.21 and 81
  8. ^Onions, Friedrichsen & Burchfield 1991,p. 994.
  9. ^"Quadrivium".The New International Encyclopædia.1905 – viaWikisource.The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy.
  10. ^Christine Henseler, ed. (5 June 2020).Extraordinary Partnerships: How the Arts and Humanities are Transforming America(Paperback).Lever Press.ISBN9781643150093.
  11. ^Rowlands & Landauer 2001.
  12. ^abcMiller 2007,p. 23.
  13. ^Ryynänen 2020,p. 37.
  14. ^Desai, DeSimone & Henig 2013.
  15. ^"When Did Architecture Start? | BGW Architects".bgw-architects.Archivedfrom the original on 19 May 2024.Retrieved1 June2024.
  16. ^"Architecture is Not Just an Art; It's a Science".DDD Group.1 October 2020.Retrieved1 June2024.
  17. ^"What's in a Name: Architecture".innoq.23 September 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 2 June 2024.Retrieved2 June2024.
  18. ^Harper 2016.
  19. ^Ching, Francis D.K. (2012). "7".Architecture: Form, Space, and Order.Wiley.ISBN9781118004821.
  20. ^Maier, Mark W.; Rechtin, Eberhardt (2000)."Second Edition"(PDF).The Art of Systems Architecting(2 ed.): 7.Archived(PDF)from the original on 16 April 2024.Retrieved1 June2024– via Incose.
  21. ^El Demery, Ibraham Mostafa (2010)."Sustainable Architectural Design: Reviving Traditional Design and Adapting Modern Solution".International Journal of Architectural Research:1.doi:10.26687/archnet-ijar.v4i1.65(inactive 2 June 2024).Archivedfrom the original on 7 June 2024.Retrieved1 June2024– via ResearchGate.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (link)
  22. ^"The Role Of Architects In Shaping Cities And Communities".Archivedfrom the original on 28 December 2023.Retrieved28 December2023.
  23. ^"The Language of Ceramic Art"(PDF).American Museum of Ceramic Art.pp. 1–3.Archived(PDF)from the original on 24 June 2016.Retrieved1 June2024.
  24. ^"Art Pottery Manufacturers and Collectors".2 June 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 2 June 2008.Retrieved20 December2022.
  25. ^As glass is not a ceramic,Twi global "how are glass ceramics and glass-ceramics-defined?Archived28 December 2023 at theWayback Machine
  26. ^"Conceptual art".Tate.Archivedfrom the original on 4 June 2024.Retrieved2 June2024.
  27. ^LeWitt 1967,pp. 79–83.
  28. ^Huntsman 2015,p. 221.
  29. ^"Tate Britain | Turner Prize History | Issue: Conceptual Art".11 December 2004. Archived fromthe originalon 11 December 2004.Retrieved20 December2022.
  30. ^"The definition of draftsman".Dictionary.Archivedfrom the original on 29 October 2016.Retrieved29 October2016.
  31. ^"Painting: A Visual Language of Self-Expression | Bing Nursery School".bingschool.stanford.edu.25 September 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 7 June 2024.Retrieved1 June2024.
  32. ^Perry 2014,p. 85.
  33. ^"The essential connection between photography and painting".ED KASHI.3 October 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 1 June 2024.Retrieved1 June2024.
  34. ^"Abstract art".Tate.Archivedfrom the original on 29 March 2024.Retrieved1 June2024.
  35. ^"Narrative".Tate.Archivedfrom the original on 27 February 2024.Retrieved1 June2024.
  36. ^Myers, Nicole."Symbolism | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History".The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.Archivedfrom the original on 19 May 2024.Retrieved1 June2024.
  37. ^"Expressionism | Definition, Characteristics, Artists, Music, Theater, Film, & Facts | Britannica".britannica.27 May 2024.Archivedfrom the original on 22 May 2024.Retrieved1 June2024.
  38. ^"Artivism: Making a Difference Through Art | Art & Object".artandobject.Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2024.Retrieved1 June2024.
  39. ^"Alchemy on Canvas: The Captivating World of Matter Painting".Online Art Lessons.Archivedfrom the original on 26 December 2023.Retrieved26 December2023.
  40. ^"Anselm Kiefer, By Mark Rosenthal"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 6 December 2023.Retrieved26 December2023.
  41. ^"What is Commercial Photography?".falmouth.ac.uk.8 August 2024.Archivedfrom the original on 23 December 2023.Retrieved23 December2023.
  42. ^"Vocabulary for Sculpture Materials".Archivedfrom the original on 28 December 2023.Retrieved28 December2023.
  43. ^"Four Basic Methods For Making A Sculpture Are".21 July 2021.Archivedfrom the original on 28 December 2023.Retrieved28 December2023.
  44. ^Fardsoltany, Hamed (11 July 2023)."Welding vs. Casting: A Comparative Study of Metal Art Techniques".Metalicoarte.Archivedfrom the original on 28 December 2023.Retrieved28 December2023.
  45. ^Honderich 2006.
  46. ^Durbin, Holly Poe (15 December 2022).The Costume Designer's Toolkit: The Process of Creating Effective Design.Taylor & Francis.ISBN9781000729146.
  47. ^Fraleigh 1987,p. 3.
  48. ^OED,§ 1.
  49. ^OED,§ 2.
  50. ^OED,§ 2b.
  51. ^OED,§ 3.
  52. ^OED,§ 4.
  53. ^Goodwin & Halfyard 2011,§ para. 1.
  54. ^Goodwin & Halfyard 2011,§ para. 3.
  55. ^O'Brien, Andrew (2010).The Little Bubishi: A History of Karate for Children.Strategic Book Publishing. p. 7.ISBN9781609117177.
  56. ^Nettl 2001,§I "3. General encyclopedias": "There may be disagreement on the need for explicit definition, but all these works maintain that music involves sounds and their combination, that it is both art and science".
  57. ^Gardner 1983,p. 104.
  58. ^Owen 2000,p. 6.
  59. ^Nettl 2001,§I "5. Looking to the vernacular and to behaviour".
  60. ^Nettl 2001,§III "5. Music among the arts".
  61. ^Nettl 2001,§III "6. Classification or Typology".
  62. ^Harper, Douglas (2001–2016)."theater (n.)".Online Etymology Dictionary.Archivedfrom the original on 30 October 2016.Retrieved29 October2016.
  63. ^"National Theater of the Deaf (NTD)".lifeprint.Archivedfrom the original on 6 December 2023.Retrieved5 June2024.
  64. ^Brown, Steven (26 February 2024)."The performing arts combined: the triad of music, dance, and narrative".Frontiers in Psychology.15:1344354.doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1344354.ISSN1664-1078.PMC10925613.PMID38469212.
  65. ^"Kabuki | History, Meaning, Costumes, & Facts | Britannica".britannica.13 May 2024.Archivedfrom the original on 5 February 2024.Retrieved5 June2024.
  66. ^"Rajika Puri - Indian Dance & Theatre".rajikapuri.Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2023.Retrieved5 June2024.
  67. ^"The Art of Facial Makeup in Chinese Opera | Lan Su Chinese Garden".lansugarden.org.Archivedfrom the original on 5 June 2024.Retrieved5 June2024.
  68. ^Sorabella, Jean."The Opera | Essay".The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.The Metropolitan Museum of Art.Archivedfrom the original on 28 December 2023.Retrieved28 December2023.
  69. ^ Au, Susan (2002).Ballet and Modern Dance.Thames and Hudson.ISBN978-0-500-20352-1.
  70. ^James Pritchett.The Music of John Cage.Cambridge University Press, 1993.ISBN0-521-56544-8p.20
  71. ^Chilvers 2004,p. 29.
  72. ^"Define Applied art at Dictionary".Dictionary.Archivedfrom the original on 31 July 2017.Retrieved8 May2018.
  73. ^Pratt, Charles J.The Art History... Of Games? Games As Art May Be A Lost CauseArchived9 May 2022 at theWayback Machine.Gamasutra.8 February 2010.
  74. ^Gibson 2006.
  75. ^Parker 2012,p. 42.
  76. ^Borowiecki & Prieto-Rodriguez 2013,pp. 239–258.
  77. ^Barber 2012.
  78. ^Parker 2012,p. 46.
  79. ^abc"Art Criticism".Comprehensive Art Education.North Texas Institute For Educators on the Visual Arts.Archivedfrom the original on 10 February 2013.Retrieved12 December2013.
  80. ^abcdefGemtou, Eleni (2010)."Subjectivity in Art History and Art Criticism"(PDF).Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities.2(1): 2–13.doi:10.21659/rupkatha.v2n1.02.Archived(PDF)from the original on 28 September 2021.Retrieved12 December2013.
  81. ^abcdefElkins, James (1996)."Art Criticism".In Jane Turner (ed.).Grove Dictionary of Art.Oxford University Press.Archivedfrom the original on 14 May 2019.Retrieved15 December2023.
  82. ^Kaplan, Marty."The curious case of criticism."Archived5 March 2016 at theWayback MachineJewish Journal.23 January 2014.
  83. ^Tekiner, Deniz (2006). "Formalist Art Criticism and the Politics of Meaning".Social Justice.33(2 (104) – Art, Power, and Social Change): 31–44.JSTOR29768369.
  84. ^abRewald, John (1973).The History of Impressionism(4th, Revised Ed.). New York: The Museum of Modern Art. p. 323ISBN0-87070-360-9
  85. ^Ackerman, James S. (Winter 1960). "Art History and the Problems of Criticism".Daedalus.89(1 – The Visual Arts Today): 253–263.JSTOR20026565.
  86. ^"The Collection | MoMA".Archivedfrom the original on 13 August 2014.Retrieved15 December2023.
  87. ^Fishman, Solomon (1963).The Interpretation of Art: Essays on the Art Criticism of John Ruskin, Walter Pater, Clive Bell, Robert Fry, and Herbert Read.University of California Press. p. 6.
  88. ^Seenan, Gerard (20 April 2004)."Painting by ridiculed but popular artist sells for £744,800".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2022.Retrieved12 December2013.
  89. ^"Is Art Subjective or Objective?".EDEN Gallery.Archivedfrom the original on 19 May 2024.Retrieved19 May2024.
  90. ^"UNESCO, Road Map for Arts Education, 2006".Archivedfrom the original on 23 January 2022.Retrieved15 December2023.
  91. ^"Intersection of Art and Politics".Wells International Foundation.Archivedfrom the original on 2 June 2024.Retrieved1 June2024.
  92. ^"Art of Propaganda".The Independent Uganda.14 June 2016.Archivedfrom the original on 7 June 2024.Retrieved1 June2024.
  93. ^abVladimir Nabokov(1981)Lectures on Russian Literature,lecture onRussian Writers, Censors, and Readers,pp.13-4
  94. ^"The Art of War: Understanding How Art Was Used by Governments to Win Over People".11 July 2023. Archived fromthe originalon 29 December 2023.Retrieved29 December2023.

Bibliography

Books

Articles

Online

Further reading

Library resourcesabout
The arts
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_arts&oldid=1235728978"