Thevoiced bilabial nasalis a type ofconsonantalsound which has been observed to occur in about 96% of spokenlanguages.[1]The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨m⟩, and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol ism.The bilabial nasal occurs inEnglish,and it is the sound represented by "m" inmapandrum.Very few languages (e.g.Wyandot) are known to lack this sound. A small number of languages have been observed to lack independent nasal phonemes altogether, such asQuileute,Makah,andCentral Rotokas.[2]
| Voiced bilabial nasal | |
|---|---|
| m | |
| IPA Number | 114 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity(decimal) | m |
| Unicode(hex) | U+006D |
| X-SAMPA | m |
| Braille |  |
Features
edit
Features of the voiced bilabial nasal:
- Itsmanner of articulationisocclusive,which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is alsonasal,the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Itsplace of articulationisbilabial,which means it is articulated with bothlips.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anasalconsonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, thecentral–lateraldichotomy does not apply.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Varieties
edit| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| m | plain m |
| mʲ | palatalised |
| mˠ | velarised |
| mˤ | pharyngealized |
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| !Kung | m | [m] | 'eat' | ||
| Adyghe | мазэ/māză | [maːza] | 'moon' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[3] | مطابخ/maṭābiḫ | [maˈtˤɑːbɪχ] | 'kitchens' | SeeArabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[4] | մայր/mayr | 'mother' | ||
| Assyrian | ܡܪܐ/mara | [maːra] | 'owner' | ||
| Basque | maitatu | [majt̪at̪u] | 'to love' | ||
| Bengali | মা/ma | [ma] | 'mother' | SeeBengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | мъгла/mygla | [mɐɡla] | 'fog' | ||
| Catalan[5] | meu | [ˈmeʊ̯] | 'mine' | SeeCatalan phonology | |
| Cherokee | ᎠᎹ/ama | [ama˦] | 'water' | ||
| Cantonese | Miêu/Miêu/māau | 'cat' | SeeCantonese phonology | ||
| Chukchi | Mанэгран | [maneɣɻan] | 'tent' | ||
| Chuvash | манăн/manën | 'my' | |||
| Czech | muž | 'man' | SeeCzech phonology | ||
| Dutch[6] | mond | 'mouth' | SeeDutch phonology | ||
| Dhivehi | mas | [mas̪] | 'fish' | SeeDhivehi phonology | |
| English | him | 'him' | SeeEnglish phonology | ||
| Esperanto | tempo | 'time' | SeeEsperanto phonology | ||
| Filipino | manok | [maˈnok] | 'chicken' | SeeFilipino phonology | |
| Finnish | minä | 'I' | SeeFinnish phonology | ||
| French[7] | manger | 'to eat' | SeeFrench phonology | ||
| Georgian[8] | სამი/sami | [ˈsɑmi] | 'three' | ||
| German | Maus | 'mouse' | SeeStandard German phonology | ||
| Greek[9] | μάζα/maza | 'clump' | SeeModern Greek phonology | ||
| Gujarati | મોર/mór | [moːɾ] | 'male peacock' | SeeGujarati phonology | |
| Hawaiian[10] | maka | [maka] | 'eye' | SeeHawaiian phonology | |
| Hindi | मधु/mëdhu | [məd̪ʱuː] | 'honey' | SeeHindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hebrew | אמא/ima | [ˈʔimäʔ] | 'mother' | SeeModern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hungarian | ma | 'today' | SeeHungarian phonology | ||
| Indonesian[11] | masuk | [ˈmäsʊʔ] | 'enter' | ||
| Italian[12] | mamma | 'mommy' | SeeItalian phonology | ||
| Japanese[13] | Đậu/mame | [mäme̞] | 'bean' | SeeJapanese phonology | |
| Kabardian | мазэ/mazè | [maːza] | 'moon' | ||
| Kagayanen[14] | manang | [manaŋ] | 'older sister' | ||
| Kazakh | кеме/keme | [keme] | 'ship' | SeeKazakh phonology | |
| Khmer | ខ្មែរ/khmae | [kʰmae] | 'Khmer' | SeeKhmer phonology | |
| Korean | 마을/maûl | [mɐɯl] | 'village' | SeeKorean phonology | |
| Limburgish | moer | [muːʁ] | 'carrot' | Common. Example from theWeert dialect. | |
| Lithuanian | mama | [ˈmɐmɐ] | 'mom' | ||
| Macedonian | мајка/majka | [ˈmajka] | 'mother' | SeeMacedonian phonology | |
| Malay | malam | [mäläm] | 'night' | ||
| Malayalam[15] | കമ്മി/kammi | [kəmmi] | 'shortage' | ||
| Maltese | ilma | [ilma] | 'water' | ||
| Mandarin | Miêu/Miêu/māo | 'cat' | SeeMandarin phonology | ||
| Marathi | मन/mën | [mən] | 'mind' | SeeMarathi phonology | |
| Mutsun | muruṭ | [muɾuʈ] | 'night' | ||
| Nepali | आमा/āmā | [ämä] | 'mother' | SeeNepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | mamma | [ˈmɑmːɑ] | 'mom' | SeeNorwegian phonology | |
| Ojibwe | ᐊᓈᒥᒻ/anaamim | [ənaːˈmɪm] | 'accuse' | SeeOjibwe phonology | |
| Odia | ମା/mä | [mä] | 'mother' | ||
| Persian | مادر/madär | [mɒdær] | 'mother' | SeePersian phonology | |
| Pirahã | baíxi | [ˈmàí̯ʔì] | 'parent' | allophone of/b/ | |
| Polish[16] | masa | 'mass' | SeePolish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[17] | mato | 'bush' | SeePortuguese phonology | ||
| Punjabi | ਮੈਂ/mēm̐ | [mɛ̃ː] | 'I' | ||
| Russian[18] | муж/muž | 'husband' | Contrasts withpalatalizedversion. SeeRussian phonology | ||
| Sanskrit | अहम्/aham | [əhəm] | 'I' | SeeSanskrit phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[19] | мој/moj | [môːj] | 'my' | SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | muž | [mu̞ʂ] | 'man' | ||
| Slovene | miš | [mîʃ] | 'mouse' | ||
| Spanish[20] | grumete | [ɡɾuˈme̞te̞] | 'cabin boy' | SeeSpanish phonology | |
| Swahili | miti | [ˈmiti] | 'trees' | ||
| Swedish | mask | [mask] | 'worm' | SeeSwedish phonology | |
| Telugu | మబ్బు/mabu | [mabːu] | 'cloud' | Occurs asallophoneofanuswarawhen followed byretroflex stops | |
| Thai | มอมแมม/mommäm | [mɔːm.mɛːm] | 'shabby' | SeeThai phonology | |
| Toki Pona | mani | [mani] | 'money' | ||
| Tsez | мец/mec | [mɛ̝t͡s] | 'tongue' | ||
| Turkish | benim | [be̞ˈn̟ɪm] | 'mine' | SeeTurkish phonology | |
| Ukrainian[21] | молоко/moloko | [mɔɫɔˈkɔ] | 'milk' | SeeUkrainian phonology | |
| Urdu | مکان/mëkan | [məkaːn] | 'house' | SeeHindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Uyghur | مەن/män | [mæn] | 'I' | ||
| Uzbek | men | [men] | 'I' | ||
| Vietnamese[22] | muối | [mwojˀ˧˥] | 'salt' | SeeVietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | mam | 'mother' | SeeWelsh phonology | ||
| West Frisian | mar | [mar] | 'lake' | SeeWest Frisian phonology | |
| Yi | ꂷ/ma | [ma˧] | 'bamboo' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[23] | man | [maŋ] | 'animal' | |
Palatalized
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulgarian[24] | мя́сто/mästo | [mʲa̟sto] | 'place' | Contrasts with/m/.SeeBulgarian phonology. | |
| Irish | mé | [mʲeː] | 'I' | Contrasts with/mˠ/.SeeIrish phonology. | |
| Kildin Saami[25] | ме̄рр/mʹērr | [mʲerː] | 'sea' | Kildin Saami contrasts varieties of bilabial nasals in voicedness, length and palatalization.[25] | |
| Latgalian[26] | miļti | [mʲilʲtʲi][27] | 'flour' | Contrasts with/m/.[26]SeeLatgalian phonology. | |
| Lithuanian[28] | miglà | [mʲɪɡˈɫa] | 'mist' | Contrasts with/m/.SeeLithuanian phonology | |
| Marshallese[29] | emān | [ɛmʲænʲ] | 'four' | Contrasts with/mˠ/.[29] | |
| Nenets | Tundra Nenets[30] | мяˮ/ḿaq | [mʲɑ][31] | 'tent' | Contrasts with/m/.[30] |
| Forest Nenets[30] | [example needed] | ||||
| Russian | медь/měď | 'copper' | Contrasts with/m/.SeeRussian phonology. | ||
| Veps[32] | nem' | [nemʲ] | 'peninsula' | Contrasts with/m/.[32] | |
Velarized
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gilbertese | mwe[33] | [mˠe] | 'sleep' | Contrasts with/m/and/mː/. | |
| Irish | má | [mˠɑː] | 'if' | Contrasts with/mʲ/.SeeIrish phonology. | |
| Marshallese[29] | m̧winam̧ōn | [mˠinʲɑmˠʌnʲ] | 'caterpillar' | Contrasts with/mʲ/.[29] | |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^"Segments - m".PHOIBLE.Retrieved2022-12-27.
- ^Ian Maddieson(2009). "Nasals and Nasalization: Revisiting universals".Nasal 2009.WikidataQ115902630.
- ^Thelwall (1990:37)
- ^Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
- ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^Newton (1972:10)
- ^Ladefoged (2005:139)
- ^Soderberg & Olson (2008:210)
- ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^Okada (1999:117)
- ^Olson et al. (2010:206–207)
- ^Ladefoged (2005:165)
- ^Jassem (2003:103)
- ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^Padgett (2003:42)
- ^Landau et al. (1999),p. 67.
- ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995),p. 4.
- ^Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ^Merrill (2008:108)
- ^Klagstad (1958:48)
- ^abRießler (2022:222)
- ^abNau (2011:12)
- ^Nau (2011:14)
- ^Pakerys (1995:?)
- ^abcdChoi (1992:14)
- ^abcBurkova (2022:680)
- ^Burkova (2022:681)
- ^abGrünthal (2022:294)
- ^Stephen & Groves (1978)
References
edit- Burkova, Svetlana (2022). "Nenets".The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages.Oxford Guides to the World's Languages (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22(1–2): 53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID249411809
- Choi, John (1992)."Phonetic Underspecification and Target Interpolation: An Acoustic Study of Marshallese Vowel Allophony".Working Papers in Phonetics.82.Los Angeles: UCLA.RetrievedApril 23,2022.
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian,Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25(2): 90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID249414876
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian,Lincom Europa,ISBN978-3-929075-08-3
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23(2): 73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID249404451
- Riho, Grünthal (2022). "Veps".The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages.Oxford Guides to the World's Languages (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22(2): 45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID243772965
- Jassem, Wiktor(2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33(1): 103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Klagstad, Harold (1958). "The Phonemic System of Colloquial Standard Bulgarian".Slavic and East European Journal.2(1). American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages: 42–54.doi:10.2307/304696.JSTOR304696.
- Ladefoged, Peter(2005),Vowels and Consonants(Second ed.), Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003),"Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33(2): 255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008),"Tilquiapan Zapotec"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38(1): 107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Nau, Nicole (2011),A short grammar of Latgalian,Munich: Lincom Europa,ISBN978-3-86288-055-3
- Newton, Brian (1972),The generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology,Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, vol. 8, Cambridge University Press
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J. III (2010),"The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,40(2): 199–215,doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296,S2CID38504322
- Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese",in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN978-0-521-63751-0
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian",Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,21(1): 39–87,doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505,S2CID13470826
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- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,20(2): 37–41,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266,S2CID243640727
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- Trussel, Stephen; Groves, Gordon (1978).A Combined Kiribati-English Dictionary based on the works of Hiram Bingham, D.D. and Father Ernest Sabatier, M.S.C. (translated by Sr. M. Oliva) with additional scientific material from Luomala, Goo & Banner.University of Hawaii.Retrieved2022-06-13.