Wikipedia

Bhopal

This article is about the city in Madhya Pradesh, India. For other uses, seeBhopal (disambiguation).

Bhopal(/boʊˈpɑːl/;ISO:Bhōpāla,Hindi:[bʱoːpaːl]ⓘ) is thecapitalcity of theIndian stateofMadhya Pradeshand the administrative headquarters of bothBhopal districtandBhopal division.[10][11]It is known as theCity of Lakes,[12]due to presence of various natural and artificial lakes near the city boundary. It is also one of the greenest cities in India.[13]It is the16th largest cityin India and 131st[14]in the world. After the formation of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal was part of the Sehore district. It was bifurcated in 1972 and a new district, Bhopal, was formed. Flourishing around 1707, the city was the capital of the formerBhopal State,aprincely stateof the British ruled by theNawabs of Bhopaluntil India's independence in 1947. India achieved independence on 15 August 1947. Bhopal was one of the last states to sign the ‘Instrument of Accession’. The ruler of Bhopal acceded to the Indian government, and Bhopal became an Indian state on 1 May 1949. Sindhi refugees from Pakistan were accommodated in Bairagarh, a western suburb of Bhopal.

Bhopal
Bhōpāla(Hindi)
Metropolis
(from top to bottom)Bhojtaal,Tribal Museum Bhopal,Van Vihar National Park,Museum of Man,Taj-ul-Masajid,Rani Kamlapati Railway Station
Official logo of Bhopal
Logo of Bhopal Smart City
Nickname:
The City of Lakes
Bhopal is located in Madhya Pradesh
Bhopal
Bhopal
Bhopal is located in India
Bhopal
Bhopal
Coordinates:23°15′35.6″N77°24′45.4″E/ 23.259889°N 77.412611°E/23.259889; 77.412611[1]
CountryIndia
StateMadhya Pradesh
DistrictBhopal
RegionBhopal Division
Ward85 wards[1]
Named forRaja Bhoja
Government
• TypeMayor–Council
• BodyBhopal Municipal Corporation
•MayorMalti Rai(BJP)
•Member of ParliamentAlok Sharma(BJP)
Area
[2][3][4]
463 km2(179 sq mi)
• Metro
[5]
648.24 km2(250.29 sq mi)
Elevation
518.73 m (1,701.87 ft)
Population
(2011)[4]
1,798,218
• Rank20th
• Density3,900/km2(10,000/sq mi)
•Metro

(Bhopal + Arera Colony + Berasia urban areas)
1,917,051
• Metro density3,000/km2(7,700/sq mi)
• Metro rank
18th
DemonymBhopali
Time zoneUTC+5:30(IST)
Pincode
462001 to 462050
Telephone0755
Vehicle registrationMP-04
Per capita GDP$2,087 or ₹1.47 lakh[6]
GDP Nominal(Bhopal District)₹44,175 crore(US$5.1 billion) (2020–21)[7]
Official languageHindi
Literacy Rate (2011)80.37%[8]
Precipitation1,123.1 millimetres (44.22 in)
Avg. high temperature31.7 °C (89.1 °F)
Avg. low temperature18.6 °C (65.5 °F)
HDI(2016)0.77 (High)[9]
Websitebhopal.nic.in

bhopal.city

smartbhopal.city

Bhopal has a strong economic base with many large and medium industries. Bhopal, along withIndore,is one the central financial and economic pillars of Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal's GDP (nominal) was estimated atINR44,175 crores (2020–21) by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Madhya Pradesh. AY-class city,[15]Bhopal houses various educational and research institutions and installations of national importance, includingISRO'sMaster Control Facility,[16]BHELandAMPRI.Bhopal is home to a large number ofinstitutes of National Importancein India, namely,IISER,MANIT,SPA,AIIMS,NLIU,IIFM,NIFT,NIDMPandIIIT(currently functioning from a temporary campus insideMANIT).

Bhopal city also hasRegional Science Centre, Bhopal,one of the constituent units of theNational Council of Science Museums(NCSM).

The city attracted international attention in December 1984 after theBhopal disaster,when aUnion Carbidepesticide manufacturing plant (now owned byDow Chemical Company) leaked a mixture of deadly gases composed mainly ofmethyl isocyanate,leading to the worst industrial disaster in history.[17]The Bhopal disaster continues to be a part of the socio-political debate and a logistical challenge for the people of Bhopal.[18]

Bhopal was selected as one of the first twenty Indian cities (the first phase) to be developed as asmart citytheSmart Cities Mission.[19]Bhopal was also rated as the cleanest state capital city in India for three consecutive years, 2017, 2018, and 2019.[20]Bhopal has also been awarded a 5-star Garbage Free City (GFC) rating, making it the cleanest State capital in the country in 2023.[21]

Etymology

edit

Bhopal is named after the legendary ancient kingRaja Bhoja,with 'Bho' possibly originating from his name. Additionally, 'Pal' signifies 'dam' or 'reservoir,' reflecting the city's abundance of lakes. Therefore, Bhopal's etymology suggests it may mean 'City of Raja Bhoja' or 'City of Lakes,' owing to its historical association with the king and its numerous water bodies.[22]

History

edit

Early history

edit
Bhopal was founded by and named after 11th-centuryMalwakingBhoja

According to folklore, Bhopal was founded in the 11th century by theParamarakingBhoja,who ruled from his capital atDhar.This theory states that Bhopal was originally known as Bhojpal after a dam (pal) constructed by the king's minister.[4]An alternative theory says that the city is named after another king called Bhupala (or Bhupal).[23][24][25]According to yet another version, Raja Bhoj suffered from leprosy. His physician advised him to build a lake with water from 365 rivers and take daily bath in it. When such a lake was built, it was calledBhoj Tal[or Bhoj's lake]. Gradually people started calling the cityBhojpal,and finally Bhopal.[26]

In the early 17th century, Bhopal was a small village in theGond kingdom.The modern Bhopal city was established byDost Mohammad Khan(1660–1726) died at the age of 66,[27]aPashtunsoldier in theMughalarmy.[28]After the death of the emperorAurangzeb,Khan started providing mercenary services to local chieftains in the politically unstableMalwaregion. In 1709, he took on the lease ofBerasiaestate and later annexed several territories in the region to establish theBhopal State.[29]Khan received the territory of Bhopal from the Gond queen Kamlapati in lieu of payment for mercenary services and usurped her kingdom after her death.[30]In the 1720s, he built the Fatehgarh fort in the village, which developed into the city of Bhopal over the next few decades.

Maratha rule (1737–1818)

edit

The area of Malwa which also included Bhopal and nearby regions came underMarathacontrol after the combined armies ofMughal-Nizam-Nawabwere decisively defeated inBattle of Bhopal (1737)by the greatPeshwa Bajirao I.[31]

British rule (1818–1947)

edit

Bhopal became aprincely stateafter signing a treaty (During the reign of Nazar Mohammed Khan 1816–1819)[27]with theBritish East India Companyin 1818.[32]Between 1819 and 1926, the state was ruled by four women,Begums– unique in the royalty of those days – under British suzerainty.Qudsia Begumwas the first woman ruler (between 1819 and 1837), who was succeeded by her granddaughter,Shah Jehan.Between the years 1844–1860, when Shah Jehan was a child, her motherSikandar(only daughter of Qudsia) ruled as regent. Curiously during the1857 revolt,Sikandar supported the British, for which she was rewarded by proclaiming her as king in 1858. To give her further honour, she was given a 19-gun salute and the Grand Cross of the Star of India. The latter made her equivalent to a British person, who had been granted a knighthood. Thus she became, at that time, the only female knight in the entire British Empire besides Queen Victoria. Among the relatively minor rewards, a territory was restored to her, that she had earlier lost to a neighbouring prince.[26]

Sikandar ruled until 1868, when Shah Jehan succeeded her and was Begum until 1901. In 1901, Shah Jehan's daughterKaikhusrau Jahanbecame Begum, ruled until 1926, and was the last of the female line of succession. In 1926, she abdicated in favour of her son,Hamidullah Khan,who ruled until 1947, and was the last of the sovereignNawabs.The rule of Begums gave the city its waterworks, railways, a postal system, and a municipality constituted in 1907.[33]

Post independence

edit

Bhopal Statewas the second-largest Muslim-ruled princely state: the first beingHyderabad.After theindependence of Indiain 1947, the last Nawab expressed his wish to retain Bhopal as a separate unit. Agitations against the Nawab broke out in December 1948, leading to the arrest of prominent leaders includingShankar Dayal Sharma.Later, the political detainees were released, and the Nawab signed the agreement for Bhopal's merger with the Union of India on 30 April 1949.[34]TheBhopal statewas taken over by the Union Government of India on 1 June 1949.

Bhopal in 1984

edit
Main article:Bhopal disaster

In early December 1984, aUnion Carbidepesticide plant in Bhopal leaked around 32 tons of toxic gases, includingmethyl isocyanate(MIC) gas which led tothe worst industrial disaster in the world to date.

The official death toll was initially recorded as around 4,000. A Madhya Pradesh government report stated 3,787 deaths,[35]while other estimates state the fatalities were significantly higher (15,000)[17]from the accident and the medical complications caused by the accident in the weeks and years that followed. The higher estimates have been challenged by Union Carbide, however, medical staff in the city were not able to adequately record data due to the massive influx of patients. The impact of the disaster continues to this day in terms of psychological and neurological disabilities, blindness, skin, vision, breathing, and birth disorders.[36][37][38]Lawyers, academics and journalists have described the disaster as anecocide.[39][40][41]

The soil and ground water near the factory site have been contaminated by the toxic wastes.[38][42]The Bhopal disaster continues to be the part of the socio-political debate; the clean-up of environmental contamination and rehabilitation of those affected continues to challenge the people of Bhopal.[18]

The centre is seeking a direction toUnion Carbideand other firms for₹78.44 billion additional amount over and above the earlier settlement amount of US$470 million in 1989 for paying compensation to the gas tragedy victims.[43]

The site of the industrial accident is rusting since the day of the disaster and has not been cleared off completely either by DOW Chemicals or government authorities, the site is still storing large quantities of lethal chemicals in underground tanks and overground storages.

Geography

edit
Boats in Bhojtal

Bhopal has an average elevation of 500 metres (1,401 ft) and is located in the central part of India, just north of the upper limit of theVindhyamountain ranges. Located on theMalwaplateau, it is higher than the north Indian plains and the land rises towards theVindhya Rangeto the south. The city has uneven elevation and has small hills within its boundaries. The prominent hills in Bhopal are the Idgah, Arera and Shyamala hills in the northern region, together with the Katara hills in the southern region. There are 17 lakes and 5 reservoirs biggest of them areupper lake(Bada Talab) andlower lake.[44]The Upper Lake was built in the 11th century[45]and has a surface area of 36 km2and catchment area of 361 km2while the Lower Lake has a surface area of 1.29 km2and catchment area of 9.6 km2.[46]Recently, Bhopal Municipal Corporation came with a resolution to involve local citizens in cleaning, conserving and maintaining the lakes.[47]Bhopal city is divided into two parts where one part which is near the VIP and lake is Old Bhopal (north) and the other, New Bhopal (south), where malls are mainly situated. List of pin codes from Bhopal is 462001 to 462050 which comes under Bhopal postal division (Bhopal Region).[48]

Climate

edit
Bhopal
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
13
24
9
7.8
28
11
7.2
34
17
4.5
38
22
8
41
26
114
37
25
356
31
23
388
29
22
196
31
21
26
32
18
14
29
12
12
25
10
█Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
0.5
76
49
0.3
83
53
0.3
92
63
0.2
101
71
0.3
105
78
4.5
99
78
14
87
74
15
84
72
7.7
87
71
1
90
65
0.5
84
54
0.5
78
50
█Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█Precipitation totals in inches

Bhopal has ahumid subtropical climate(Cwa), with cool, dry winters, a hot summer and a humid monsoon season. Summers start in late March and go on until mid-June, the average temperature being around 30 °C (86 °F), with the peak of summer in May, when the highs regularly exceed 40 °C (104 °F). Extreme high in May was 46.7 °C on 19 May 2016, and in June, it was 45.9 °C on 7 June 2019. The monsoon starts in late June and ends in late September. These months see about 40 inches (1020 mm) of precipitation, frequent thunderstorms and flooding. The average temperature is around 25 °C (77 °F) and the humidity is quite high. Temperatures rise again up to early November when winter starts, which lasts up to early March. Winters in Bhopal are cool, and not very much comfortable like summers, with average daily temperatures around 18 °C (64 °F). The winter peaks in January when temperatures may drop close to freezing on some nights. Lowest temperature ever recorded was 0.6 °C. Total annual rainfall is about 1101 mm (43.35 inches).

Climate data for Bhopal (Bairaghar) 1991–2020, extremes 1949–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.0
(91.4) 		37.6
(99.7) 		40.7
(105.3) 		44.4
(111.9) 		46.7
(116.1) 		45.6
(114.1) 		41.2
(106.2) 		35.6
(96.1) 		37.4
(99.3) 		39.6
(103.3) 		35.3
(95.5) 		32.8
(91.0) 		46.0
(114.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 24.9
(76.8) 		28.4
(83.1) 		33.9
(93.0) 		38.7
(101.7) 		41.1
(106.0) 		37.4
(99.3) 		30.9
(87.6) 		28.9
(84.0) 		31.3
(88.3) 		32.7
(90.9) 		29.9
(85.8) 		26.7
(80.1) 		32.1
(89.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.6
(63.7) 		21.0
(69.8) 		26.0
(78.8) 		30.8
(87.4) 		34.0
(93.2) 		31.0
(87.8) 		26.9
(80.4) 		25.7
(78.3) 		26.6
(79.9) 		25.8
(78.4) 		22.3
(72.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		25.5
(78.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.6
(51.1) 		13.1
(55.6) 		17.6
(63.7) 		22.4
(72.3) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.0
(78.8) 		23.8
(74.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		19.1
(66.4) 		15.0
(59.0) 		11.2
(52.2) 		19.2
(66.6)
Record low °C (°F) 0.6
(33.1) 		1.7
(35.1) 		6.1
(43.0) 		12.2
(54.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		19.5
(67.1) 		19.0
(66.2) 		16.8
(62.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		11.7
(53.1) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.0
(33.8) 		0.6
(33.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 11.3
(0.44) 		9.4
(0.37) 		8.8
(0.35) 		6.5
(0.26) 		14.2
(0.56) 		132.8
(5.23) 		367.7
(14.48) 		326.0
(12.83) 		175.6
(6.91) 		31.5
(1.24) 		8.7
(0.34) 		8.5
(0.33) 		1,101
(43.35)
Average rainy days 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.2 7.3 14.4 13.9 8.1 1.8 0.6 0.2 50.7
Averagerelative humidity(%)(at 17:30IST) 42 33 24 19 22 46 74 79 66 45 43 43 45
Mean monthlysunshine hours 279.0 271.2 285.2 303.0 303.8 195.0 108.5 105.4 192.0 275.9 270.0 263.5 2,852.5
Mean dailysunshine hours 9.0 9.6 9.2 10.1 9.8 6.5 3.5 3.4 6.4 8.9 9.0 8.5 7.8
Source 1:India Meteorological Department(sun 1971–2000)[49][50][51]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[52]

Bhopal has been ranked 6th best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'.[53]

List of lakes

edit
Lighting for The City of Lakes in Bhopal
  1. Bhojtal(Bada Talaab/ Upper Lake)
  2. Chhota Talaab(Lower Lake)
  3. Shahpura Lake
  4. Motia Talaab (at Taj-Ul-Masajid, Shahjehanbad)
  5. Nawab Siddique Hasan Khan Talaab (First Step lake Below Motia Talaab)
  6. Munshi Hussain Khan Talaab (Second Step lake Below Motia Talaab)
  7. Lendiya Talaab (Ram Nagar Colony)
  8. Sarangpani Lake (Piplani, BHEL area)
  9. Manit Lotus Lake (Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology)
  10. Jawahar Baal Udhyaan Lake (Ravishankar Nagar, Below Char Imli)
  11. Bordi Kalan (Bhadbhada Road)
  12. Preet Nagar Lake (Vidisha Bypass Road)
  13. Nariyalkheda Golf Course Lake (SCEPTA Golf Course)
  14. Laharpur Lake
  15. Mullah Sarovar (Barkatullah University, Habibganj)
  16. Nevri Talaab (Ajgar Talav near Sanjeev Nagar)
  17. New Jail Pond (Ayodhya Bypass Road)
  18. Bairagarh Visarjan Ghat (Sant Hirdaram Nagar)

List of reservoirs

edit
  1. Kolar Dam
  2. Kerwa Dam
  3. Kaliyasot Dam
  4. Halali Dam
  5. Bhadbhada Dam
  6. Hathaikheda Dam

Demographics

edit
Religion in Bhopal City (2011)[54]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 69.20%
Islam
 
 26.28%
Jainism
 
 1.35%
Christianity
 
 1.12%
Buddhism
 
 1.08%
Others†
 
 0.6%
Population % by religion; †IncludesSikhs

According to the 2011 census, the population of the Bhopal city (the area under Bhopal Municipal Corporation) is 1,798,218, with 936,168 males and 862,050 females. The population of the Bhopal metropolitan area (theurban agglomerationthat extends beyond Bhopal city) was 1,886,100 in 2011.[55]The total effective literacy rate (for population aged 7+ years) was 85.24%, with male and female literacy respectively at 89.2% and 80.1%.[4]

Tourist Map of Bhopal

Government and politics

edit

Bhopal is the name of the division, as well as the district and the capital city of the district.[56]The division is headed by the commissioner and additional commissioner for the division.[56]The division has five districts, of which Bhopal is one.[56]Bhopal district administration is headed by the District Magistrate of Bhopal, who is the chief executive officer for the district.[57]

The city is represented in the parliament byBhopal Lok Sabha constituency,with Alok Sharma from theBJPelected in the2024 Indian General Election.Bhopal also houses the State Legislative Assembly, or theVidhan Sabha,which seats 230 members of Legislative Assembly. The sixteenth (and current) Vidhan Sabha was elected in December 2023.[58]As of June 2024,the party in the majority in Vidhan Sabha isBhartiya Janata Party(BJP) with 165 seats which is led byMohan Yadav.[59]Bhopal district elects 7 seats to the Assembly, and as per delimitation in 2008,[60]Bhopal city is represented in 6 constituencies:[61]

State assembly constituency Wards Councillor Political party
Bhopal Uttara 5–18, 22 Arif Aqueel Indian National Congress
Narela 39–42, 46, 56–58, 66 Vishvas Sarang Bhartiya Janata Party
Bhopal Dakshin-Paschim 26–35, 48–49 PC Sharma Indian National Congress
Bhopal Madhya 19–21, 23–25, 36–38, 43–45, 47–50, 50–52 Arif Masood Indian National Congress
Govindpura 53–55, 59–63, 65 Krishna Gaur Bhartiya Janata Party
Huzur 1–4 Rameshwar Sharma Bhartiya Janata Party

It is also part of the larger urban agglomeration of Bhopal, with a population of 1,883,381.[62]The first municipal body that governed the municipal population of the city came into being in 1907 in erstwhile Bhopal estate, and was called Majlis-e-intezamia ".[63]The first city survey was conducted in 1916 after the enactment of Municipal act.[63]Till 1956, the area under Bhopal Municipal limit was very small, after which surrounding villages were added to it.[63]By 1975, the municipal limit reached 71.23 square km.[63]Bhopal Municipal Council got the status of Municipal Corporation, with total of 56 wards in 1983.[64]

Civic administration

edit
Shivaji statue at Shivaji Nagar Square Bhopal

Bhopal Municipal Corporation(BMC) is the urban civic body which oversees the needs of Bhopal city.[63]The municipal corporation follows guidelines under the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1956,[65]as well as the Madhya Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1961.[66][67]In 2015, Kolar Municipal Corporation merged with it, after having been split from it earlier.[68]In 2019, it was announced that the corporation would be split again and a proposal was put forth to the urban administration and housing department, which was criticised by the mayor-in-council.[3][69]It also proposed for indirect election of the mayor.[70]

The municipal corporation is spread over an area of 463 km2(179 sq mi) and has a population of 17,95,648.[2][3][4][71]The city is divided into 14 zones and 85 wards for the purpose of administration, and each ward is represented by a councillor elected for a term of five years.[72][73]The winning party elects a council of members, who are responsible for various departments.[74]Ward committees as well as Mohalla committees have been prescribed by the corporation act.[75]In October 2016, thePioneerreported the meeting of one ward committee in the city.[76]Madhya Pradesh is one of the few states in India, which uses the Mayor-in-Council (MIC) system and hence the elected representatives of the Bhopal Municipal Corporation are also organised as MIC.[77]There are multiple municipal departments in BMC such as Health and Environment; Education, Social JusticeFood and Culture; Planning and Rehabilitation; Public Relations and Library; Fire Brigade and Transport; Power; Engineering; Revenue and Project; Accounting; JnNURM; M.P.U.S.P and General Administration.[78]

Elections held for 85 wards of Bhopal Municipal Corporation on 6 July 2022[79]As of September 2020, the reservation of wards has been decided.[80]The presentmayorof the city is Malti Rai.[81]In 2019, the state government changed the rules that had applied since 1988, allowing the mayor to be indirectly elected, by elected councillors.[82]V.S.Choudhary Kolsani is themunicipal commissionerof the city.[83]Additional municipal commissioner is Shashwant Singh Meena.[84]

The municipality receives income from tax collection, assigned revenue, rental income, fees and user charges, revenue grants, income from investment funds.[85]The budget for the year 2020–21 has been approved as ₹2,495 crore.[86]

Civic utilities

edit

Bhopal Development Authority is the apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Mandhya Pradesh, which consists of Bhopal and its influence area, and was set up in 1976 under the Bhopal Development Authority Act, 1974.[87]

Electricity in Bhopal is distributed by theMadhya PradeshMadhya Kshetra Vidyut Vitaran Company Limited, the central discom of the state.[88]It is regulated by the state electricity board, the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board (MPSEB), which is located in Bhopal.[89]Fire services are provided by the Bhopal Municipal Corporation.[90][91]

Bhopal Municipal Corporationis responsible for planning, constructing and maintaining the water supply system within the city.[92]Natural sources of water are surface water (upper lake, kolar reservoir, narmada river), with a significant portion of the population depending on ground water (tubewells, handpumps) as well as privately owned and unaccounted for dugwells and borewells.[93]According to a study done in 2014, piped water supply in the city covers about 6% of the population;[93]however, irregular and bad quality of water supply is a common complaint in the city.[94]

The system of solid waste disposal in urban areas is governed by the municipality under theMunicipal Solid Wastes(Management and Handling) Rules 2000. These rules have been framed under the Environment Protection Act, 1986.[95]The city of Bhopal generates 900 tonnes of solid waste.[96]As of 2018, only 1.5% of this waste is segregated.[97]While the municipality website states that door-to-door collection was started by BMC at each zone and ward level from 15 August 2013,[98]Free Press Journalhas reported in 2020 that the civic body has failed in the same.[99]Bhopal has 8 transfer stations, where the garbage collected zone wise is dumped, and without any segregation, the waste is transferred to the Adampur Chhawnilandfill site.[99]In 2018, after the National Green Tribunal (NGT) directed the BMC to clean dump atBhanpur,which activists claim is 80 feet high and has polluted ground water up to 500 metres below, the trenching ground was shifted to Adampur.[100]In 2019, it was announced that India's first e-waste clinic was being set up in Bhopal. BMC along withCentral Pollution Control Boardcame together to establish this clinic which will enable segregation, processing and disposal of waste, both residential and commercial.[101]In January 2020, the clinic was inaugurated for operations. It started initially as a three-month pilot and if the pilot is successful, the clinics will be opened in other places as well.[102]

As of 2017, the city of Bhopal produces 310 MLD of sewage per day, of which only 50 MLD is treated in the 7 Sewage treatment plants that have a capacity of 80 MLD.[103]Most of the sewage reaches water bodies, the Upper and Lower Lake, Motia Lake, Siddique Hasan Lake, Munshi Hussain Khan Lake.[95][104]There are about 800 large drains in Bhopal.[105]About 80% sewerage water mixes with storm water drains main drains include Patra, Mandi and Hataikheda, Jatkhedi.[106]

After a gap of 25 years, the state capital's masterplan 2031 was finally released in March 2020 by the Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Madhya Pradesh. The previous masterplan of 1995 was valid until 2005; and Bhopal had no masterplan between 2005 and 2020.[107]Bhopal Municipal Corporation was ranked 3rd out of 21 Cities for best governance and administrative practices in India in 2014.[108]It scored 3.7 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.[109]

Culture

edit
Bharat Bhavan Bhopal

Diwaliis a major festival in Bhopal. Gifts and sweets are exchanged and donation are made to the poor. Diwali is celebrated by worshiping the wealth goddessLakshmi.DuringGaneshpuja andDurga Puja(Navratras), idols of Ganesh and Durga are established injhankisthroughout the city. People throng to offer prayers to their deities. At the end of Navratras, on the day ofVijayadashami(orDussehra), huge effigies ofRavanare burnt in different parts of the city. Apart from jhankis, annual Durga puja is conducted in a huge way where large idols of mother goddess and pandals are installed and bhog is served. Several cultural programmes and other pujas like Kalipuja, Saraswati puja etc re also conducted.

Eidis also a major festival in Bhopal.Bhopal Ijtemais an annual Muslim world preachers congregation, is held at Eint khedi, 11 km from Bhopal. The annual congregation near Bhopal attracts between 5,00,000 and 10,00,000 Muslims globally.[110]

Architecture

edit

TheNawabs of Bhopalbuilt several structures including theTaj-ul-MasajidandTaj Mahal palaceinIndo-Islamicand European styles.

Bharat Bhavanis the main cultural centre of the city, and hosts many theatre and film festivals every year.[111]It has an art gallery, an open-air amphitheatre facing the Upper Lake, two other theatres and a tribal museum. The Bharat Bhavan as well as theMP Legislative Assemblywere designed by Charles Correa.

Economy

edit
BHEL Bhopal plant during monsoons.

Nominal GDP of Bhopal District was ₹44,175 crores for the year 2020–21 with a per-capita GDP of ₹1,40,729 as per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Madhya Pradesh).[7]

Bhopal's economy is primarily industrial and includes the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, automobiles, textiles, jewellery, and electronics. Other industries include cotton and flour milling, cloth weaving and painting, as well as making matches, sealing wax, and sporting equipment.[112]The residents of Bhopal also engage in large retail businesses. Handicrafts, likezardoziandbatua(a small string purse, usually used with Indian traditional dresses) are some of the products of the Old City.[113]

Bhopal is also home to theDB Corp,informally called the Bhaskar Group (named after its major publicationDainik Bhaskar), a ₹17 billion business conglomerate with a strong presence in media. Its head office is located in Maharana Pratap Nagar. While an IT Park, near Bhopal Airport, houses various software development companies and the city is expected to further enlarge its IT presence in near future with giants likeWIPROintending to establish software development centre in the city.[114]Other Software and IT companies established in the city include Sutherland Global Services, ISoft InfoTech, Soluzione IT Services, Netlink Software Pvt Ltd., Caresoft Inc India, Osmo IT Solution Pvt Ltd., and many more.

Manjul Publishing House,located in the old city, is a major publishing house made famous by the translation of theHarry Potterseries of novels intoHindi.[115]

Industries

edit
  • Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited,[116]the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in India, has a unit in Bhopal. It occupies a large area in the Eastern Part of the city and maintains a suburb named after it. A majority of the residents of the BHEL Suburb are employed by the unit.[117]Govindpura Industrial Area is a huge industrial zone situated in northern limits of the city.
  • Mandideepis anindustrial suburbof Bhopal. It is located to the south of the city on theNH 12.[118]Manufacturing units in Mandideep include HEG Limited, Procter & Gamble, Lupin Limited, Eicher Tractors, Insulators and Electricals Limited, Tafe Motors And Tractors Limited, B. S. Engineering Works, etc.[119]
  • Rapidly transforming industrial zones near Bhopal also include Bagroda AKVN,[120]Tamot Plastic Park[121]and Acharpura Industrial Area.[122]With the state government providing conducive environment for setting up of manufacturing units, the industrial zones have seen exponential demand from the investors to purchase the land which are provided at heavily subsidised prices.
  • Bhopal also has in its vicinity Badiyakhedi Industrial Area (Sehore), Pilukhedi Industrial Area (Rajgarh), Budhni Industrial Area (Sehore), Jamuniya Khejda (Raisen) and Mohasa Babai Industrial Area (Narmadapuram). The industrial areas have attracted huge investments with companies like Welspun Corp. Ltd, Vardhaman Industries, Trident Group, Lapp India, and Inox Air Products Pvt. Ltd. already operating manufacturing plants in various industrial belts.

Upcoming projects

edit
  • Bhopal also has many other mega projects lined up in its vicinity. In March 2022, Madhya Pradesh government announced the development of Bagroda Industrial Area Phase-2 after observing the immense interest of investors to set up manufacturing units near Bhopal. The government has also decided to developBerasiaIndustrial Area in Bhopal district, a site close to Jaipur-Bhopal Highway and Delhi-Gwalior-Bhopal Highway.[123]
  • In the sphere of IT development, a mega skill park with a total investment of more than ₹1,500 crores is being built in the eastern portion of the city. The Global Skills Park, Bhopal is a highly touted project of the Central and the state government which is being funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The Park is expected to be fully commissioned at the end of 2023.[124]While the IT Park near Bhopal Airport is eying investments of software companies including TCS and Wipro. IT startups of the city are already functioning in this area.
  • Bhopal is set to be a crucial intermediate city under the recently announced Delhi-Nagpur industrial corridor.[125]While a multi-modal logistics park has been proposed to take shape near Mandideep. NHAI has already prepared DPR for the upcoming ring road project between Obaidullaganj and Sehore with a cost of around ₹720 crores.[126]

Transport

edit

Air

edit
Raja Bhoj International Airport

TheRaja Bhoj International Airportis located near the suburb of Bairagarh (formerly known as Sant Hirdaram Nagar) and is the primary airport serving the state of Madhya Pradesh, India.[127]

There are three routes or ways to reach the airport: (1) Via Bairagad, (2) Via Panchvati, (3) Via Gandhi Nagar road (N.H 12). From within the city, VIP Road, a four-lane road takes one to the airport, which lies 15 km to the north of the city. International flights began operations in 2010. Air India, Spice Jet and Indigo operate domestic direct flight services. As of April 2023, Bhopal has non-stop flights to New Delhi, Mumbai, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Udaipur, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Mopa, Agra, Prayagraj and Raipur.[128] There are no international flights from Bhopal.[127]

Roads

edit
Kushabhau Thakre ISBT Bhopal
Bhopal VIP road

National Highway 46forms a ring-road around Bhopal which connects it toJabalpurin the East (viaNH 45) and Jaipur to the North west.NH 146,a branch ofNH 46,connects the city toSagarandKanpurin the North. State Highway 18 connects the city withIndore(withSehoreandDewason the way). State Highway 23 connects the city toGunaandBerasiain the north.

Aninterstate bus terminuswas inaugurated in 2011, theKushabhau Thakre Inter State Bus Terminalis located near theHabibganj railway station.[129][130]

Rail

edit
Old (left) and new (centre) main entrance buildings ofHabibganj railway station(officially Rani Kamalapati station)
View ofBhopal Junction railway station

Railways started in Bhopal in 1884 when the Bhopal–Itarsi section ofNew Delhi–Chennai main linewas opened.[131]

Bhopal Junction railway stationwas opened in 1884 and is a junction station on theDelhi–Chennai lineandUjjain–Bhopal section.A total of 234 trains halt/originate/terminate at the station daily.[132]Another station within Bhopal's urban limits isHabibganj railway station(Rani Kamalapati railway station) on theDelhi–Chennai line.It is India'sfirst private railway stationand also is promoted as first world-class railway station of India. A total of 108 trains halt/originate/terminate at the station daily.[133][134]Other stations within urban limits areSant Hirdaram Nagar railway station,Misrod railway stationandNishatpura railway station.

The divisional railway manager's office ofBhopal railway divisionis situated adjacent to Habibganj railway station. The division falls underWest Central Railway zoneofIndian Railways.[135]

Urban transport

edit

Bhopal BRTS

edit

TheBus Rapid Transit System,which opened in 2013, is run by Bhopal City Link Limited (BCLL). The company has identified 4 trunk and 8 standard routes in the city on which 225 buses would be operated daily from 05:00 to 23:00. 82 bus stops are built along the 24 km long corridor.[136]

On 26 December 2023, following a meeting at the state secretariat, theGovernment of Madhya Pradeshled by Chief MinisterMohan Yadavmade the decision to discontinue the BRTS project. The reason cited for the decision was the traffic problems arising due to the corridor.[137][138]

Metro Rail

edit

TheBhoj Metroproject is under construction for the city.[139][140][141]

Education

edit
See also:List of educational institutions in Bhopal

Basic education

edit
National Law Institute University

Bhopal has more than 550 state-sponsored schools, most of which are affiliated to theMadhya Pradesh Board of Secondary Education(MPBSE). In addition, there are fiveKendriya Vidyalayasin the city.[142]The city is also served by numerous other private schools affiliated to either CBSE,ICSE,MPBSE,NIOSandCIE(Cambridge).

Schools includeDelhi Public School, Bhopal(CBSE),The Sanskaar Valley School(ICSE &Cambridge International Examinations),[143]Campion School(CBSE),Shree Bhavan's Bharti Public School(CBSE) andSt. Joseph's Convent(CBSE).

Higher education

edit
IIFM arc

The institutes and universities headquartered in the city include:

Institute Founded
National Law Institute University 1997
AcSIRinCSIR AMPRI 2011
Gandhi Medical College 1955
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology 1960
National Institute of Design, Madhya Pradesh 2019
Barkatullah University 1970
Indian Institute of Forest Management 1982
Madhya Pradesh Bhoj Open University 1991
Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya 1998
Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication 1990
National Judicial Academy 1993
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal 2008
National Institute of Fashion Technology 2008
School Of Planning And Architecture 2008
VIT Bhopal 2017
Technocrats Institute of Technology,(TIT) Bhopal 1999
All India Institute of Medical Science 2012
Jagran Lakecity University 2013
Indian Institute of Information Technology 2017
RKDF University 2012
Maharana Pratap College Bhopal (MPGI) 2009
Rabindranath Tagore University 2010

Research Institutes

Bhopal offer a number of Research institutes. Some are under central and some under state government, includingCSIR AMPRIandIISER.

Sports

edit
Yodhasthal

Teams

edit

Bhopal Badshahsis ahockeyteam based in Bhopal that plays in World Series Hockey. The team is captained by Indian hockey playerSameer Dadand coached byVasudevan Bhaskaranwho was the captain of India's Olympic victory in1980 Summer OlympicsinMoscow.Badshahs defeatedChandigarh Cometsin the inaugural match of2012 World Series Hockey4–3.Aishbagh Stadiumin Bhopal is the home ground ofBhopal Badshahs.

Stadiums

edit

Places of interest

edit

World Heritage Sites

edit
Bhimbetka pre-historic rock cave painting near Bhopal include 500 sandstone caves and shelters. These are dated to range from 12,000 years ago tochalcolithicera of human history. They are aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site.[144]

Bhimbetka Cavesare about 35 kilometres from Bhopal city. They have evidence of dwellings of pre-historic man during the Paleolithic era. Rock paintings in the caves are specimens of pre-historic settlements in India. There are about 600 caves, but only 12 are open for visitors. The caves are located in the midst ofsalandteakforests and includes a short trail around the caves. They were discovered by Wakankar in 1957. UNESCO declared Bhimbetka Caves as a World Heritage Site in 2003.[145]

Sanchi Stupasare located about 47 kilometres from Bhopal city. The great stupa at Sanchi is probably the most iconic stupa ever built. It was initially built by the Mauryan emperorAshoka the Greatin the 3rd century BCE. Later additions were made during theShunga EmpireandSatavahanaperiods. There are two more stupas on the Sanchi hill along with the remains of Buddhist viharas, aGuptaperiod temple, etc. The site was into use till the 15th century CE.

Nature

edit

Van Vihar National Parkis a national park in central India. It is located in Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh. Declared as a national park in 1979, it covers an area of about 4.45 sq. kms. Although it has the status of a national park, Van Vihar is developed and managed as a modern zoological park, following the guidelines of the Central Zoo Authority. The animals are kept in their near natural habitat. Most of the animals are either orphaned brought from various parts of the state or those, which are exchanged from other zoos. No animal is deliberately captured from the forest. Van Vihar is unique because it allows easy access to the visitors through a road passing through the park, security of animals assured from poachers by building trenches and walls, chain-link fence and by providing natural habitat to the animals.

Bhoj Wetlandis aRamsar site,declared in 2002. It is ideal for bird watching. Migratory birds fromCentral Asiawinter here in huge numbers. Some threatened species likeSarus craneandwoolly-neckinhabit here in good numbers. About 300 species of resident and migratory birds have been recorded in the area.

Ratapani Tiger Reserveis located near the southern end of the municipal limits of Bhopal. It is home to more than 50 tigers. About 15 tigers are reported to be present in the urban area of Bhopal. Some tigers migrate about 100 kilometres westward toKheoni Wildlife Sanctuary.Bhopal is the only known example of wild tigers living within the city boundaries.[146]

Halali Damis located about 38 kilometres in the north of Bhopal. The huge backwater is home to many birds and attract many other migratory birds in winters. It is anImportant Bird Areadeclared byBirdlife International.

Apart from lakes, Bhopal also has many water reservoirs[147]in and around the city. These includeBhadbhada Dam,Kerwa Dam,Kaliyasot DamandKolar Dam.People of Bhopal mostly visit these places during weekends. The weather is pleasant during and post monsoon. These places are surrounded by greenery throughout the year.

Tourist attractions

edit

Tourist attractions in Bhopal:[148]

Tourist attractions near Bhopal:[148]

Activity centres

edit

TheMuseum of Manin Bhopal exhibits tribal and folk houses from all corners of India.[149]

Shopping

edit

TheNew Marketis a commercial area in Bhopal.[150][151][152]It is characterised by offices, new businesses and trade establishments.[153][154]Notable malls includeDB City Mallin MP Nagar,[155]and Aashima Anupama Mall.[156]Apart from New Market, people can go for shopping at Chowk Bazar[157]and Sarafa in Old City Area of Bhopal.

  • A view of the upper lake
  • Taj Mahal main entrance back side
  • Lower Lake
  • Taj-ul-Masajid gate

Notable people

edit

Politics, civil service, science

edit

Literature

edit

Sports

edit

Film, television and art

edit

Military presence

edit

The Military Station Bhopal holds:

The city also holds the Units of NCC of all the 3 forces:

  • The 4 MP Battalion (Army Wing)
  • The 2 MP Air Squadron (Air Wing)
  • The 1 MP Naval Unit (Naval Wing)

References

edit
  1. ^"History".Bhopal Municipal Corporation.Retrieved13 November2021.
  2. ^ab"BMC".Retrieved19 November2020.
  3. ^abc"BMC Plan".Retrieved19 November2020.
  4. ^abcde"District Census Handbook – Bhopal"(PDF).Census of India.p. 35.Archived(PDF)from the original on 7 August 2015.Retrieved22 September2015.
  5. ^"Cricket Exchange Live – Online Cricket Betting Casino".#.
  6. ^"District Domestic Product Per Capita".Retrieved8 January2023.
  7. ^abRecords, Official."Estimates of District Domestic Product Madhya Pradesh"(PDF).Department of Planning, Economics & Statistics, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh.Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Madhya Pradesh.Retrieved2 January2023.
  8. ^"Madhya Pradesh Literacy Rate 2021".indiacensus.net.Retrieved13 November2021.
  9. ^"The Madhya Pradesh Human Development Index"(PDF).20 March 2016. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 20 March 2016.
  10. ^Educational Britannica Educational (1 July 2010).The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places.The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 174–.ISBN978-1-61530-202-4.Archivedfrom the original on 23 May 2013.Retrieved15 April2012.
  11. ^Limaye, P. (2014). "Bhopal Accident: Release of MIC".Encyclopedia of Toxicology.Elsevier. pp.446–448.doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386454-3.00252-9.ISBN9780123864550.Bhopal, the capital city of the state of Madhya Pradesh, India, is the site that witnessed probably the world's worst industrial calamity.
  12. ^The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places.The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. 2010. p. 174.ISBN978-1-61530-142-3.Retrieved11 August2020.
  13. ^"MSN's 8 green cities of India – 7 – Bhopal".MSN India. 28 January 2010. Archived fromthe originalon 28 December 2009.Retrieved26 July2010.
  14. ^"The world's largest cities".City Mayors.Archivedfrom the original on 28 August 2017.Retrieved16 August2013.
  15. ^"Re-classification/Upgradation of Cities/Towns on the basis of Census-2011 for the purpose of grant of House Rent Allowance (HRA) to Central Government Employees"(PDF).Ministry of Finance – Government of India. 21 July 2015.Archived(PDF)from the original on 18 November 2017.Retrieved14 June2018.
  16. ^"ISRO Master Control Facility".Archived fromthe originalon 30 September 2007.Retrieved27 March2007.
  17. ^abTaylor, Allan (2 December 2014)."Bhopal: The World's Worst Industrial Disaster, 30 Years Later".The Atlantic.Retrieved13 January2021.Estimates of the death toll vary from as few as 3,800 to as many as 16,000, but government figures now refer to an estimate of 15,000 killed over the years.
  18. ^abGovernment braces for disposal of Carbide waste at PithampurArchived26 May 2014 at theWayback MachineThe Times of India, 21 May 2014
  19. ^"Why only 98 cities instead of 100 announced: All questions answered about smart cities project".28 August 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 19 January 2017.Retrieved25 November2016.
  20. ^Ayub, Jamal (6 March 2019)."Swachh Survekshan 2019: Indore cleanest city, Bhopal cleanest capital | Bhopal News – Times of India".The Times of India.Retrieved21 January2020.
  21. ^"Swachh Survekshan 2023: Bhopal ranks high in swachhata".Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, Government of India.Retrieved29 July2024.
  22. ^"History of Bhopal".District Bhopal, Government of Madhya Pradesh, India.Retrieved21 September2023.
  23. ^Pranab Kumar Bhattacharyya (1977).Historical Geography of Madhya Pradesh from Early Records.Motilal Banarsidass.p. 275.ISBN978-0-8426-9091-1.
  24. ^CPI joins campaign against naming Bhopal as BhojpalArchived23 November 2011 at theWayback Machine.Daily Bhaskar,16 March 2011.
  25. ^Ashfaq Ali (1981).Bhopal, Past and Present.Jai Bharat. p. xxix.Archivedfrom the original on 23 December 2016.Retrieved19 February2016.
  26. ^abZiya Us Salam (12 September 2022)."Of a female knight and the Begums of Bhopal".The Hindu.India.Retrieved12 September2022.
  27. ^ab"History of Bhopal | District Bhopal, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India".
  28. ^John Falconer, James Waterhouse (2009).The Waterhouse albums: central Indian provinces.Mapin.ISBN978-81-89995-30-0.
  29. ^Khan 2000,p. 11.
  30. ^Kamla Mittal (1990).History of Bhopal State.Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 2.OCLC551527788.
  31. ^New Cambridge History of India.The Marathas – Cambridge History of India (Vol. 2, Part 4).pp.125–126.
  32. ^Khan 2000,p. 68.
  33. ^"BMC History".15 May 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 12 April 2007.Retrieved12 June2007.
  34. ^S.R. Bakshi and O.P. Ralhan (2007).Madhya Pradesh Through the Ages.Sarup & Sons. p. 360.ISBN978-81-7625-806-7.
  35. ^"Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation Department, Bhopal. Immediate Relief Provided by the State Government".Government of Madhya Pradesh.Archived fromthe originalon 18 May 2012.Retrieved28 August2012.Immediate Relief Provided by the State Government: Compensation paid to family members of deceased victims (3787 deaths) at Rs. 10,000 per person: Rs.3.78 Crores
  36. ^Altaf Qadri (3 December 2009)."Victims of Bhopal Mark Anniversary".Time.Archived fromthe originalon 9 June 2011.Retrieved3 December2009.
  37. ^Lakhani, Nina (29 November 2009)."Bhopal: The victims are still being born".The Independent.London.Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2009.Retrieved30 November2009.Around 8,000 people are now believed to have died within the first 72 hours.... Another 15,000 are estimated to have died as a result of the gas exposure since then, often from painful and horrific damage to their lungs, heart, brain and other organs, according to Amnesty International.
  38. ^ab"Bhopal marks 25 years since gas leak devastation".BBC News.3 December 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 7 June 2010.Retrieved26 April2010.Initial deaths (3–6 December): more than 3,000 – official toll. Unofficial initial toll: 7,000–8,000. Total deaths to date: over 15,000.
  39. ^"Industrial disasters from Bhopal to present day: why the proposal to make 'ecocide' an international offence is persuasive – The Leaflet".theleaflet.in.17 February 2022.Retrieved21 June2023.
  40. ^Perinchery, Aathira (26 February 2022)."We're Killing the Environment, and There's a Word for It – Ecocide – The Wire Science".Retrieved21 June2023.
  41. ^Pereira, Ricardo (1 June 2020)."After the ICC Office of the Prosecutor's 2016 Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritisation: Towards an International Crime of Ecocide?".Criminal Law Forum.31(2):179–224.doi:10.1007/s10609-020-09393-y.ISSN1572-9850.S2CID254428084.
  42. ^"Subterranean Leak".Archived fromthe originalon 18 April 2010.
  43. ^"Bhopal gas tragedy: SC to hear Centre's plea for additional Rs 7,844 crore fund to compensate victims".The Economic Times.27 January 2020.
  44. ^"The City of Lakes:bhopal".5 July 2018.
  45. ^"Bhopal disaster | Causes, Effects, Facts, & History | Britannica".britannica.17 June 2024.Retrieved17 June2024.
  46. ^"Lake Bhopal Conservation and Management Project"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 30 January 2013.
  47. ^"Bhopal: In 2020 BMC resolves to work on parks, conservation of lakes & public participation".Free Press Journal.Retrieved29 January2020.
  48. ^"Pin Code Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Post Office".WebConte.
  49. ^"Climatological Tables 1991–2020"(PDF).India Meteorological Department. p. 21. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 1 January 2023.Retrieved1 January2023.
  50. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)"(PDF).India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M15. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 February 2020.Retrieved18 March2020.
  51. ^ "Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sunshine (hours) at different locations in India"(PDF).Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000).India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M-3. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 February 2020.Retrieved18 March2020.
  52. ^ "Normals Data: Bhopal/Baipaghar – India Latitude: 23.28°N Longitude: 77.35°E Height: 522 (m)".Japan Meteorological Agency.Retrieved1 December2022.
  53. ^"Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024"(PDF).Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024.7 September 2024. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 14 September 2024.Retrieved19 September2024.
  54. ^Baseline Survey of Bhopal District, Madhya PradeshArchived3 September 2013 at theWayback MachineMinistry of Minority Affairs, Government of India (2012)
  55. ^"Presentation on Towns and Urban Agglomerations".Census of India 2011.Archived fromthe originalon 14 March 2016.Retrieved13 March2016.
  56. ^abc"History | Bhopal Division | India".Archived fromthe originalon 16 November 2020.Retrieved10 November2020.
  57. ^"Administrative Setup | District Bhopal, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India".Retrieved10 November2020.
  58. ^"Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha".Archived fromthe originalon 8 May 2017.Retrieved8 March2007.
  59. ^"How the numbers stack up against Kamal Nath govt ahead of Madhya Pradesh floor test".India Today.20 March 2020.Retrieved25 March2020.
  60. ^"Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order – 2008".Retrieved6 November2020.
  61. ^"List of MLAs of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly 2018".Elections in India.Retrieved6 November2020.
  62. ^"Census India – UA"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 27 October 2011.
  63. ^abcde"Bhopal Municipal Corporation | District Bhopal, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India".Retrieved6 November2020.
  64. ^"History".Bhopal Municipal Corporation.Retrieved6 November2020.
  65. ^"Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1956"(PDF).janaagraha.org.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 11 September 2021.Retrieved6 November2020.
  66. ^"The Madhya Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1961"(PDF).indiacode.nic.in.Retrieved6 November2020.
  67. ^"Madhya Pradesh – Finance of ULB"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 19 August 2019.
  68. ^"Govt plans to divide Bhopal civic body into 2 corporations".Times of India.9 October 2019.
  69. ^Thakkar, Dhrumit (5 March 2018)."4 years after Kolar Municipal Council merged with Bhopal Municipal Corporation, the area is witnessing a much-needed infrastructure push".GNS News.Archived fromthe originalon 7 March 2018.Retrieved6 November2020.
  70. ^Ayub, Jamal (9 October 2019)."Govt plans to divide Bhopal civic body into 2 corporation".The Times of India.Retrieved6 November2020.
  71. ^"Census India"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 27 October 2011.
  72. ^"zonesofbhopalmunicipalcorporation – slumsbhopal".sites.google.Archived fromthe originalon 26 October 2020.Retrieved6 November2020.
  73. ^"Bhopal: Fate of 85 municipal wards to be decided today".Free Press Journal.Retrieved6 November2020.
  74. ^"Council".Bhopal Municipal Corporation.Retrieved6 November2020.
  75. ^"Municipal Corporation act 1961"(PDF).India code.nic.
  76. ^"BMC chairman holds ward committee meet".The Pioneer.Retrieved6 November2020.
  77. ^"Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 20 September 2018.Retrieved29 January2020.
  78. ^"Home".Bhopal Municipal Corporation.Retrieved29 January2020.
  79. ^"2022 Madhya Pradesh local elections From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia".Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.13 December 2022. p. 1.Retrieved13 December2022.
  80. ^"Bhopal: Municipal ward reservation, a litmus test for politicians".Free Press Journal.Retrieved6 November2020.
  81. ^Kumar, Sharad (13 December 2022)."Bhopal Mayor".Bhopal Municipal Corporation.Retrieved13 December2022.
  82. ^Gupta, Suchandana (25 September 2019)."MP cabinet approves amendment for indirect election of mayors".The Times of India.Retrieved6 November2020.
  83. ^"Telephones".Bhopal Municipal Corporation.Retrieved29 January2020.
  84. ^"Bhopal: BMC inks MoU with NTPC to turn waste into energy".Free Press Journal.Retrieved6 November2020.
  85. ^"Bhopal Municipal Financial Statement Balance Sheet 2019–2020"(PDF).Bhopal Municipal.Archived(PDF)from the original on 23 November 2021.
  86. ^"Bhopal Municipal Budget: नामांतरण नहीं कराया तो नगर निगम वसूल करेगा 10 से 15 प्रतिशत का अधिभार".Nai Dunia(in Hindi). 29 June 2020.Retrieved6 November2020.
  87. ^"About BDA Page".bda.org.in.Archived fromthe originalon 16 November 2020.Retrieved10 November2020.
  88. ^"Madhya Pradesh Madhya Kshetra Vidyut Vitaran Company Limited".[permanent dead link‍]
  89. ^"Madhya Pradesh: Expect electricity tariff hike sometime soon as power companies propose hike of 7%".Free Press Journal.Retrieved6 November2020.
  90. ^"Fire Brigade And Transport Department".Bhopal Municipal Corporation.Retrieved6 November2020.
  91. ^"Bhopal municipal corporation orders fire safety review of hospitals, Covid centres".The Times of India.10 August 2020.Retrieved6 November2020.
  92. ^"BMA-Sambhavna-Bhopal-Water-Report"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 11 December 2016.
  93. ^ab"Assessment of potability of different water sources at Bhopal city"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 7 August 2015.
  94. ^"Bhopal: Irregular water supply leaves many colonies high and dry".Free Press Journal.Retrieved6 November2020.
  95. ^ab"Water and sanitation in urban areas of Madhya Pradesh".washmatters.wateraid.org.Retrieved6 November2020.
  96. ^Parihar, Rajeev Singh; Ahmed, Sirajuddin; Baredar, Prashant; Sharma, Anil; Ravi Kiran, Tatavarthy (27 February 2018)."MSWM in Bhopal city: a critical analysis and a roadmap for its sustainable management".Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer.172(2):83–95.doi:10.1680/jmuen.17.00011.ISSN0965-0903.S2CID135033458.
  97. ^"In 'Swachh' Bhopal, only 1.5% waste segregated".The Times of India.21 August 2018.Retrieved6 November2020.
  98. ^"Health And Environment".Bhopal Municipal Corporation.Retrieved6 November2020.
  99. ^ab"Bhopal: BMC fails to ensure segregation of roadside waste".Free Press Journal.Retrieved6 November2020.
  100. ^"Adampur to become landfill site from Dec".The Times of India.8 October 2017.Retrieved6 November2020.
  101. ^Staff Reporter (4 October 2019)."India's first e-waste clinic to be set up in Bhopal".The Hindu.ISSN0971-751X.Retrieved29 January2020.
  102. ^"First e-waste clinic opens in Bhopal".
  103. ^"Waste water treatment in Bhopal".numerical.co.in.Retrieved6 November2020.
  104. ^"Bhopal: Lakes lose out to water pollution, poor sewer network".Free Press Journal.Retrieved6 November2020.
  105. ^"Bhopal: BMC begins to clean up drains ahead of monsoon".The Times of India.14 May 2020.Retrieved6 November2020.
  106. ^"Bhopal: BMC begins to clean up drains ahead of monsoon".The Times of India.14 May 2020.Retrieved6 November2020.
  107. ^Ayub, Jamal (6 March 2020)."After 25-year wait, Bhopal finally gets a masterplan | Bhopal News – Times of India".The Times of India.Retrieved6 November2020.
  108. ^"Home – Bhopal Municipal Corporation".Archivedfrom the original on 2 December 2016.Retrieved25 November2016.
  109. ^Nair, Ajesh."Annual Survey of India's City-Systems"(PDF).Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy.Archived(PDF)from the original on 19 March 2015.Retrieved6 March2015.
  110. ^"Ijtema".Archivedfrom the original on 11 January 2015.Retrieved21 April2019.
  111. ^"Film Fest Ekagra Begins at Bharat Bhavan".Dailypioneer.12 October 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 9 November 2017.Retrieved11 August2017.
  112. ^"Bhopal industries".Archivedfrom the original on 26 April 2008.Retrieved10 April2007.
  113. ^"Zari and Batua".Archivedfrom the original on 6 April 2007.Retrieved12 April2007.
  114. ^"Wipro Group to set up Software Development Centre in Bhopal".Free Press Journal.Retrieved13 September2021.
  115. ^Kumar Shakti Shekhar (10 July 2005)."Chamber of Secrets translated into Hindi".NDTV.Bhopal. Archived fromthe originalon 5 December 2008.Retrieved30 October2015.
  116. ^"Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited".Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited.Retrieved24 December2024.
  117. ^"Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Bhopal".bhelbhopal.Archived fromthe originalon 31 August 2012.
  118. ^"Association of Industries – Mandideep".mandideep.Archivedfrom the original on 28 February 2014.Retrieved16 June2014.
  119. ^"Bhopal: Mandideep industrial area reaps benefits of engaging locals".Free Press Journal.Retrieved13 September2021.
  120. ^"VECV commences production at Bhopal truck plant".Construction Week India.9 December 2020.Retrieved13 September2021.
  121. ^"To consolidate and synergize the plastic processing industry Government is setting up Plastic Parks with state-of-the-art infrastructure: Gowda".Odisha News.23 September 2020.Retrieved13 September2021.
  122. ^"आचारपुरा टेक्सटाइल पार्क और नर्मदा जल प्रदाय पाइप लाइन योजना का भूमिपूजन और लोकार्पण, 4 हजार लोगों को मिलेगा रोजगार".लल्लूराम.13 September 2021.Retrieved13 September2021.
  123. ^"budget: Fm Presents Please-all Budget With No New Taxes, No Relief In Fuel Prices".The Times of India.10 March 2022.Retrieved24 March2022.
  124. ^"Global skill park should be made of international standard; CM Chouhan conducts review and inspection".India Education.9 January 2021.Retrieved24 March2022.
  125. ^Tomar, Shruti (11 July 2022)."MP govt writes to Centre seeking change in industrial corridor route".HindustanTimes.Hindustan Times.Archivedfrom the original on 2 January 2023.Retrieved2 January2023.
  126. ^"New Ring Road for Bhopal".mediawala.in(in Hindi). Mediawala. 17 February 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 2 January 2023.Retrieved2 January2023.
  127. ^ab"Central Chronicle".centralchronicle.Archived fromthe originalon 17 November 2021.Retrieved17 November2021.
  128. ^"IndiGo to start a non-stop daily flight between Bhopal-Hyderabad and Jabalpur-Hyderabad soon".timesnownews. 29 November 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 3 December 2018.Retrieved2 December2018.
  129. ^"Interstare Bus Terminus".Archived fromthe originalon 26 May 2007.Retrieved16 March2007.
  130. ^"ISBT starts services, passengers face inconvenience".Daily Pioneer.2 September 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 23 April 2012.Retrieved16 April2012.
  131. ^"IR History: Early Days – II".Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899).Retrieved22 November2013.
  132. ^"238 Arrivals at Bhopal WCR/West Central Zone – Railway Enquiry".Indian Rail Info.
  133. ^"108 Departures from Habibganj WCR/West Central Zone – Railway Enquiry".Indian Rail Info.
  134. ^"Habibganj: Here is India's first private railway station".Business Today.7 June 2017.Retrieved26 April2022.
  135. ^"West Central Railway".wcr.indianrailways.gov.in.Retrieved24 April2023.
  136. ^"BRTS in Bhopal to be completed by Feb 2011, says Gaur".ZeeNews. 30 March 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 13 July 2010.Retrieved26 July2010.
  137. ^"Madhya Pradesh scraps Shivraj Singh Chouhan govt's Rs 360 crore Bhopal bus corridor".The Indian Express.28 December 2023.Retrieved17 August2024.
  138. ^"दिल्ली के बाद अब भोपाल की सड़कों से भी 15 साल बाद हटेगा BRTS, जानिए क्यों सफल नहीं हुआ बस कॉरिडोर प्रोजेक्ट".Aaj Tak(in Hindi). 28 December 2023.Retrieved17 August2024.
  139. ^"Bhopal Metro to be named after Raja Bhoj, announces Kamal Nath".Mint.26 September 2019.Retrieved9 November2019.
  140. ^"Bhopal Metro To Be Called" Bhoj Metro "After Indian King" Raja Bhoj ": Kamal Nath".NDTV.Retrieved9 November2019.
  141. ^"Bhopal, Indore to have Metro Rail soon".Thaindian News.Archived fromthe originalon 5 March 2013.Retrieved5 February2013.
  142. ^"KVS Directory | Kendriya Vidyalaya Sanghatan, Government of India".Kendriya Vidyalaya Sanghatan | Government of India.Government of India.Retrieved20 November2019.
  143. ^"Best ICSE School in India, Top 10 ICSE schools in India".sanskaarvalley.org.Archived fromthe originalon 26 March 2019.Retrieved20 November2019.
  144. ^Rock Shelters of BhimbetkaArchived8 March 2007 at theWayback MachineUNESCO
  145. ^"Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka".World Heritage Site.Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2007.Retrieved15 February2007.
  146. ^"City With Wild Tigers, Bhopal, M.P."urban tigers.Retrieved25 May2024.
  147. ^"DAMS in Bhopal".Retrieved12 September2021.
  148. ^ab"Tourist Place in Bhopal – District Bhopal, Government of Madhya Pradesh – India".bhopal.nic.in.Retrieved14 March2022.
  149. ^A House of Tribal Tradition- BhopalArchived9 May 2015 at theWayback MachineIndia Today
  150. ^Sirothial, Ankur (26 October 2016)."MANIT experts suggest ways to streamline New Market parking".Times of India.Retrieved21 August2017.
  151. ^Das, Kalyan (22 May 2017)."Bhopal: BMC's anti encroachment drive have little impact on New Market traders".Free Press Journal.Retrieved21 August2017.
  152. ^Bhowmick, Shilpa (30 November 2016)."Bhopal: An alternative New Market, Nadra Bus Stand".Free Press Journal.Retrieved21 August2017.
  153. ^Fortun, Kim (4 May 2009).Advocacy after Bhopal: Environmentalism, Disaster, New Global Orders.University of Chicago Press. p. 348.ISBN9780226257181.Retrieved21 August2017.
  154. ^Singh, Jogendra Prasad; Dharmajog, Anita (1998).City Planning in India: A Study of Land Use of Bhopal.Mittal Publications. p. 119.ISBN9788170997054.Retrieved21 August2017.
  155. ^"Bhopal: 40 security personnel neturalize 'terrorists', free 'hostages' at city mall".Free Press Journal.24 February 2021.Retrieved14 April2021.
  156. ^"Bhopal: Fire breaks out at Aashima Mall, no injuries".The Times of India.30 May 2019.Retrieved14 April2021.
  157. ^"Shopping in Bhopal: think local, go local".Retrieved12 September2021.
  158. ^Nagari, Akhilesh (6 September 2024)."IAS Tina Dabi appointed Barmer District Collector, husband posted 150 km away".India Today.Retrieved9 February2025.
  159. ^"Jai Prakash Yadav Profile".NDTVSports.Retrieved28 December2024.

Further reading

edit
  • Sinha, Indra (2007).Animal's People.Simon & Schuster.ISBN978-1-4165-7878-9.
  • Lapierre, Dominique (2002).Five Past Midnight in Bhopal.Warner Books.ISBN0-7432-2035-8.
  • Khan, Shaharyar (2000).Begums of Bhopal, A Dynasty of Women Rulers in Raj India(illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris.ISBN978-1-86064-528-0.
  • Singh, J.P. (1998).City Planning in India: A Study of Land Use of Bhopal.Mittal Publications, India.ISBN81-7099-705-4.
  • Shrivastava, Paul (1987).Bhopal: Anatomy of a Crisis.Paul Chapman, London.
  • Howgh, William (2006).A Brief History of the Bhopal Principality in Central India.Hesperides Press.ISBN1-4067-1225-6.
  • Mittal, Kamal (1990).History of Bhopal State: Development of Constitution, Administration and National Awakening, 1901–1949.South Asia Books.ISBN99903-0-915-9.
  • D'Silva, Themistocles (2006).The Black Box of Bhopal.Trafford Publishing.ISBN1-4120-8412-1.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhopal&oldid=1275708088"