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Biological engineering

(Redirected fromBioengineering)
For Bioengineered food, seeGenetically modified food.

Biological engineeringor bioengineeringis the application of principles ofbiologyand the tools ofengineeringto create usable, tangible, economically viable products.[1]Biological engineering employs knowledge and expertise from a number of pure and applied sciences,[2]such asmassandheat transfer,kinetics,biocatalysts,biomechanics,bioinformatics,separationandpurification processes,bioreactordesign,surface science,fluid mechanics,thermodynamics,andpolymer science.It is used in the design ofmedical devices,diagnostic equipment,biocompatible materials,renewable energy,ecological engineering,agricultural engineering,process engineeringandcatalysis,and other areas that improve the living standards of societies.

Somebiological machines

Examples of bioengineering research include bacteria engineered to produce chemicals, newmedical imagingtechnology, portable andrapiddisease diagnostic devices,prosthetics,biopharmaceuticals,andtissue-engineered organs.[3][4]Bioengineering overlaps substantially withbiotechnologyand thebiomedical sciencesin a way analogous to how various other forms of engineering and technology relate to various other sciences (such asaerospace engineeringand otherspace technologytokineticsandastrophysics).[citation needed]

Generally, biological engineers attempt to mimic biological systems to create products or modify and control biological systems. Working with doctors, clinicians, and researchers, bioengineers use traditional engineering principles and techniques to address biological processes, including ways to replace, augment, sustain, or predict chemical and mechanical processes.[5][6]

History

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Biological engineering is a science-based discipline founded upon the biological sciences in the same way thatchemical engineering,electrical engineering,andmechanical engineering[7]can be based upon chemistry, electricity and magnetism, andclassical mechanics,respectively.[8]

Before WWII, biological engineering had begun being recognized as a branch of engineering and was a new concept to people. Post-WWII, it grew more rapidly, and the term "bioengineering" was coined by British scientist and broadcasterHeinz Wolffin 1954 at theNational Institute for Medical Research.Wolff graduated that year and became the Division of Biological Engineering director atOxford.This was the first time Bioengineering was recognized as its own branch at a university. The early focus of this discipline was electrical engineering due to the work with medical devices and machinery during this time.[9]

When engineers and life scientists started working together, they recognized that the engineers did not know enough about the actual biology behind their work. To resolve this problem, engineers who wanted to get into biological engineering devoted more time to studying the processes of biology, psychology, and medicine.[10]

More recently, the term biological engineering has been applied to environmental modifications such as surfacesoil protection,slope stabilization,watercourse and shoreline protection,windbreaks,vegetation barriers includingnoise barriersand visual screens, and the ecological enhancement of an area. Because other engineering disciplines also addressliving organisms,the term biological engineering can be applied more broadly to includeagricultural engineering.[citation needed]

The first biological engineering program in the United States was started atUniversity of California, San Diegoin 1966.[11]More recent programs have been launched atMIT[12]andUtah State University.[13]Many old agricultural engineering departments in universities over the world have re-branded themselves asagriculturaland biological engineeringoragricultural andbiosystems engineering.According to ProfessorDoug Lauffenburgerof MIT,[12][14]biological engineering has a broad base which applies engineering principles to an enormous range of size and complexities of systems, ranging from the molecular level (molecular biology,biochemistry,microbiology,pharmacology,protein chemistry,cytology,immunology,neurobiologyand,neuroscience) to cellular and tissue-based systems (including devices and sensors), to whole macroscopic organisms (plants, animals), and even to biomes and ecosystems.

Education

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The average length of study is three to five years, and the completed degree is signified as abachelor of engineering(B.S.in engineering). Fundamental courses include thermodynamics, biomechanics, biology, genetic engineering, fluid and mechanical dynamics, chemical and enzyme kinetics, electronics, and materials properties.[15][16]

Sub-disciplines

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Modeling of the spread of disease usingCellular Automataand Nearest Neighbor Interactions

Depending on the institution and particular definitional boundaries employed, some major branches of bioengineering may be categorized as (note these may overlap):

  • Biomimetics:the imitation of models, systems, and elements of nature to solve complex human problems. (Ex: velcro, designed afterGeorge de Mestralnoticed how easily burs stuck to a dog's hair.)[19]
  • Bioelectrical engineering
  • Biomechanical engineering:is the application of mechanical engineering principles and biology to determine how these areas relate and how they can be integrated to potentially improve human health.[20]
  • Bionics:an integration of Biomedical, focused more on the robotics and assisted technologies. (Ex: prosthetics)[17]
  • Bioprinting:utilizing biomaterials to print organs and new tissues[21]
  • Biorobotics:(Ex: electrical prosthetics)
  • Systems biology:Molecules, cells, organs, and organisms are all investigated in terms of their interactions and behaviors.[22]

Organizations

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  • Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology(ABET),[23]the U.S.-based accreditation board for engineering B.S. programs, makes a distinction between biomedical engineering and biological engineering, though there is much overlap (see above).
  • American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering(AIMBE) is made up of 1,500 members. Their main goal is to educate the public about the value biological engineering has in our world, as well as invest in research and other programs to advance the field. They give out awards to those dedicated to innovation in the field, and awards of achievement in the field. (They do not have a direct contribution to biological engineering; they recognize those who do and encourage the public to continue that forward movement).[24]
  • Institute of Biological Engineering(IBE) is a non-profit organization that runs on donations alone. They aim to encourage the public to learn and to continue advancements in biological engineering. (Like AIMBE, they do not perform research directly; however, they offer scholarships to students who show promise in the field).[25]
  • Society for Biological Engineering (SBE) is a technological community associated with theAmerican Institute of Chemical Engineers(AIChE). SBE hosts international conferences, and is a global organization of leading engineers and scientists dedicated to advancing the integration of biology with engineering.[26]
  • MediUnite Journal is a medical awareness campaign and newspaper that has often published biomedical findings and has cited biomedicine in various research papers.[27]

References

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  1. ^Abramovitz, Melissa (2015).Biological engineering.ABDO Publishing Company. p. 10.ISBN978-1-62968-526-7.
  2. ^Herold, Keith; Bentley, William E.; Vossoughi, Jafar (2010).The Basics of Bioengineering Education.26th Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference. College Park, Maryland: Springer. p. 65.ISBN9783642149979.
  3. ^"What is Bioengineering?".bioeng.berkeley.edu.Retrieved2018-07-21.
  4. ^"MSB: About the Munich School of BioEngineering".bioengineering.tum.de.Archived fromthe originalon 2020-02-03.Retrieved2020-02-03.
  5. ^Pasotti, Lorenzo; Zucca, Susanna (2014-08-03)."Advances and Computational Tools towards Predictable Design in Biological Engineering".Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine.2014:369681.doi:10.1155/2014/369681.PMC4137594.PMID25161694.
  6. ^Sheffield, University of."What is bioengineering? - Bioengineering - The University of Sheffield".sheffield.ac.uk.Retrieved2018-07-21.
  7. ^abAbramovitz, Melissa (2015).Biological Engineering.Gale Virtual Reference Library. p. 18.ISBN978-1-62968-526-7.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^Cuello JC, Engineering to biology and biology to engineering, The bi-directional connection between engineering and biology in biological engineering design, Int J Engng Ed 2005, 21, 1-7
  9. ^Medical & biological engineering.Oxford; New York: Pergamon Press. 1966–1976.
  10. ^Naik, Ganesh R., ed. (2012).Applied biological engineering: principles and practice.Rijeka: InTech.ISBN9789535104124.
  11. ^"Founder of UCSD Bioengineering Program".jacobsschool.ucsd.edu. 1 Mar 2004.Retrieved22 May2018.
  12. ^ab"MIT, Department of Biological Engineering".Retrieved16 April2015.
  13. ^"Utah State University, Department of Biological Engineering".be.usu.edu.Retrieved2011-11-13.
  14. ^"MIT Directory, Doug Lauffenburger".Retrieved15 April2015.
  15. ^Linsenmeier RA,Defining the Undergraduate Biomedical Engineering Curriculum
  16. ^Johnson AT, Phillips WM (1995)."Philosophical foundations of biological engineering".Journal of Engineering Education.1995(84): 311–318.doi:10.1002/j.2168-9830.1995.tb00185.x.
  17. ^abcdefg"Bioengineering".Encyclopedia Britannica.
  18. ^"Convention on Biological Diversity".13 May 2016.Retrieved27 April2018.
  19. ^Vincent, Julian F.V; Bogatyreva, Olga A.; Bogatyrev, Nikolaj R.; Bowyer, Adrian; Pahl, Anja-Karina (2006)."Biomimetics: its practice and theory".Journal of the Royal Society Interface.3(9): 471–482.doi:10.1098/rsif.2006.0127.PMC1664643.PMID16849244.
  20. ^"Biomechanical Engineering FAQ | Mechanical Engineering".me.stanford.edu.Retrieved2023-02-15.
  21. ^"Bioprinting".Retrieved1 May2018.
  22. ^"Systems biology | Britannica".britannica.Retrieved2023-02-15.
  23. ^ABET Accreditation,accessed 9/8/2010.
  24. ^"AIMBE About Page".
  25. ^"Institute of Biological Engineering".Retrieved20 April2018.
  26. ^"The Society for Biological Engineering".28 February 2012.Retrieved21 August2019.
  27. ^"MediUnite".mediunite.ca.Retrieved2023-09-07.
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