Assyrians in Sweden

Assyrians in Sweden
	Swedish Assyrians in cultural clothing in 2024
Total population
	150,000
Regions with significant populations
	Södertälje,Stockholm,Gothenburg,Örebro,Västerås,Norrköping,Linköping,Skövde,Jönköping,Tibro
Languages
	Neo-Aramaic·Swedish
Religion
	PredominantlyChristianity; (majority:Syriac Christianity;minority:Protestantism)

Assyrians in Sweden(Swedish:Assyrier i Sverige) are citizens and residents ofSwedenwho are ofAssyriandescent. There are approximately 150,000 Assyrians in Sweden.^[2]

Assyrians first came to Sweden fromSyriafor work in the late 1960s when Europe needed laborers for its industries. However, with increased ethnic and religious persecution in their homeland, which is located in present-day southeasternTurkey,northernIraq,northwesternIranand northeasternSyria,^[3]Assyrian immigration to Sweden increased. Those who had lived in Sweden for a longer period of time were granted residency for humanitarian reasons, given the conflicts in their place of origin.^[4]

History

Early immigration (1960s-1970s)

After theAssyrian genocideof 1915, it became clear that violence against the native Christian populations were widespread. In the 1960s, it became increasingly unsafe for Assyrians inMidyat,the regional centre ofTur Abdin.Muslims incited violent anti-Christian protests as a response to events unfolding inCyprus.This led to many Assyro-Syriacs not seeing a future for themselves in their ancestral homeland.^[5]

On Thursday 9 March 1967, 108 stateless Assyrians leftBeirutairport inLebanonen route to Sweden where they landed at Bulltofta airport outside ofMalmö.After being bathed upon arrival, the Assyrians were transported by bus to a refugee housing complex inAlvestain the province ofSmåland.Over a month later on Thursday, 13 April, a second group of 98 Assyrian refugees arrived from Beirut. The reason behind the initial immigration of Assyrians to Sweden was the introduction of a quota of 200 Christians from Lebanon that were to be accepted by the Swedish Public Employment Service after coordination with the World Council of Churches and the United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees. A group of Swedish public officials visited Beirut where a selection of mostly young families from Turkey that were members of the Syriac Orthodox Church, as well as Protestants and members of theAssyrian Church of the Eastwere accepted to immigrate to Sweden.^[6]^[7]

Assyrians of Södertälje were involved in a riot on 19 June 1977, whenraggare(greasers), mainly coming from nearby Stockholm attacked them at Restaurant Bristol in Södertälje, at the time the attack being believed that it was racially motivated. This was part of the raggare-scare that existed during those times. Mass media added fuel to the riots with headlines about "race riots" and "Södertälje - a city gripped by fear". It was said that the greasers' aversion towards the Assyrians was because the latter taking up too much space, talking loudly, walking around well-dressed and wearing gold chains. There were also rumours about the Assyrians taking over the city.^[8]

Demographics

Syria-born persons in Sweden by sex, 2000-2016 (Statistics Sweden).^[9]

Södertäljeis seen as the unofficial AssyriancapitalofEuropedue to the city's high percentage of Assyrians. According to Assyrian organization estimates, there are approximately 150,000 Assyrians in Sweden.^[10]TheSyriac Orthodox Christiansnumber an estimated 30,000–40,000 people (2016), while higher estimations is 70–80,000, out of which an estimated 18,000 live in Södertälje.^[11]

According toStatistics Sweden,as of 2016, there 22,663 are citizens of Iraq (12,705 men, 9,958 women) and 116,384 citizens of Syria (70,060 men, 46,324 women) residing in Sweden.^[12]

Culture

Identity

There is an ideological division of this group in Sweden between^[13]

Assyrier:Mostly adherents of theSyriac Orthodox Church,Assyrian Church of the East,Chaldean Catholic Churchand variousProtestantchurches, hailing from south easternTurkey,north easternSyria,northernIraq,westernIranandLebanon,who de-emphasize religious adherence in favour ofethnicity pre-Christian antiquity,who insist on the nameAssyrier,with anAssyrian-Mesopotamianheritage andAssyrian identityfor the group.
Syrianer:Largely adherents of theSyriac Orthodox Churchhailing largely fromLebanon,north easternSyriaand south easternTurkey,who insist on the nameSyrianer,and often an "Aramean"heritage for the group.

To account for this division, official Swedish sources refer to the group as "Assyrier/Syrianer",^[14]with aslash(similar to theUS census,which opted for "Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac" ).

Organisations

A monument for theAssyrian genocideinHallunda,Botkyrka,Stockholm County.

When Assyrians immigrated to Sweden, they formed cultural organisations that would represent their people, as well as act as a centre for Assyrians in Sweden to meet. The Assyrian Federation of Sweden (AFS) was founded in 1977 as a nationwide umbrella organisation for the various local associations in Sweden. The formation took place on 15–17 April 1977, with twenty-one representatives from eleven associations present, unanimously deciding to unite into a national organisation. At the national assembly in 1983, 44 representatives from 21 associations were present. Initially, the Federation had 3,000 members which soon doubled by 1980. At first, the Federation's office was located in Norsborg, but soon moved to Södertälje in 1983.

Aside from the Assyrian Federation of Sweden, the Assyrian Youth Federation and Assyrian Women's Federation existed nationwide. The Youth Federation was formed in 1985 as the Assyrian Youth Committee within the AFS. In 1991, it was transformed into the Assyrian Youth Federation, and became more independent from the AFS.

The Syriac (Aramean) Federation of Sweden was founded in 1978. The federation is safeguarding the interest in the linguistic, cultural, ethnic, and social issues of the Aramean people. The federation has about 19.000 members and 34 sub-associations.^[15]The federation is collaborating with numerous organizations in Sweden that provides assistants needed for the federation and its operations.^[16]

Media

Publications

In 1978, Hujådå, the first Assyrian magazine was published by the Assyrian Federation of Sweden. The etymology of the name has the meaning "unity" or "union" in the Aramaic language, with the intention to unite all Assyrians, regardless of church, and to pay homage toNaum Faiq'spublication with the same name in the United States in the early 1920s. The first issue of Hujådå came out in spring of 1978 and was published by Gabriel Afram, the then chairman of AFS, and the editor in-chief, Johanon Kashisho. In the beginning, the magazine contained material in four languages: Aramaic, Arabic, Turkish and Swedish. Eventually, material was published in English. Currently, Hujådå only exists as a web publication.^[17]

The second Aramean magazine was published by the Aramean Federation of Sweden calledBahro Suryoyo.It is published in five languages: Swedish, Aramaic, Arabic, English, and Turkish.^[18]^[19]It is available as anonline magazinesince 2009 at bahro.nu.^[20]

Television

In the mid-2000s, Assyrian TV channels were formed in Södertälje.Suroyo TVis operated by theDawronoyepolitical movement, while the Syriacs identifying as "Aramean" createdSuryoyo Sat.The AFS, Women's Federation and Youth Federation founded the Assyrian Media Institute (AMI) on 24 September 2011, in Norrköping. AMI owns and operates Assyria TV, a web TV channel, which broadcasts shows worldwide, commonly interviewing famous Assyrians, as well as famous Swedish politicians and scholars. Assyria TV has also played a role in exposing Kurdish acts of cruelty against Assyrians in Iraq and Syria.^[21]

Religion

Mor Afrem Cathedral in Södertälje.

In the 1990s, the Syriac Orthodox Church in Sweden fell into disunion with the church's board shutting the bishop out and demanding that the Patriarch in Damascus appoint a new bishop. In 1996, a new bishop was appointed, resulting in the Syriac Orthodox Church in Sweden being divided into two separate dioceses with their own bishops, both based in Södertälje. The diocese which does not reject the Assyrian name is led from St. Jacob of Nisibi's Cathedral in Hosvjö. The other diocese is led from St. Afrem's Church in Geneta.^[22]

Sport

Assyrians have a wide spanning history in relation to sports in Sweden, most notably in thefootballarena. In Qamishli and Tur Abdin, Assyrians had their own football clubs that played at a local or national level. This led to the formation of ethnic-based Assyrian clubs in Sweden who have enjoyed a high level of success relative to other ethnic groups. Currently, there are over 20 Assyrian ethnic-based clubs present across Sweden.

On 14 February 1974,Assyriska FFwas established in Södertälje. In the year 2000, Assyriska FF joined theSuperettanwhen it was founded and boast the most seasons in the competition at 15. In 2003, Assyriska FF qualified for the Swedish Cup Final, before falling short toElfsborg0–2 in the final. In 2005, Assyriska FF managed to reach the highest level of football in Sweden, theAllsvenskan,becoming the first ethnic club to reach the competition. Their first game of the season was played on 12 April atRåsunda StadiumagainstHammarbywhere Assyrian-American singerLinda Georgeperformed in front of an audience of 15,000.

In 1977 the clubSyrianska FCwas also established in Södertalje. In 2010, after two years inSuperettan,Syrianska was promoted to Allsvenskan (the highest tier in Swedish football) for the first time in club history. 3 years later in 1980 another club was foundArameisk-Syrianska IFplaying in the third highest Swedish league, Division 1.

Notable people

Abgar Barsom,former footballer.^[23]
Nuri Kino,journalist
Bishara Morad,known by the mononym Bishara, singer from Syria born 2003, took part inMelodifestivalen 2019.^[24]
Daniel Teymur,MMA fighter.^[25]
David Durmaz,footballer, family from southeastern Turkey.^[26]
Ibrahim Baylan,politician, born and raised in Deir Salih,Tur Abdin,Turkey.^[27]
Jimmy Durmaz,footballer,^[28]father from Midyat in Turkey.^[29]
Kennedy Bakircioglu,footballer,^[30]family arrived in 1972 from Midyat.
Mikael Ishak,footballer, from Södertälje.^[31]
Sharbel Touma,footballer, born in Lebanon.^[32]
Suleyman Sleyman,footballer.^[33]
Yilmaz Kerimo,politician, born in Turkey.^[34]

References

^SVT: Statministerns folkmordsbesked kan avgöra kommunvalet:” Underskatta inte frågan”(in Swedish)
^SVT: Statministerns folkmordsbesked kan avgöra kommunvalet:” Underskatta inte frågan”(in Swedish)
^Sargon Donabed (1 February 2015).Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century.Edinburgh University Press. pp. 18–.ISBN 978-0-7486-8605-6.
^Swedish Minister for Development Co-operation, Migration and Asylum Policy, Migration 2002, June 2002 Archived26 September 2006 at theWayback Machine
^Lundgren, Svante (15 May 2019).The Assyrians: Fifty Years in Swedenq.Nineveh Press. p. 14.ISBN 978-91-984101-7-4.
^Tore Wizelius; Lars-Sune Hansson; Sweden. Referensgruppen för folkrörelsefrågor; Sweden. Statens invandrarverk (1984).Föreningar bland invandrare och minoriteter i Sverige.Statens invandrarverk. p. 53.ISBN 9789170164064.
^Lundgren, Svante (15 May 2019).The Assyrians: Fifty Years in Sweden.Nineveh Press. p. 13.ISBN 978-91-984101-7-4.
^Lundgren, Svante.The Assyrians: Fifty Years in Sweden.Nineveh Press. pp. 22–24.
^"Foreign-born persons by country of birth, age, sex and year".Statistics Sweden.Retrieved29 November2017.
^"Brief History of Assyrians".
^Prakash Shah;Marie-Claire Foblets(15 April 2016).Family, Religion and Law: Cultural Encounters in Europe.Routledge. p. 183.ISBN 978-1-317-13648-4.Syriac Orthodox
^"Foreign citizens by country of citizenship, sex and year".Statistics Sweden.Retrieved15 November2017.
^Lundberg, Dan (2010)."Christians from the Middle East".Svenskt visarkiv.Retrieved11 July2023.
^Riksdagens protokoll.Kungl. Boktr. 2001.assyrier/syrianer
^"Syrianska riksförbundet".sios.org(in Swedish). Archived fromthe originalon 18 November 2008.Retrieved20 June2020.
^"List of Co-Operative Organisations".
^Lundgren, Svante.The Assyrians: Fifty Years in Sweden.Nineveh Press. pp. 91–92.
^Bahro Suryoyo
^"Bahro suryoyo: månatlig kultur-, idrotts-, nyhets- och informationstidning".Archived fromthe originalon 26 August 2011.Retrieved15 April2008.
^"Om Bahro.nu".Archived fromthe originalon 22 November 2015.Retrieved16 May2015.
^Lundgren, Svante.The Assyrians: Fifty Years in Sweden.Nineveh Press. pp. 97–98.
^Lundgren, Svante.The Assyrians: Fifty Years in Sweden.Nineveh Press. p. 64.
^"Syrianske stjärnan Abgar Barsom tackar Syrianska folket".;Grimlund, Lars (2004)."Artisten Barsom vill vara perfekt".DN.
^Johan M Söderlund and Torbjörn Ek (24 February 2019)."Så drillades Bishara Morad av Laila Bagge".Aftonbladet(in Swedish).Retrieved26 February2019.
^Moro, David (4 April 2017)."UFC-fightern:" Bältet är mitt mål "".SVT Nyheter(in Swedish). SVT.
^"David Durmaz om mötet med sin nya klubb".Svenska fans.
^Hammargren, Bitte (7 November 2004).""Baylan började hos mig när han var sju år"".Svenska Dagbladet(in Swedish). SVD.
^Max Wiman (2011)."Ur ilskan växte årets stora succé"(in Swedish).
^"Jimmy Durmaz ska underlätta flytt - kan skaffa turkiskt pass"(in Swedish). Fotbolltransfers.
^"Zweedse Assyriër in Twente"[Swedish-Assyrian in Twente].De Pers(in Dutch). 9 March 2007.Retrieved9 February2013.
^"Mikael Ishak".Yahoo! Sports.Retrieved3 July2011.
^"Voormalig FC Twente-speler Touma keert terug naar jeugdliefde".voetbalzone. 18 November 2010.;"Touma kan ersätta Porokara".na.se.
^Nicklasson, Jan (9 April 2009)."Sleyman".Svenska Dagbladet.SVD.
^"yilmazkerimo".socialdemokraterna.