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Bergamo

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Bergamo(Italian:[ˈbɛrɡamo]ⓘ;Bergamasque:Bèrghem[ˈbɛrɡɛm]ⓘ) is a city in thealpineLombardyregion ofnorthern Italy,approximately 40 km (25 mi) northeast ofMilan,and about 30 km (19 mi) from thealpine lakesComoandIseoand 70 km (43 mi) fromGardaandMaggiore.TheBergamo Alps(Alpi Orobie) begin immediately north of the city.

Bergamo
Bèrghem(Lombard)
Comune
Città di Bergamo
The skyline of the old fortified Città Alta
The skyline of the old fortified Città Alta
Flag of Bergamo
Flag
Coat of arms of Bergamo
Coat of arms
Nickname:
Città dei Mille ('City of theThousand')
Map of the old walled Upper City of Bergamo
Map of the old walled Upper City of Bergamo
Location of Bergamo
Map
Bergamo is located in Italy
Bergamo
Bergamo
Location of Bergamo in Lombardy
Bergamo is located in Lombardy
Bergamo
Bergamo
Bergamo (Lombardy)
Coordinates:45°41′42″N9°40′12″E/ 45.69500°N 9.67000°E/45.69500; 9.67000
CountryItaly
RegionLombardy
ProvinceProvince of Bergamo(BG)
Government
• MayorElena Carnevali (PD)
Area
[1]
• Total
40.16 km2(15.51 sq mi)
Elevation
249 m (817 ft)
Population
(2018)[2]
• Total
121,200
• Density3,000/km2(7,800/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Bergamasque
Bergamaschi(Italian)
Bergamàsch(Eastern Lombard)
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
Postal code
24100
Dialing code(+39) 035
Websitewwwune.bergamo.itEdit this at Wikidata

With a population of around 120,000, Bergamo is the fourth-largest city in Lombardy. Bergamo is the seat of theprovince of Bergamo,which counts over 1,103,000 residents (2020). Themetropolitan areaof Bergamo extends beyond the administrative city limits, spanning over a densely urbanized area with slightly less than 500,000 inhabitants.[3]The Bergamo metropolitan area is itself part of the broaderMilan metropolitan area,home to over 8 million people.[4][5][6]

The city of Bergamo is composed of an old walled core, known asCittà Alta('Upper Town'), nestled within asystem of hills,and the modern expansion in the plains below. The upper town is encircled by massiveVenetiandefensive systemsthat are aUNESCOWorld Heritage Sitesince 9 July 2017.[7]

Bergamo is well connected to several cities in Italy, thanks to themotorway A4stretching on the axis between Milan,Verona,andVenice.The city is served byIl Caravaggio International Airport,the third-busiest airport in Italy with 12.3 million passengers in 2017. Bergamo is the second most visited city in Lombardy after Milan.[8][9]

Toponymy

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Inclassical Latin,the toponym is attested asBergomum,while inlate LatinBergame.The toponym in the localBergamasque dialectof the Lombard language is insteadBèrghem.There are various hypotheses put forward to trace the origin of the name of the city.[10]

Local historian and politicianBortolo Belotticompared the toponym to previousCelticand pre-Celtic names, of whichBergomumwould then only be the Latinisation; the wordbergin Celtic means a protection, fortification or abode. In the writings of early Roman period, the toponymBergomumappears to be associated withBergimus,the Celtic god of mountains or dwellings.[11]

Historian Antonio Tiraboschi argued instead that the toponym stemmed from theProto-Germanic language.The Bergamo toponym is similar to toponyms in various Germanic-speaking areas, and might be associated with *berg +*heim,or the "mountain home".[12]The hypothesis of a Germanic derivation clashes however with the absence of documents regarding Germanic settlements in the area prior to the settlement of theLombardswho settled in the northern part of the Italian peninsula after the collapse of the Roman Empire.[13]

The Città Alta

History

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Fortified Upper City of Bergamo
Native name
Città Alta di Bergamo(Lombard)
LocationBergamo, Natural Park of Bergamo Hills
AreaBergamo, Lombardy, northern Italy
TypeCultural
Criteriaiii, iv
Designated2017(41Session)
Part ofVenetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar
Reference no.1533
RegionEurope and North America

Antiquity

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Bergomum (as it was known in classical Latin) was first settled by theLiguriantribe of theOrobii,during the Iron Age period.[14]During theCelticinvasion ofnorthern Italy,around the year of 550 BC, the city was conquered by theCeltic tribeofCenomani.[15]

In 49 BCE, it became aRomanmunicipality, containingc. 10,000inhabitants at its peak.[16]An important hub on the military road betweenFriuliandRaetia,it was destroyed byAttilain the 5th century.

Middle Ages

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See also:Rule of the Dukes,Kingdom of the Lombards,andList of kings of the Lombards

From the 6th century, Bergamo was the seat of one of the most importantLombardduchies of northern Italy, together withBrescia,Trento,andCividale del Friuli:its firstLombard dukewasWallaris.[citation needed]

After the conquest of the Lombard Kingdom byCharlemagne,it became the seat of a county under oneAuteramus(died 816). An important Lombardichoarddating from the 6th to 7th centuries was found in the vicinity of the city in the 19th century and is now in theBritish Museum.[17]

From the 11th century onwards, Bergamo was an independentcommune,taking part in theLombard Leaguewhich defeatedFrederick I Barbarossain 1165. The localGuelph and Ghibellinefactions were theColleoniandSuardi,respectively.[citation needed]

Feuding between the two initially caused the family ofOmodeo Tassoto flee northc. 1250,but he returned to Bergamo in the later 13th century to organize the city's couriers: this would eventually lead to theImperialThurn und Taxisdynasty generally credited with organizing thefirst modern postal service.[citation needed]

Early modern

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After a short period under theHouse of Malatestastarting from 1407, Bergamo was ceded in 1428 by theDuchy of Milanto theRepublic of Venicein the context of theWars in Lombardyand the aftermath of the 1427Battle of Maclodio.

Despite the brief interlude granted by theTreaty of Lodiin 1454, the uneasybalance of poweramong the northern Italian states precipitated theItalian Wars,a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, also thePapal States,France,and theHoly Roman Empire.[18]

The wars, which were both a result and cause of Venetian involvement in the power politics of mainland Italy, promptedVeniceto assert its direct rule over itsmainland domains.

As much of the fighting during the Italian Wars took place during sieges, increasing levels of fortification were adopted, using such new developments as detached bastions that could withstand sustained artillery fire.[19]

TheTreaty of Campo Formio(17 October 1797) formally recognized the inclusion of Bergamo and other parts of northern Italy into theCisalpine Republic,a"sister republic"of theFrench First Republicthat was superseded in 1802 by the short-livedNapoleonic Italian Republicand in 1805 by theNapoleonic Kingdom of Italy.

Late modern and contemporary

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At the 1815Congress of Vienna,Bergamo was assigned to theKingdom of Lombardy–Venetia,acrown landof theAustrian Empire.The visit ofFerdinand Iin 1838 coincided with the opening of the new boulevard stretching into the plains, leading to the railway station that was inaugurated in 1857. Austrian rule was at first welcomed, but later challenged byItalian independentist insurrectionsin 1848.[citation needed]

Giuseppe Garibaldiconquered Bergamo in 1859, during theSecond Italian War of Independence.As a result, the city was incorporated into the newly foundedKingdom of Italy.[citation needed]

For its contribution to theItalian unificationmovement, Bergamo is also known asCittà dei Mille('City of the Thousand'), because a significant part of the rank-and-file supporting Giuseppe Garibaldi in his expedition against theKingdom of the Two Siciliescame from Bergamo and its environs.

Bergamo Upper Town andAlpi Orobiefrom the airport

During the twentieth century, Bergamo became one of Italy's most industrialized areas.

In 1907,Marcello Piacentinidevised a newurban master planthat was implemented between 1912 and 1927, in a style reminiscent ofNovecento ItalianoandModernist Rationalism.[citation needed]

The 201743rd G7 summiton agriculture was held in Bergamo, in the context of the broader international meeting organized inTaormina.[20]

The "Charter of Bergamo" is an international commitment, signed during the summit, to reduce hunger worldwide by 2030, strengthen cooperation for agricultural development in Africa, and ensure price transparency.[21]

In early 2020, during theCOVID-19 pandemic in Italy,Bergamo's healthcare system was overwhelmed by patients withCOVID-19.There were reports of doctors confronted with ethical dilemmas with too few ICU beds and mechanical ventilation systems.[22]Morgues were overwhelmed, and images of military trucks carrying the bodies of COVID-19 victims out of the city were shared worldwide.[23]Aninvestigative reportbyThe New York Timesfound that faulty guidance and bureaucratic delays rendered the toll in Bergamo far worse than it had to be.[24]

Geography

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Climate

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Climate data for Bergamo (1991–2020, extremes 1946–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.9
(71.4) 		22.7
(72.9) 		27.1
(80.8) 		31.9
(89.4) 		35.5
(95.9) 		36.3
(97.3) 		39.0
(102.2) 		37.9
(100.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		31.5
(88.7) 		23.0
(73.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		39.0
(102.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.8
(46.0) 		9.3
(48.7) 		14.2
(57.6) 		18.2
(64.8) 		22.9
(73.2) 		27.0
(80.6) 		29.6
(85.3) 		28.9
(84.0) 		24.2
(75.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		12.2
(54.0) 		8.0
(46.4) 		18.4
(65.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5) 		4.9
(40.8) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.1
(55.6) 		17.7
(63.9) 		21.8
(71.2) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.6
(74.5) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.1
(57.4) 		8.5
(47.3) 		4.0
(39.2) 		13.7
(56.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.2
(31.6) 		0.7
(33.3) 		4.3
(39.7) 		8.1
(46.6) 		12.3
(54.1) 		16.3
(61.3) 		18.5
(65.3) 		18.3
(64.9) 		14.5
(58.1) 		10.2
(50.4) 		5.0
(41.0) 		0.6
(33.1) 		9.0
(48.2)
Record low °C (°F) −15.0
(5.0) 		−20.1
(−4.2) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		1.7
(35.1) 		4.2
(39.6) 		8.9
(48.0) 		8.4
(47.1) 		5.1
(41.2) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−12.4
(9.7) 		−20.1
(−4.2)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 44.5
(1.75) 		49.8
(1.96) 		53.0
(2.09) 		79.5
(3.13) 		103.9
(4.09) 		103.3
(4.07) 		63.2
(2.49) 		92.1
(3.63) 		105.5
(4.15) 		103.0
(4.06) 		149.1
(5.87) 		61.5
(2.42) 		1,008.4
(39.70)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 5.1 5.3 5.8 8.4 10.0 8.0 5.0 6.4 6.4 7.8 8.4 6.4 82.7
Averagerelative humidity(%) 71.6 69.1 64.3 64.8 65.5 64.5 63.2 65.0 67.9 74.0 75.9 74.2 68.3
Averagedew point°C (°F) −0.8
(30.6) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		2.5
(36.5) 		6.0
(42.8) 		10.4
(50.7) 		14.1
(57.4) 		15.9
(60.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		12.6
(54.7) 		9.4
(48.9) 		4.7
(40.5) 		0.1
(32.2) 		7.5
(45.5)
Source 1:NOAA[25]
Source 2: Servizio Meteorologico (extremes)[26]

Cityscape

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Lower City seen from Upper City
Walled city scheme

The town has two centres:Città Alta('Upper City'), a hilltop medieval town, surrounded by 16th-century defensive walls, and theCittà Bassa('Lower City'). The two parts of the town are connected byfunicular,roads, and footpaths.

Upper city

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The Upper City
The Angelo Maj library

The upper city, surrounded by Venetian walls builtin the 16th century,forms the historic centre of Bergamo.[27] Walking along the narrow medieval streets, you can visit numerous places of interest including:

View of Bergamo Città Alta from Via Sudorno (2021)

Lower city

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Bergamo Upper City, Lower City and Bergamo Hills

The lower city is the modern centre of Bergamo. At the end of the 19th century,Città Bassawas composed of residential neighborhoods built along the main roads that linked Bergamo to the other cities of Lombardy. The main boroughs wereBorgo Palazzoalong the road toBrescia,Borgo San Leonardoalong the road toMilanandBorgo Santa Caterinaalong the road toSerio Valley.Borgo Santa Caterina is one ofI Borghi più belli d'Italia('The most beautiful villages of Italy').[28]

The city rapidly expanded during the 20th century. In the first decades, the municipality erected major buildings such as the new courthouse and various administrative offices in the lower part of Bergamo in order to create a new city center. AfterWorld War II,many residential buildings were constructed in the lower part of the city which are now divided into twenty-five neighborhoods:

Neighborhoods of Bergamo

The most relevant sites are:

Government

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See also:List of mayors of Bergamo

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
186144,765—
187142,662−4.7%
188144,291+3.8%
190152,482+18.5%
191164,422+22.8%
192172,260+12.2%
193180,050+10.8%
193686,788+8.4%
1951103,236+19.0%
1961114,948+11.3%
1971127,884+11.3%
1981123,383−3.5%
1991114,820−6.9%
2001113,038−1.6%
2011115,349+2.0%
2021119,476+3.6%
Source:ISTAT

In 2010, there were 119,551 people residing in Bergamo (in which the greater area has about 500 000 inhabitants), located in theprovince of Bergamo,Lombardy, of whom 46.6% were male and 53.4% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 16.79 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 23.61 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 17.88 percent (minors) and 20.29 percent (pensioners).[citation needed]

The average age of Bergamo residents is 45 compared to the Italian average of 43. In the eight years between 2002 and 2010, the population of Bergamo grew by 5.41 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 5.77 percent.[29]

Economy

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Bergamo is situated inLombardy,Italy's northern region where about a quarter ofthe country'sGDPis produced.[30]

Nowadays, the city has an advanced tertiary economy focussed on banking, retail, and services associated to the industrial sector of its province. Corporations and firms linked to the city includeUBIbanking group,Brembo(braking systems),Tenaris(steel), andABB(power and automation technology).

Culture

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See also:Accademia Carrara

Notable natives

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Gaetano Donizettiwas born in Bergamo in 1797. He's considered one of the most important composers of all time, best known for his almost 70 operas. Along withGioachino RossiniandVincenzo Bellini,he was a leading composer of the bel canto opera style during the first half of the nineteenth century and a probable influence on other composers such asGiuseppe Verdi.

Bergamo was the hometown and last resting place ofEnrico Rastelli,a highly technical and world-famousjugglerwho lived in the town and, in 1931, died there at the early age of 34. There is a life-sized statue of Rastelli within hismausoleum.A number of painters were active in the town as well; among these wereGiovanni Paolo Cavagna,Francesco Zucco,andEnea Salmeggia,each of whom painted works for the church of Santa Maria Maggiore. SculptorGiacomo Manzùand the bass-baritone opera singerAlex Esposito[31]were born in Bergamo.

The American electrical engineer and professorAndrew Viterbi,inventor ofViterbi's algorithm,was born in Bergamo, before migrating to the US during the Fascist era because of his Jewish origins. Designers born in Bergamo includeNicola Trussardiand the lateMariuccia Mandelli,the founder ofKriziaand one of the first femalefashion designersto create a successful line of men's wear.[32]

The physicistFausto Martelliwas born in Bergamo in 1982. Fausto Martelli is known for his fundamental contributions to the physics of liquids and glasses.

Sports

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Theater

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Gaetano Donizetti Theater

The main city theater is theGaetano Donizetti Theater;another historical theater is theTeatro Sociale[it],in the Upper Town.

More modern is the tensile structure that houses the "Creberg Teatro Bergamo"[33]with 1536 seats which make it one of the largest theaters in the province.

Another theatrical structure is the Auditorium in Piazza della Libertà. The building that houses the Auditorium was built in 1937 as the seat of the local Fascist Federation and known as the "House of Freedom".

Among the theatrical companies operating in Bergamo there are the TTB (teatro tascabile di Bergamo),[34]La Compagnia Stabile di Teatro,[35]Erbamil,[36]Pandemonium Teatro,[37]Teatro Prova,[38]Ambaradan and Slapsus,[39]Luna and Gnac,[40]the CUT (University Theater Center)[41]and La Gilda delle Arti - Teatro Bergamo.[42]

Education

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Further information:University of Bergamo,Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research,Accademia Carrara,andBergamo Conservatory

Transportation

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Airport

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Bergamo is served byIl Caravaggio International Airport5 km (3 mi) south-east of the town. The city is also served byMilan Linate Airport50 km (31 mi) south-west of Bergamo.

Motorway

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MotorwayA4is the main axis connecting the city with the east and the west of the country, to cities such asMilan,Turin,VeniceandTrieste.

Railway

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Bergamo railway stationis connected to Milan,Lecco,Cremona,Treviglio,BresciaandMonzawith regional trains operated byTrenord.The city is also served by three dailyFrecciarossaservices toRomeoperated byTrenitaliaand one operated byNTV.

Urban transport

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Transport within Bergamo is managed by ATB (Azienda Trasporti Bergamo) and includes a network of bus lines together with two funicular systems opened in 1887 ( "Funicolare di Bergamo Alta" ) and in 1912 ( "Funicolare di Bergamo San Vigilio" ). TheBergamo–Albino light railoperated by TEB (Tramvie Elettriche Bergamasche) was inaugurated in 2009.

Twolight raillines are currently in the planning stage:

  • Line 2 Bergamo FS - Villa d'Almè -San Pellegrino Terme
  • Line 3 Hospital-Railway Station FS-Trade Fair - Bergamo Airport

Religion

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Churches

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People

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Main category:People from Bergamo

International relations

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Twin towns − sister cities

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Bergamo istwinnedwith:[43]

Bergamo has a partnership with:

Consulates

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Bergamo is home to the followingconsulates:

See also

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References

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  1. ^"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011".Italian National Institute of Statistics.Retrieved16 March2019.
  2. ^"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018".Italian National Institute of Statistics.Retrieved16 March2019.
  3. ^"Urbanismi in Italia, 2011"(PDF).cityrailways.it(in Italian).Retrieved4 November2014.
  4. ^"OECD Territorial Review - Milan, Italy".[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^"Competitiveness and knowledge transfer"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 December 2008.Retrieved22 March2015.Competitiveness of Milan and its metropolitan area
  6. ^ISTAT
  7. ^Centre, UNESCO World Heritage."The city of Bergamo - UNESCO World Heritage Centre".whc.unesco.org.Retrieved2 November2017.
  8. ^"RSY Lombardia-Arrivals and nights spent by guests in accommodation establishments, by type of resort and by type of establishment. Total accommodation establishments. Part III. Tourist resort. Year 2012".asr-lombardia.it. Archived fromthe originalon 4 November 2014.Retrieved4 November2014.
  9. ^"Lombardia, Pil più alto in Italia Bergamo disoccupazione ai minimi"(in Italian).Retrieved11 October2017.
  10. ^"L'ETIMOLOGIA DI BERGAMO".LA BARBA DI DIOGENE.3 November 2013.Retrieved18 March2023.
  11. ^Mommsen, Theodor.Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum.p. 548.
  12. ^"Comune di Bergamo (BG)".comune.bergamo.it.Archived fromthe originalon 3 May 2014.Retrieved15 August2018.
  13. ^"Cosa vedere | AEGEE-Bergamo"(in Italian).Retrieved18 March2023.
  14. ^"Orobi nell'Enciclopedia Treccani".treccani.it(in Italian).Retrieved18 March2023.
  15. ^Battista Rota, Giovanni.Dell'origine e della storia antica di Bergamo(in Italian). p. 55.
  16. ^Bergamo, Visit."LA BERGAMO ROMANA • • Visit Bergamo".visitbergamo.net(in Spanish).Retrieved18 March2023.
  17. ^"Collection search: You searched for".British Museum.
  18. ^Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw,The Italian Wars: 1494–1559.Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2012.
  19. ^Max Boot,War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History, 1500 to Today.New York: Penguin Group, 2006.
  20. ^"G7 Agricoltura, approvata la Carta di Bergamo:" Zero fame entro il 2030 "".Repubblica.it(in Italian). 15 October 2017.Retrieved16 October2017.
  21. ^"G7, nasce la Carta di Bergamo: cooperazione, trasparenza sui prezzi e lotta allo spreco alimentare".BergamoNews(in Italian). 15 October 2017.Retrieved16 October2017.
  22. ^"Special Report: 'All is well'. In Italy, triage and lies for virus patients".Reuters.16 March 2020.Retrieved17 March2020.
  23. ^Bostock, Bill."Video shows Italian army trucks transporting coffins from Italy's worst-hit city to remote cremation sites because morgues can't cope with more coronavirus deaths".Business Insider.Retrieved15 June2020.
  24. ^"Behind the Curve: The Lost Days That Made Bergamo A Coronavirus Tragedy".The New York Times.29 November 2020.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved29 November2020.
  25. ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Bergamo".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Retrieved4 February2024.
  26. ^"Bergamo Orio al Serio: Record mensili dal 1946"(in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare.Retrieved6 March2015.
  27. ^"The city of Bergamo".UNESCO World Heritage Centre.Retrieved1 February2015.
  28. ^"Lombardia"(in Italian).Retrieved31 July2023.
  29. ^"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT".Demo.istat.it.Retrieved15 April2012.
  30. ^"European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU27
    GDP per inhabitant in 2006 ranged from 25% of the EU27 average in Nord-Est in Romania to 336% in Inner London "    .europa.eu.Retrieved8 October2017.
  31. ^"Alex Esposito".roh.org.uk.Royal Opera House.Retrieved25 February2014.
  32. ^Fox, Margalit (7 December 2015)."Mariuccia Mandelli, Italian Fashion Designer, Dies at 90".The New York Times.Retrieved4 January2016.
  33. ^"Il Teatro".Creberg Teatro Bergamo(in Italian).Retrieved13 June2022.
  34. ^"TTB - Teatro Tascabile di Bergamo".teatrotascabile.org.Retrieved13 June2022.
  35. ^"Home | Commedie musicali in dialetto bergamasco"(in Italian).Retrieved13 June2022.
  36. ^"Home".Erbamil(in Italian).Retrieved13 June2022.
  37. ^"Pandemonium Teatro – Pandemonium Teatro"(in Italian).Retrieved13 June2022.
  38. ^"::: Teatro Prova, spettacoli e laboratori per bambini e ragazzi::: Bergamo:::".8 March 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 8 March 2012.Retrieved13 June2022.
  39. ^"ambaradan".6 June 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 6 June 2018.Retrieved13 June2022.
  40. ^"Teatro a Bergamo".Luna e Gnac(in Italian).Retrieved13 June2022.
  41. ^"Centro Universitario Teatrale CUT Bergamo - scuola di teatro"(in Italian).Retrieved13 June2022.
  42. ^"La Gilda delle Arti - Teatro Bergamo".lagildadellearti.it.Retrieved13 June2022.
  43. ^abcdefgh"Gemellaggi e relazioni internazionali"(official website) (in Italian). Comune di Bergamo. 7 April 2006. Archived fromthe originalon 29 October 2007.Retrieved28 March2015.
  44. ^"Pueblo's Sister Cities Home"(official website). Pueblo, CO, USA: Pueblo Sister Cities Commission.Retrieved28 March2015.
  45. ^"Convenios Internacionales"(official website) (in Spanish). Cochabamba, Bolivia: Gobierno Autónomo Municipal de Cochabamba. Archived fromthe originalon 4 April 2015.Retrieved28 March2015.
  46. ^"Bergamo firma il gemellaggio con Olkusz"(in Italian). Comune di Bergamo.Retrieved31 March2015.
  47. ^Clemens Flach (21 October 2022)."Bergamo wird Partnerstadt"(in German). Stadt Ludwigsburg.Retrieved22 March2023.
  48. ^"Міста-побратими | Офіційний сайт Бучанської міської ради".bucha-rada.gov.ua(in Ukrainian).Retrieved25 June2023.
  49. ^"Posadas y sus hermanas"(in Spanish). Primera Edición. Archived fromthe originalon 2 April 2015.Retrieved28 March2015.
  50. ^Consolato Onorario della BOLIVIA "Easydiplomacy"Archived1 January 2012 at theWayback Machine
  51. ^"Rappresentanze svizzera in Italia".eda.admin.ch.

Further reading

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For a more comprehensive list, seeTimeline of Bergamo § Bibliography.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related toBergamo.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide forBergamo.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bergamo&oldid=1257565273"