Wikipedia

BC Hydro

TheBritish Columbia Hydro and Power Authority,operating asBC Hydro,is a Canadianelectric utilityin the province ofBritish Columbia.It is the main electricity distributor, serving more than 4 million customers in most areas,[3]with the exception of the City ofNew Westminster,where the city runs its own electrical department[4]and portions of theWest Kootenay,Okanagan,theBoundary CountryandSimilkameenregions, whereFortisBC,a subsidiary ofFortis Inc.directly provides electric service to 213,000 customers and supplies municipally owned utilities in the same area.[5]As a provincialCrown corporation,BC Hydro reports to the BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Low Carbon Innovation, and is regulated by theBritish Columbia Utilities Commission(BCUC). Its mandate is to generate, purchase, distribute and sell electricity.

British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority
BC Hydro
Company typeCrown Corporation
IndustryElectric utility
Founded1961
Headquarters333 Dunsmuir Street
Vancouver,British Columbia
V6B 5R3
Area served
British Columbia
Key people
Chris O'Riley, President & CEO
ProductsElectricity generation,transmissionanddistribution
RevenueIncreaseCA$7.591 billion(2022)[1]
DecreaseCA$668 million(2022)[1]
Total assetsIncreaseCA$42.734 billion(2022)[1]
OwnerGovernment of British Columbia
Number of employees
6128(2011)[2]
Websitewww.bchydro

BC Hydro operates 32hydroelectricfacilities and twonatural gas-fueledthermal power plants.As of 2014, 95 per cent of the province's electricity was produced by hydroelectric generating stations, which consist mostly of large hydroelectric dams on theColumbiaandPeacerivers.[6]BC Hydro's various facilities generate between 43,000 and 54,000 gigawatt hours of electricity annually, depending on prevailing water levels. BC Hydro'snameplate capacityis about 11,000 megawatts.[7]

Electricityis delivered through a network of 18,286 kilometers of transmission lines operating from 69 kV to 500 kV, and 55,254 kilometers of distribution lines. BC Hydro has two majorintertie paths,with its system being interconnected to theAlberta Electric System OperatorviaWECCPath 1, and to theBonneville Power Administrationvia WECC Path 3.

For the 2013-2014 fiscal year, the domestic electric sales volume was 53,018 gigawatt hours, revenue wasCA$5.392 billionand net income wasCA$549 million.[8]

History

edit
Buntzen Lake Power Plant #1 in 1907 from BC Electric Company, a company which would ultimately become BC Hydro through legislative action.

BC Hydro was created in 1961 when the government of British Columbia, under PremierW. A. C. Bennett,passed theBC Hydro Act.This act led to the expropriation of the BC Electric Company and its merging with the BC Power Commission, to create the British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority (BCHPA).[9]

The BC Power Commission had been established with the Electric Power Act in 1945 byPremier John Hart.The mandate of the Power Commission was to amalgamate existing power and generating facilities across the province not served by BC Electric, and to extend service to the many smaller communities without power.[10]

In 1957BC Electric Companymoved from its Carrall Street headquarters to a modern 21 storey building on Burrard Street. In 1998, it was converted to condominiums and renamed theElectra Building.
A 1954Brilltrolley bus that has been preserved in a paint scheme adopted by BC Hydro in 1962. Note Hydro logo on front.

BC Electric Companybegan as theBritish Columbia Electric Railway(streetcar and lighting utility) inVictoria,VancouverandNew Westminsterin 1897. Power was generated by coal-fired steam plants. Increasing demand in theEdwardianboom years meant BC Electric sought expansion through developing Hydro power atBuntzen Lake,and later atStave Lake.Sensible growth and expansion of the power, streetcar andcoal gasutilities meant that BC Electric was a major company in the region.

Also about this time, sawmills and factories converted to electricity, further increasing the demand for electric power. BC Electric developed more hydro stations in the province. Similarly, small towns also built and operated their own power stations. More power transmission lines were also built. Dams and hydro-electric generating stations were built on Vancouver Island on thePuntledge,Jordan,andElkrivers in the 1920s.

By the time of theFirst World War,private cars andjitneyswere beginning to affect streetcar traffic. New dams were planned, including thediversion from the Bridge River to Seton Lake,nearLillooet,but theeconomic depression of the 1930shalted this business expansion. Also with the depression came an increase in the ridership, and a decrease in the maintenance of the streetcar system. In 1947, the BC Power Commission completed the John Hart Generating Station atCampbell River.In the early 1950s the ageing streetcars and interurban trains were replaced by electrictrolley buses,and diesel buses. BC Electric finally completed theBridge River Generating Stationin 1960.

In 1958, BC Electric began construction of the oil-fired (later converted to natural gas)Burrard Generating StationnearPort Moody.It opened in 1961 and operated only intermittently when needed. In 2001, it represented over 9% of BC Hydro's gross metered generation. The gas turbines at the Burrard Generating Station were decommissioned in 2016 to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and the plant continues to be used assynchronous condenserfacility.

On August 1, 1961, just days after company president Dal Grauer died, the BC government passed the legislation which changed BC Electric from a private company to acrown corporationknown as BC Hydro.

The new corporation's responsibility including running the portions of the BC Electric Railway route still operating, for mass transit operation of theVancouver trolley bus system(comprising a portion of the urban bus routes in Vancouver), as well as all the electric generation, transmission, and distribution operations.

In 1988, BC Hydro sold its Gas Division which distributednatural gasin the Lower Mainland and Victoria to Inland Natural Gas. Inland changed its name to BC Gas, and was sold and changed name again toTerasen Gasin 2003. In 2007 Terasen sold the gas operation toFortisBC.

In 1988, BC Hydro's remaining railway operations were sold to theSouthern Railway of British Columbia.[11]BC Hydro continues to own the railbed of the former BC Electric Railway interurban route through Burnaby and New Westminster (on which a portion of theSkytrainExpo Linewas built), as well as the railway from North Delta through Surrey, Langley, and Abbotsford all the way to Chilliwack (which continues to be operated by Southern Rail). A segment of the BC Hydro route through Langley is also leased toBC Railto link theCanadian National Railwaymainline,Burlington Northern Santa Fe,and theRoberts Bank Superport.[12]

In 2003 the BC government passed several pieces of legislation to redefine and regulate power utilities in British Columbia. The Transmission Corporation Act created theBritish Columbia Transmission Corporation(BCTC) as an independent transmission provider, but which only lasted until 2010 until being re-merged back into BC Hydro.

Also in 2003, BC Hydro privatized and outsourced many of its support functions, including 1540 of its employees in its Customer Service, Westech IT Services, Network Computer Services, Human Resources, Financial Systems, Purchasing, and Building and Office Services groups. These services were first outsourced toAccenture,[13]and later toTelusandFujitsu.

Modern era

edit
Revelstoke Damon Columbia River, BC

Between 1960 and 1980, BC Hydro completed six largehydro-electricgenerating projects. The first large dam was built on thePeace RivernearHudson's Hope.TheW. A. C. Bennett Damwas built to create an energy reservoir for the Gordon M. Shrum Generating Station, which has a capacity of 2,730 Megawatts of electric power and generated 13,810 gigawatt-hours of electricity per year on average 2012–16. When it was completed in 1968, the dam was the largest earth-fill structure ever built. TheWilliston Lakereservoir is the largest lake in British Columbia. A second smaller concrete dam was later built downstream, closer to Hudson's Hope for thePeace Canyon Generating Stationwhich was completed in 1980.

Under the terms of theColumbia RiverTreaty with the US, BC Hydro built a number of dams and hydro-electric generating stations including two large projects atMicaandRevelstokeon the Columbia River. TheKeenleyside Damon the Columbia River north of Castlegar and theDuncan Damnorth of Kootenay Lake were also built under the same treaty and are used mainly for water control. Two generators were installed at Keenleyside in 2002, though these are owned and operated by theColumbia Power Corporation(a separate Crown Corporation).Kootenay Canal Generating Stationon theKootenay Riverbetween Nelson and Castlegar was completed in 1976. TheSeven Mile Damand Generating Station on thePend d'Oreille Rivernear Trail were completed in 1979.

TheHugh Keenleyside Dam(left) was completed in 1968. The Arrow Lakes Generating Station (right) was added in 2002.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s BC Hydro investigated the feasibility of geothermal power production atMeager Creek,north ofPemberton.They concluded from their testing that the underground rock wasn't permeable enough to justify large-scale production of electricity.[14]Around the same time, BC Hydro initiated a project to develop a coal-fired thermal generating station atHat Creeknear Cache Creek, but abandoned the effort in 1981 due to strong environmental opposition.[15]

In 1989 the Power Smart and Resource Smart programs were initiated by BC Hydro to promote energy conservation as an alternative to the cost of creating new generating facilities. Since 2001, BC Hydro has focused on its conservation andenergy efficiencyprograms, re-investing in its existing facilities, and purchasing clean,renewable energyfromIndependent Power Producers.According to the "British Columbia Energy Plan",[16]released in 2007, BC Hydro must ensure that clean or renewable electricity generation continues to account for at least 90 percent of total generation. As of 2014, 97 percent of BC Hydro's electricity generation comes from clean or renewable sources and this generation only emits 730,000 tonnes of CO2annually from thermal plants.[17]

Organization and financial performance

edit
Headquarters inVancouver.

In 1980 the BC Government established theBC Utilities Commission(BCUC) to regulate public energy utilities and to act as an independent, quasi-judicial regulatory agency regarding energy rates. BC Hydro's operations are overseen by this commission, and governed through an Electric Tariff and an Open Access Transmission Tariff.

Site C Dam

edit

While BC Hydro initially looked atSite Con the Peace River near Fort St. John in the late 1950s, it wasn't until 1982 that it submitted aSite Cdevelopment project to theBritish Columbia Utilities Commission(BCUC). It was turned down by the BCUC at that time.[citation needed]Another attempt to revive it in the 1990s was blocked by environmental concerns.[18]In 2004 the BC government's Energy Plan[19]instructed BC Hydro to begin discussions with First Nations, the Province of Alberta and communities to discussSite Cas a future option.[20]In May 2014, a federal-provincial Joint Review Panel released a report into the project's environmental, economic, social, heritage, and health effects.[21]A notice of Site C construction commencing in 2015 was issued July 2015.[22]Revelstoke Dam built in 1984 was the last new dam built by BC Hydro.

Independent Power Producers

edit
BC Hydro high voltage transmission lines inCoquitlam

The BC Hydro Public Power Legacy and Heritage Contract Act requires BC Hydro to meet the province's future needs for power through private developers. These acts have allowedIndependent Power Producers(IPPs) to sell power to BC Hydro, which is required by law to buy it from them even at a loss.[23]In 2011 BC Hydro spent $567.4 million on electricity from IPPs. In 2013, BC Hydro had 127 Electricity Purchase Agreements in its supply portfolio, representing 22,200 gigawatt hours of annual energy and over 5,500 megawatts of capacity.[24]In 2013 those purchases will be $781.8 million in 2013 and $939.8 million in 2014, representing about 20% of domestic supply.[25][26]

Exports and Imports

edit

Through its interties, BC Hydro exports and imports electric power through its wholly owned power marketing and trading subsidiary,Powerex,which was established in 1988. Powerex also markets theCanadian Entitlementenergy from theColumbia River Treaty.[27]BC Hydro belongs to a power sharing consortium which includes electric utilities in Alberta, Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California. The flexibility of the interties contributes to system reliability, for example importing energy in low-water years, or importing when there is a system contingency. In 2013 British Columbia's minister of energy and mines, Bill Bennett spoke to why BC Hydro was agreeing to a $750 million settlement with California over claims Powerex manipulated electricity prices.[28]

Financial performance

edit
Financial data 2000-2022 (year ending on March 31)
millions of Canadian dollars [29][30][31][32]
2022[1] 2021[1] 2020[33] 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
Revenues 7,591 6,414 6,269 4,898 4,730 4,061 3,822 4,269 4,210 4,192 4,311 3,725 3,424 3,107 6,311 7,889 3,480
Net earnings 668 688 705 509 558 589 447 365 369 407 266 402 98 418 403 446 416
Plants, property & equipment 42,734 40,383 39,068 17,226 15,991 15,019 14,104 12,099 11,154 10,426 10,023 9,933 9,844 9,793 9,510 9,361 9,320
Net long-term debt 25,642 24,740 19,843 10,846 10,062 8,909 10,696 9,135 7,519 6,916 6,627 6,583 6,853 6,849 6,889 6,214 7,005
Retained earnings 6,994 6,326 5,638 3,369 3,075 2,747 2,621 2,221 1,865 1,783 1,707 1,688 1,634 1,609 1,529 1,459 1,385
Debt/Equity ratio 78:22 80:20 81:19 80:20 80:20 80:20 80:20 81:19 70:30 70:30 70:30 68:32 70:30 72:28 72:28 70:30 74:26

Renewable energy and conservation initiatives

edit
BC Hydrocharging stationinGrandview Heights, Surrey

BC Hydro'sPower Smartprogram encourages energy conservation among its residential, commercial, and industrial customers. The program also aims to promote energy saving retail products and building construction, and includes a "Sustainable Communities Program". Its in-house Resource Smart program is used to identify and implement efficiency gains at existing BC Hydro facilities. BC Hydro also practices energy conservation at its generating facilities through the continuous monitoring and efficient use of the water resources used to power its generators.

BC Hydro was committed by the BC government's Energy Plan to achieve electric power self-sufficiency in the province by 2016, with all new generation plants having zero net greenhouse gas emissions by the same year.[34]In 2013, BC Hydro released an Integrated Resource Plan which includes meeting at least 66 percent of the expected increase in electricity demand through increased energy efficiency.[35]

BC Hydro has also entered into energy purchase contracts with a new category of company created by special legislation, Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to buy electricity generated from intermittent renewable sources, mainly from small capacityrun of riverhydro and more recently, wind power, wood residue energy, and energy from organic municipal waste.[36]There has been some criticism of this policy on the basis that it will result in Hydro paying significantly higher rates to private producers than it would have if the power were self-generated.[37][38]

BC has a policy not to develop nuclear power.

As of July 2018, BC Hydro operated 58electric vehiclecharging stationsin the province.[39]

Cost of Electricity

edit

In November 2013 the BC Minister of Energy and Mines announced a 10-year plan that will keep electricity rates as low as possible. Increases during the first five years will be between 9 and 3 percent annually.[40]BC Hydro's profitability is affected by its large debt, estimated to reach five billion dollars by 2017.[41]

Smart Meters

edit

BC Hydro's Smart Metering Program in 2011 introduced the installation of Itron C2S0DSmart metersas mandatory.[42]In 2013 BC Hydro offered the Meter Choices Program for $20 to $30 monthly.[43][44][45]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^abcde"British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority - 2021/22 Annual Service Plan Report"(PDF).BC Hydro.Retrieved19 Nov2022.
  2. ^BC Hydro (2011)."LA1 Number of Active Employees, by Contract Type".Retrieved2013-02-18.
  3. ^BC Hydro (2019),BC Hydro quick facts(PDF),archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2021-06-27,retrieved2022-05-16
  4. ^Electrical | City of New Westminster.Newwestcity.ca. Retrieved on 2014-04-12.
  5. ^FortisBC,About Fortis BC,retrieved2011-06-30
  6. ^BC Hydro (July 17, 2014)."BC Hydro's System".Archived fromthe originalon 2013-04-19.Retrieved2014-07-17.
  7. ^BC Hydro (July 29, 2009)."Our Facilities".Archived fromthe originalon 2010-07-31.Retrieved2009-12-22.
  8. ^BC Hydro (2014).BC Hydro 2014 Annual Report(PDF).Vancouver.Retrieved2014-07-20.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^B.C. Hydro. Power Pioneers (1998).Gaslights to gigawatts: A human history of BC Hydro and its predecessors.Vancouver: Hurricane Press. p. 135.ISBN0-9698845-2-4.
  10. ^B.C. Hydro. Power Pioneers (1998),op. cit.,p. 73.
  11. ^SRY Rail Link WebsiteHistory - Southern Railway of British ColumbiaRetrieved 2024-10-12
  12. ^City of Vancouver ArchivesRailroad Map of Greater VancouverRetrieved 2024-10-12
  13. ^BC Hydro-Accenture Backgrounder
  14. ^"Energy Firms Propose Ethanol and Geothermal Plants in B.C."22 July 2004.
  15. ^"Archived copy"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2018-12-12.Retrieved2017-02-08.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^"British Columbia Energy Plan 2007"(PDF).December 2016.
  17. ^[1].Bchydro. Retrieved on 2014-07-20.
  18. ^Fawcett, Max (9 April 2010)."Must the 'Big Smoke' Always Get Its Way? - The Tyee".
  19. ^BC Energy Plan:http:// energyplan.gov.bc.ca/bcep/default.aspx?hash=7Archived2009-08-23 at theWayback Machine
  20. ^"Page or File Not Found"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-06-11.Retrieved2009-10-14.
  21. ^Agency, Government of Canada, Canadian Environmental Assessment (8 May 2014)."Canadian Environmental Assessment Registry - News Releases".{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^Re: Notice of Site C Construction Activities
  23. ^"Electricity Legislation".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-07-18.Retrieved2009-10-13.
  24. ^OVERVIEW OF BC HYDRO’S ENERGY PROCUREMENT PRACTICES
  25. ^Ferreras, Jesse."IPPs to cost BC Hydro almost $1 billion annually by 2014".Pique News Magazine.
  26. ^http:// bcbudget.gov.bc.ca/Annual_Reports/2013_2014/pdf/agency/bchydro.pdfpg7
  27. ^"Wholesale Electricity".Powerex.Retrieved2021-07-05.
  28. ^"Update 1-Canadian province settles California energy crisis case".Reuters.August 16, 2013.Retrieved2021-07-05.
  29. ^BC Hydro (2013),BC Hydro Annual Report 2013(PDF),retrieved2013-02-18
  30. ^BC Hydro (2011).BC Hydro 2010 Annual Report(PDF).Vancouver. p. 114. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2010-12-27.Retrieved2011-07-01.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  31. ^ BC Hydro (2009),op. cit.,p. 114
  32. ^BC Hydro (2004).BC Hydro 2004 Annual Report(PDF).Vancouver. p. 127. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2009-05-09.Retrieved2009-12-22.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  33. ^"British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority - 2019/20 Annual Service Plan Report"(PDF).BC Hydro.Retrieved23 July2021.
  34. ^The Province of British Columbia - Home.Gov.bc.ca (2009-01-15). Retrieved on 2014-04-12.
  35. ^INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLAN
  36. ^"BC Energy plan".Archived fromthe originalon 2012-03-15.Retrieved2011-06-30.
  37. ^Editorial: Hydro needs to get back to its roots,Vancouver Province, February 25, 2011
  38. ^"Private Power: PostMedia Sees The Light,Rafe Mair,The Common Sense Canadian(zine), February 28, 2011 ".Archived fromthe originalon March 3, 2011.RetrievedMarch 7,2011.
  39. ^"BC Hydro launches second phase of vehicle charging stations".CTV NewsVancouver.6 July 2018.Retrieved22 September2018.
  40. ^Mines, Energy and (26 November 2013)."10 Year Plan Means Predictable Rates as BC Hydro Invests in System - BC Gov News".Archived fromthe originalon 23 December 2014.Retrieved23 December2014.
  41. ^Hunter, Justine (27 October 2011)."Auditor General sounds alarm over BC Hydro accounting".The Globe and Mail.
  42. ^SMART METERING & INFRASTRUCTURE PROGRAM BUSINESS CASE
  43. ^"Page or File Not Found".Archived fromthe originalon 2015-02-12.Retrieved2014-12-23.
  44. ^"Majority of smart meter holdouts bow to BC Hydro".
  45. ^Meissner, Dirk (18 July 2013)."B.C. offers smart-meter alternatives in response to controversy".The Globe and Mail.
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related toBC Hydro.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BC_Hydro&oldid=1251974878"