Barbareñois one of theChumashanlanguages, a group ofNative Americanlanguages spoken almost exclusively in the area ofSanta Barbara, California.The closely relatedIneseñomay have been a dialect of the same language. A dialect of the Barbareño language was also "spoken atSan EmigdionearBuena Vista Lake"in the southern Central Valley. This dialect, called Emigdiano," was heavily influenced byBuena Vista Yokuts."[3]Barbareño lost its last knownnative speakerin 1965 with the death ofMary Yee.[1]Both Barbareño and Ineseño are currently undergoing processes oflanguage revitalization.[2][4][5][6][7][8]An Ineseño dictionary was published in 2007.[9]
| Barbareño | |
|---|---|
| Šmuwič | |
| Native to | California,United States |
| Region | Santa Barbara,Santa Ynez |
| Extinct | 1965, with the death ofMary Yee[1] |
| Revival | 2010 (Barbareño), 2003 (Ineseño)[2] |
Chumashan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:boi– Barbareñoinz– Ineseño |
| Glottolog | barb1263Barbarenoines1240Ineseno |
| ELP | Barbareño |
Language revitalization
editAs of 2013, the Barbareno Chumash Council is engaged in ongoing efforts to revive the language. Two of its members are language apprentices and teachers.[10][11]Wishtoyo Chumash Village, inMalibu, California,announced the opening of its Šmuwič Language School in 2010.[4][5]
Phonology
editConsonants
edit| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | |||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | p | t | t͡s | t͡ʃ | k | q | ʔ |
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | t͡sʰ | t͡ʃʰ | kʰ | qʰ | ||
| Fricative | plain | s | ʃ | x | h | |||
| ejective | sʼ | ʃʼ | xʼ | |||||
| aspirated | sʰ | ʃʰ | ||||||
| Nasal | plain | m | n | |||||
| glottalized | ˀm | ˀn | ||||||
| Approximant | plain | l | j | w | ||||
| glottalized | ˀl | ˀj | ˀw | |||||
Vowels
edit| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Open | e | a | o |
References
edit- ^abPoser, William J. (2004)."On the Status of Chumash Sibilant Harmony"(PDF).Ms., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Retrieved2010-09-22.
- ^ab"Chumash Culture".Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians.Retrieved2024-09-08.
- ^"Barbareño".Survey of California and Other Indian Languages.Retrieved2012-11-01.
- ^ab"Chumash Language".Wishtoyo Foundation.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-07-05.Retrieved2013-05-08.
- ^ab Moreno, Sarah Koyo (2011)."Our Ancestors are Happy: Chumash Language Learning at Wishtoyo".News from Native California.24(4). Archived fromthe originalon 2013-02-02.Retrieved2013-05-08.
- ^Chawkins, Steve (2008-04-20)."Chumash recover their 'alishtaha'n: Armed with a trove of scattered notes, linguist saves ancestral tongue from brink of extinction".Los Angeles Times.Retrieved2013-05-07.
- ^"Chumash Dictionary Breathes Life into Moribund Language".The Santa Barbara Independent.Archived fromthe originalon 2014-05-08.Retrieved2013-05-07.
- ^"Bringing Back the Samala Chumash Language".Channel Islands National Park.2010-04-08. Archived fromthe originalon June 26, 2013.Retrieved2013-05-07.
- ^Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians of the Santa Ynez Reservation, California; Applegate, Richard B., eds. (2007).Samala-English dictionary: a guide to the Samala language of the Ineseño Chumash People(1st ed.). Santa Ynez, Calif: Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians.ISBN978-0-615-13131-3.OCLC231862451.
- ^"Barbareno Chumash Council".Archived fromthe originalon 2013-08-22.Retrieved2013-05-08.
- ^"Funded Projects".Seventh Generation Fund for Indian Development.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-05-09.Retrieved2013-05-08.
Further reading
edit- Beeler, M. S. (January 1970). "Sibilant Harmony in Chumash".International Journal of American Linguistics.36(1): 14–17.doi:10.1086/465084.JSTOR1264477.S2CID145163145.
- Applegate, Richard. (1972).Ineseño Chumash Grammar.(Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley).
- Beeler, M. S. 1976. Barbareno Chumash: a farrago. In Langdon, Margaret and Silver, Shirley, eds. Hokan Studies: Papers from the 1st Conference on Hokan Languages held in San Diego, California April 23–25, 1970, pp. 251–270. The Hague: Mouton.
- Wash, Suzanne. (1995). Productive Reduplication in Barbareño Chumash. (Master's thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara; 210 + x pp.)
- Wash, Suzanne. (2001). Adverbial Clauses in Barbareño Chumash Narrative Discourse. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara; 569 + xxii pp.)
External links
edit- Barbareño languageoverview at theSurvey of California and Other Indian Languages
- "Barbareño / Chumash sound recordings".Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution.Retrieved2012-07-20.
- Chumash Barbareño,Smithsonian Archives
- Barbareño Chumash Names for the Body
- Samala Chumash Language Tutorial
- OLAC resources in and about the Barbareño language
- OLAC resources in and about the Ineseño language
- Ineseño basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
This article incorporatespublic domain materialfromBringing Back the Samala Chumash Language.National Park Service.