Wikipedia

Augustinians

"Augustines" redirects here. For the American rock band, seeAugustines (band).

Augustiniansare members of severalreligious ordersthat follow theRule of Saint Augustine,written in about 400 AD byAugustine of Hippo.There are two distinct types of Augustinians inCatholic religious ordersdating back to the 12th–13th centuries:[1][2]

  • Various congregations ofCanons Regularalso follow the Rule of Saint Augustine, embrace theevangelical counselsand lead a semi-monastic life, while remaining committed topastoral careappropriate to their primary vocation aspriests.They generally form one large community which might serve parishes in the vicinity, and are organized into autonomous congregations.
  • Several orders offriarswho live a mixed religious life of contemplation and apostolic ministry. The largest and most familiar is theOrder of Saint Augustine(OSA), founded in 1244 and originally known as the Hermits of Saint Augustine (OESA). They are commonly known as the Austin Friars in England. Two other orders, theOrder of Augustinian Recollectsand theDiscalced Augustinians,were once part of the OSA under a single prior general. The Recollects, founded in 1588 as areform movementin Spain, became autonomous in 1612. The Discalceds became an independentcongregationin 1592, and were raised to the status of a separate mendicant order in 1610.[3]

There are also someAnglican religious orderscreated in the 19th century that follow Augustine's rule. These are composed only of women in several different communities ofAugustinian nuns.

Ruins of Jasienice Abbey, a former Augustinian priory inJasienica, Police,Poland (14th century).

Charism

edit

In a religious community, "charism" is the particular contribution that each religious order, congregation or family and its individual members embody.[4]The teaching and writing of Augustine, theAugustinian Rule,and the lives and experiences of Augustinians over sixteen centuries help define theethosand special charism of the order.

The pursuit of truth through learning is key to the Augustinian ethos, balanced by the injunction to behave with love towards one another. These same imperatives of affection and fairness have driven the order in its international missionary outreach.[5]This balanced pursuit of love and learning has energised the various branches of the order into building communities founded on mutual affection and intellectual advancement.

Augustine spoke passionately of God's "beauty so ancient and so new",[6]and his fascination with beauty extended to music. He taught that "whoever sings prays twice" (Qui cantat, bis orat)[7]and music is also a key part of the Augustinian ethos. Contemporary Augustinian musical foundations include theAugustinerkirchein Vienna, where orchestral masses byMozartandSchubertare performed every week, as well as the boys' choir[8]atSankt Florianin Austria, a school conducted by Augustinian canons, a choir now over 1,000 years old.

Augustinians have also produced a formidable body of scholarly works.[9]

Background

edit

Augustinian friars believe thatAugustine of Hippo,first with some friends and afterward as bishop with hisclergy,led amonasticcommunity life. Regarding the use of property or possessions, Augustine did not make a virtue of poverty, but of sharing. Their manner of life led others to imitate them. Instructions for their guidance were found in several writings of Augustine, especially inDe opere monachorum,mentioned in ancient codices of the eighth or ninth century as the "Rule of St. Augustine".[10]Between 430 and 570 this life-style was carried to Europe by monks and clergy fleeing the persecution of the Vandals.[11]In the thirteenth century, the various eremitical groups that composed the Augustinian Hermits faced the threat of suppression by the papacy based on their lack of antiquity. To overcome this, the friars forged a historical connection to St Augustine, and made an especial point to demonstrate that they received the Rule directly from Augustine himself.[12]The Augustinian rule was in use by a wide range of groups across early and high medieval Europe, and there is no historical evidence that the Augustinian Friars were in any way founded by St Augustine himself. Rather, the friars invented these links after the Order was threatened with suppression in 1274 at the Second Council of Lyons.[13]

While in early Medieval times the rule was overshadowed by other Rules, particularly that ofSt. Benedict,this system of life for cathedral clergy continued in various locations throughout Europe for centuries, and they became known asCanons regular(i.e. cathedral clergy living in community according to a rule). Augustine's Rule appears again in practice in the eleventh century as a basis for the reform of monasteries and cathedral chapters.[11]

Several groups of canons were established under various disciplines, all with the Augustinian Rule as their basis. It was adopted by the Canons Regular of theAbbey of St. Victorin Paris,[11]as well as theNorbertines.The instructions contained in Augustine's Rule formed the basis of theRulethat, in accordance with the decree of theLateranSynodof 1059, was adopted bycanonswho desired to practice a common apostolic life, hence the title ofCanons Regular of Saint Augustine.

Orders, groups, and societies

edit

Canons Regular

edit
Main article:Canons Regular

TheCanons Regularfollow the more ancient form of religious life which developed toward the end of the firstmillenniumand thus predates the founding of the friars.[14]They represent a clerical adaptation of monastic life, as it grew out of an attempt to organize communities of clerics to a more dedicated way of life, as St. Augustine himself had done. Historically it paralleled the lay movement ofmonasticismor theeremiticallife from which the friars were later to develop. In their tradition, thecanonsadded the commitment ofreligious vowsto their primaryvocationofpastoralcare. As the canons became independent of thediocesanstructures, they came to form their own monastic communities. The official name of the Order is theCanons Regular of St. Augustine(CRSA).[15]

Augustinian Friars

edit
Main article:Order of Saint Augustine
Martin Luther(1483–1546), in the habit of the Augustinian Order. Luther was an Augustinian friar from 1505 until hisexcommunicationin 1520. Luther would later renounce his religious vows and marryKatharina von Borain 1525.
AbbotGregor Mendel(1822–1884)

The 2008 Constitutions of theOrder of St. Augustine[16]states that the Order of Saint Augustine is composed of the following:

a) friars, whether professed or novices, who are members of the various Circumscriptions of the Order (meaning a Province, Vicariate, or Delegation).
b) the contemplativenunsbelonging to the monasteries of the order.
c) the members of the Augustinian Secular Fraternities, legitimately established by the Prior General.

In addition to these three branches, the Augustinian family also includes other groups: a)religious institutes,both male and female, formally aggregated to the order by a decree of the Prior General (this would include theAugustinians of the Assumption,theSisters of St. Rita,etc.); b) other groups of lay Augustinians; c) lay faithful affiliated to the Order.[17]

The Augustinian, or Austin, friars (OSA), are amendicantorder.[18]As consecrated religious, they pray theLiturgy of the Hoursthroughout the day. ThisLatin Churchorder, while a contemplative Order, differs from traditional monastic orders in three ways. 1) They do not take vows of stability, meaning that they can live in one house (called a friary or sometimes a monastery) typically for several years before being moved into a different community of the order. 2) They are engaged inapostolicactivity, such as mission work, education, prison ministries, etc. The order is under the supervision of aPriorGeneral in Rome, and as an international order they are divided into various Provinces throughout the world, with each Province being led by a Prior Provincial. (3) As an order, they have a special commitment tocorporate povertyas opposed to simply the poverty professed by the individual friar. While this is not currently legislated as it was in the origins of the order, this is to be a distinguishing mark of their lives as a community.

As consecrated religious, Augustinians profess theevangelical counselsof chastity, poverty, and obedience. They follow the Rule of St. Augustine, written sometime between 397 and 403 for a monastic community Augustine founded inHippo(in modern day Algeria), and which takes as its inspiration the early Christian community described in theActs of the Apostles,particularly Acts 4:32: "The community of believers was of one heart and mind, and no one claimed that any of his possessions was his own, but they had everything in common." (NAB).

By decree of the Holy See, the Augustinian Order was historically granted what was known as exempt status, which placed made it directly dependent on the Pope, meaning that bishops had no jurisdiction with regards to the internal affairs of the order. This is now expressed by saying that the order is an institute of pontifical right.[19]

History of the Friars

edit

The Augustinian friars originated after the olderCanons Regular.The friars represented part of themendicant movementof the 13th century, a new form of religious life which sought to bring the religious ideals of monastic life into an urban setting which allowed the religious to serve the needs of the people in anapostoliccapacity. At this time a number oferemiticalgroups lived in such diverse places asTuscany,Latium,Umbria,Liguria,England, Switzerland, Germany, and France. TheFourth Council of the Lateranof 1215 issued the decreeNe nimiumto organise these small groups of religious people by requiring them to live in community, to hold elective chapters, to be under obedience to a major superior and to adopt one of the Rules of community life that were approved by the Church.

Little Union
edit

In 1243 the Tuscan hermits petitionedPope Innocent IVto unite them all as one group. On 16 December 1243 Innocent IV issued thebullIncumbit Nobis,an essentially pastoral letter which, despite its brevity, basically served as themagna cartainitiating the foundation of the Order as it is known today. This papal bull exhorted these hermits to adopt theRuleand way of life ofAugustine of Hippo,to profess this Augustinian manner of life in a way that they themselves would decide with regards to their specific charism andapostolate,and to elect a Prior General. The bull also appointed CardinalRiccardo Annibaldias theirCardinal protector.The importance of this man in the foundation of the Order cannot be overstated.[20]

As decreed by the bullPraesentium Vobis,the Tuscan hermits came together for a general chapter in March 1244, a chapter presided over by Cardinal Annibaldi. At this chapter the Order formally adopted the Rule of St. Augustine and determined to follow the Roman office with theCistercianpsalter,and to holdtriennialelections of the Prior General. The first Prior General was Friar Matthew, followed by Adjutus and Philip. In the papal bullPia desideria,issued on 31 March 1244,Pope Innocent IVformally approved the foundation of the Order.

Grand Union of 1256
edit

In 1255 Innocent's successor,Pope Alexander IV,issued the papal bullCum Quaedam Salubriasummoning all the various groups of Augustinian hermits and theHermits of Saint Williamto send two representatives to Rome for a General Chapter, again to be held under the supervision of his nephew, Cardinal Annibaldi. During this chapter the following groups of hermits,inter alia,were amalgamated to the Order, which up to then had only consisted of the groups of the Tuscan hermits (including the Hermits of the Holy Trinity):

  • the Hermits of Saint William
  • the Brittin (named after St. Blasius de Brittinis)
  • the Bonites (named afterSt. John the Good) TheFratres Saccatiin Italy, and some of the houses of thePoor Catholicsunited with the Bonites. By 1256 the Bonites possessed eleven monasteries.

At this Chapter Lanfranc Settala, the leader of the Bonites, was elected Prior General.[10]The belted, black tunic of the Tuscan hermits was adopted as the commonreligious habit,and thewalking stickscarried by the Bonites in keeping with eremitical tradition—and to distinguish themselves from those hermits who went around begging—ceased to be used.[21]The 12-year-old religious Order of friars now consisted of 100 or more houses.

On 9 April 1256 Pope Alexander IV issued the bullLicet Ecclesiae catholicae(Bullarium Taurinense, 3rd ed., 635 sq.) which confirmed the integration of the Hermits of John the Good (Rule of St. Augustine, 1225), the Hermits of St. William (Rule of St. Benedict), the Hermits of Brettino (Rule of St. Augustine, 1228), the Hermits of Monte Favale (Rule of St. Benedict), other smaller congregations, and the Tuscan Hermits into what was officially called the Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine.[10]Almost from the beginning the term "hermits" became a misnomer for they ranked among the friars, and became the fourth of the mendicant orders. The observance and manner of life was mild relative to those times, meat being allowed four days in the week.[22]

In August 1256, a number of Williamite houses withdrew from the newly formed mendicant order and were allowed to continue as a separate congregation under the Benedictine rule.[23][10]

The early years in the order's history featured a great devotion to learning, to study, to prayer, to service of the poor, and to defense of the Pope and the Church – a particular charism of the Order rooted in the fact that it is the only Order in the history of the Church to be founded directly by a Pope. In his workThe Life of the Brothers,the 14th-century Augustinian historian and friar Jordan of Saxony writes: "It is certain that in its modern state the Order is principally founded on spiritual works, those that pertain to the contemplative life. These are as follows: the singing of the divine office; the service of the altar; prayer; psalm singing; devotion to reading or study of sacred scripture; teaching and preaching the word of God; hearing confessions of the faithful; bringing about the salvation of souls by word and example.".[24]

The Order expanded beyond Europe to the eastern Mediterranean, briefly acquiring a convent in Acre just prior to its conquest in 1291. In the middle of the fourteenth century, the Augustinian Friars acquired the large convent of San Salvatore in Venetian Heraklion (medieval Candia) where they attempted to use the cult of Nicholas of Tolentino to appeal to the local Greek-speaking population.[25]The building stood on Kornaros Square until its demolition in 1970.

The Augustinians count among their number over a dozen saints and numerous members declaredblessedby the Church.[26]The Prior GeneralSebastiano Martinelliwas the latest member of the order to be elevated to the cardinalate from 1901 to 1912.[27]

Privileges of the order

edit

Ecclesiastical privilegeswere granted to the order almost from its beginning.Alexander IVfreed the order from the jurisdiction of the bishops; Innocent VIII, in 1490, granted to the churches of the order indulgences such as can only be gained by making the Stations at Rome; PopePius Vplaced the Augustinians among themendicant ordersand ranked them next to theCarmelites.Since the end of the 13th century thesacristanof thePapal Palacewas always to be an Augustinian friar, who would beordainedas abishop.This privilege was ratified byPope Alexander VIand granted to the Order forever by a Bull issued in 1497. The holder of the office wasRectorof the Vatican parish (of which the chapel of St. Paul is the parish church). To his office also belonged the duty of preserving in hisoratoryaconsecrated Host,which had to be renewed weekly and kept in readiness in case of the pope's illness, when it was the privilege of the papal sacristan to administer the last sacraments to the pope. The sacristan had always to accompany the pope when he traveled, and during a conclave it was he who celebratedMassand administered thesacraments.He lived at the Vatican with a sub-sacristan and threelay brothersof the order (cf. Rocca, "Chronhistoria de Apostolico Sacrario", Rome, 1605). Augustinian friars, as of 2009, still perform the duties of papal sacristans, but the appointment of an Augustinian bishop-sacristan lapsed under Pope John Paul II with the retirement ofPetrus Canisius Van Lierdein 1991. In papal Rome the Augustinian friars always filled one of the Chairs of theSapienza University,and one of theconsultorshipsin theCongregation of Rites.[citation needed]

Discalced and Recollect friars

edit
Abraham a Sancta Clara(1644–1709)

TheDiscalced Augustinianswere formed in 1588 in Italy as a reform movement of the Order and have their own constitutions, differing from those of the other Augustinians. TheAugustinian Recollectsdeveloped in Spain in 1592 with the same goal. Currently, though, they are primarily found serving inpastoral care.

Organization of the order

edit

The Augustinian Hermits, while following the rule known as that of St. Augustine, are also subject to the Constitutions, first drawn up by Augustinus Novellus (d. 1309), Prior General of the order from 1298 to 1300, and by Clement of Osimo. A revision was made at Rome in 1895. The Constitutions were revised again and published at Rome in 1895, with additions in 1901 and 1907.[10]Today, the Order follows the Constitutions approved in the Ordinary General Chapter of 2007.

The government of the order is as follows: At the head is thePriorGeneral, elected every six years by theGeneral Chapter.The Prior General is aided by six assistants and a secretary, also elected by the General Chapter. These form theCuria Generalitia.Each province is governed by aPrior Provincial,eachcommissariatby aCommissary General,each of the two congregations by aVicar General,and every monastery by aPrior(only the Czech monastery ofAlt-BrunninMoraviais under anabbot) and every college by aRector.The members of the Order number bothpriestsandlay brothers.The Augustinians, like most religious orders, have aCardinal Protector.

The Augustinians follow the rule of St. Augustine which is divided into 8 chapters (purpose and basis of common life, prayer, moderation and self-denial, safeguarding chastity and fraternal correction, the care of community goods and treatment of sick, asking for pardon and forgiving others, governance and obedience, and observance of the rule).[28]The Augustinians also use the charism or "gift from the Holy Spirit" to guide the communal life.

The choir and outdoor dress of the friars is atunicof black woolen material, with long, wide sleeves, a black leathergirdle,and a large shoulder cape to which is attached a long, pointed hood reaching to the girdle. The indoor dress consists of a blacktunicandscapular,over which the shoulder cape is worn. In many monasteries, white was formerly the color worn in areas where there were noDominicans.In hot climates Augustinians tend to wear white habits as they are easily distinguishable with the Dominicans (i.e. without long scapular, rosary, etc.).

Charism of the Order of St. Augustine

edit

"The foundation of Augustinian life is life in common,"[29]with a contemplative dimension.

Provinces of Augustinians throughout the world

edit

Aggregated communities

edit

Other orders and groups belong within the Augustinian family either because they follow the Rule of Augustine,[30]exist as independent societies,[31]or have been formally aggregated through their constitutions into the worldwide Augustinian Order.[32]These are not counted comprehensively in this article only because the Catholic Church's system of governance and accounting makes just the numbers of ordainedclericsrelatively accessible and verifiable. Some of these include:

Augustinian lay societies

edit

The lay societies are voluntary groups, generally made up of people who are either married or single and have sympathy with, and interest in, the Augustinian approach to life. These lay people do not take monastic vows, but offer support to the work of the Augustinian Order in voluntary work, gifts of money and goods, and of study and promotion of St. Augustine and Augustinian teaching.

The primary among these are theThird Ordersassociated with the various branches of the mendicant Orders. These are the Augustinian Lay Community[35]and theSecular Augustinian Recollects.They make a formal and public commitment aslaityto follow as best as possible the life and charism of the Order.

Other associations which support the spirit and work of the friars and Sisters include: the Brotherhood of the Virgin Mary of the Belt[36]in Italy, the Friends of Augustine in the Philippines, and the Augustinian Friends[37]in Australia.

Devotional practices

edit
Our Lady of Good Counsel by Pasquale Sarullo

The particular devotional practices connected with the Augustinian Order, and which it has striven to propagate, include the veneration of the Blessed Virgin under the title of "Mother of Good Counsel" (Mater Boni Consilii), whose miraculous picture is to be seen in the Augustinian church at Genazzano in the Roman province. This devotion has spread to other churches and countries, and confraternities have been formed to encourage it.[38]Several periodicals dedicated to the honour of Our Lady of Good Counsel are published in Italy, Spain and Germany by the Augustinians. The Augustinians, with the approbation ofPope Leo XIII,also encourage the devotion of theScapularof Our Lady of Good Counsel.

Besides this devotion, the order traditionally fostered the Archconfraternity ofOur Lady of Consolation.Members customarily wear a blessed sash or belt leather in honour ofSaints Augustine,MonicaandNicholas of Tolentino,recite daily thirteenOur FathersandHail Marysand theSalve Regina,fast strictly on the eve of the feast of St. Augustine, and received Holy Communion on the feasts of the three above-named saints. This confraternity was founded byPope Eugene IVat San Giacomo,Bologna,in 1439, made anarchconfraternitybyGregory XIII,in 1575, aggregated to the Augustinian Order.

There are also a number of facilities dedicated to Mary under the titleOur Lady of Grace.The Canadian Augustinians operate theMarylake Shrineof Our Lady of Grace atKing City, Ontario;Our Lady of Grace Monastery is located in Nova Scotia.[39]

Saints and Blesseds

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^Besse, Jean. "Rule of St. Augustine." The Catholic EncyclopediaVol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907.This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
  2. ^McBrien, Richard. "Rule of St. Augustine", The Harper Collins Encyclopedia of Catholicism (1995). p.112.
  3. ^"Ordine degli Agostiniani Scalzi".Archived fromthe originalon 2012-03-26.Retrieved2012-08-03.
  4. ^"The Augustinians", Province of St. Thomas of VillanovaArchivedFebruary 17, 2015, at theWayback Machine
  5. ^"San Agustín".2008-02-14. Archived from the original on 2008-02-14.Retrieved2017-12-12.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  6. ^Augustine of Hippo, Confessions 10, 27
  7. ^Augustine of Hippo Sermons 336, 1 PL 38, 1472
  8. ^Sankt Florian boys' choir
  9. ^"Collection Items: Contributions from Augustinian Theologians and Scholars".digital.library.villanova.edu.Retrieved2017-12-12.
  10. ^abcdeHeimbucher, Max."Hermits of St. Augustine".Catholic Encyclopedia.Retrieved2017-12-12– via New Advent.
  11. ^abc"Augustine's Monasticism", The Order of Saint Augustine
  12. ^Ilko, Krisztina (2023). "Forging the Augustinian Past: The Rule-Giving of St Augustine in a Duecento Gradual".Gesta.62(2): 95–126.doi:10.1086/723217.
  13. ^Ilko, Krisztina (2023). "Forging the Augustinian Past: The Rule-Giving of St Augustine in a Duecento Gradual".Gesta.62(1): 95–126.doi:10.1086/723217.
  14. ^Anthony Allaria."Canons and Canonesses Regular".New Advent.Catholic Encyclopedia.Retrieved2017-12-12.This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
  15. ^"History of the order", Stift Kloster Neuburg
  16. ^"Augustinians – Order of Saint Augustine".augustinians.net.Archived fromthe originalon 2019-07-07.Retrieved2017-12-12.
  17. ^Rule and Constitutions, Order of St. Augustine, Rome, Augustinian General Curia, 2008
  18. ^"Charism – Order of Saint Augustine".augustinians.net.Archived fromthe originalon 2017-07-05.Retrieved2017-12-12.
  19. ^See BONIFATIUS PP. VIII, Sacer Ordo vester, 21.I.1298; Inter sollicitudines nostras, 16.I.1302, en Bullarium, 44–45. 50–52. CLEMENS PP. VI, Ad fructus uberes, 19.VIII.1347, Ibid., 64–65. Lumen Gentium 45.
  20. ^Rano, Balbino,Augustinian Origins, Charism, and Spirituality,Villanova, Augustinian Press, 1994, 29
  21. ^Andrews, Frances (2006).The other friars: the Carmelite, Augustinian, Sack and Pied Friars in the Middle Ages.The Boydell Press.
  22. ^One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Augustinian Hermits".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 911.
  23. ^Webster, Douglas Raymund. "Williamites."The Catholic EncyclopediaVol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 30 May 2021This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
  24. ^"Jordan of Saxony",AugnetArchivedOctober 6, 2011, at theWayback Machine
  25. ^Ilko, Krisztina (2021). "Recovering the Augustinian Convent of San Salvatore in Venetian Candia".Journal of Ecclesiastical History.72(2): 276–279.doi:10.1017/S0022046920000755.
  26. ^"Augustinian Saints, Blesseds, and Feast Days".Midwest Augustinians.Retrieved2017-12-12.
  27. ^"4044: from 1878 to 1902 – 02".Archivedfrom the original on September 20, 2020.{{cite web}}:Cite uses generic title (help)
  28. ^"Roots of Augustinian Spirituality".Midwest Augustinians.Retrieved2017-12-12.
  29. ^"Charism", The Augustinians: Curia Generalizia Agostiniana
  30. ^"Priestly Society of Saint Augustine".2011-11-23. Archived from the original on 2011-11-23.Retrieved2017-12-12.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  31. ^Nicholas, Friar Shane."Our History".aihmfriars.net.Archived fromthe originalon 2017-12-13.Retrieved2017-12-12.
  32. ^"The Society of St. Augustine".The Society of St. Augustine.Archived fromthe originalon January 9, 2016.Retrieved2017-12-12.
  33. ^"Soeurs – Augustine de la miséricorde de Jésus".augustines.org.Retrieved2017-12-12.
  34. ^The Rule of Saint Augustine and the Constitutions of the Order of the Incarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament,New York: Schwartz, Kirwin, and Fauss, 1893, pp. 33–35.
  35. ^"Augustinian Lay Groups – Lay Community".augustinians.org.au.19 August 2006. Archived from the original on 19 August 2006.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  36. ^"Basilica di Santa Rita da Cascia: The Brotherhood".santaritadacascia.org.18 July 2007. Archived from the original on 18 July 2007.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  37. ^"Augustinian Lay Groups – Augustinian Friends".augustinians.org.au.19 August 2006. Archived from the original on 19 August 2006.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  38. ^Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute, Dayton, Ohio 45469-1390Udayton.edu
  39. ^Marylake

Bibliography

edit
  • Bibliography for the Augustinian official website
  • Augustine of Hippo, The Rule of St AugustineConstitutiones Ordinis Fratrum S. Augustini (Rome 1968)
  • The Augustinians (1244–1994): Our History in Pictures.Pubblicazioni Agostiniane, Roma, Italy.
  • Canning; R. (1984).The Rule of St Augustine.Darton, Longman and Todd.
  • Ebsworth, Rev. Walter (1973).Pioneer Catholic Victoria.Polding Press.ISBN0-85884-096-0.
  • Eckermann, Karl W. (1999), "Augustinians", in Fahlbusch, Erwin (ed.),Encyclopedia of Christianity,vol. 1, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, pp.164–165,ISBN0-8028-2413-7
  • Ilko, Krisztina (2023). "Forging the Augustinian Past: The Rule-Giving of St Augustine in a Duecento Gradual".Gesta.62(1): 95–126.doi:10.1086/723217.
  • Ilko, Krisztina (2021). "Recovering the Augustinian Convent of San Salvatore in Venetian Candia".Journal of Ecclesiastical History.72(2): 259–279.doi:10.1017/S0022046920000755.
  • Hackett; Michael Benedict (2002).A Presence in the Age of Turmoil: English, Irish and Scottish Augustinians in the Reformation and Counter-Reformation.Augustinian Historical Institute, Villanova University, Pennsylvania.ISBN1-889542-27-X.
  • Hickey, P. J. (1981).A History of the Catholic Church in Northern Nigeria.Augustinian publications in Nigeria, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.
  • edited by Martin; F. X. & Clare O'Reilly.The Irish Augustinians in Rome, 1656–1994 and Irish Augustinian Missions throughout the World.St. Patrick's College, Roma, Italy.{{cite book}}:|author1=has generic name (help)
  • Orbis Augustinianus sive conventuum O. Erem. S. A. chorographica et topographica descriptioAugustino Lubin, Paris, 1659, 1671, 1672.
  • Rano, Balbino (1994).Augustinian Origins, Charism, and Spirituality.Villanova, PA: Augustinian Press.
  • Règle de S. Augustin pour les réligieuses de son ordre; et Constitutions de la Congregation des Religieuses du Verbe-Incarne et du Saint-Sacrament(Lyon: Chez Pierre Guillimin, 1662), pp. 28–29. Cf. later edition published at Lyon (Chez Briday, Libraire, 1962), pp. 22–24. English edition,The Rule of Saint Augustine and the Constitutions of the Order of the Incarnate Word and Blessed Sacrament(New York: Schwartz, Kirwin, and Fauss, 1893), pp. 33–35.
  • Zumkeller, Adolar (1986).Augustine's Ideal of the Religious Life.Fordham University Press, New York.
  • Zumkeller, Adolar (1987).Augustine's Rule.Augustinian Press, Villanova, Pennsylvania.
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related toAugustinians.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augustinians&oldid=1250707214"