Abiological systemis a complexnetworkwhich connects several biologically relevant entities. Biological organization spans several scales and are determined based different structures depending on what the system is.[1]Examples of biological systems at the macro scale arepopulationsoforganisms.On theorganandtissuescale inmammalsand other animals, examples include thecirculatory system,therespiratory system,and thenervous system.On themicroto thenanoscopicscale, examples of biological systems arecells,organelles,macromolecular complexes andregulatorypathways. A biological system is not to be confused with aliving system,such as a livingorganism.
Organ and tissue systems
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These specific systems are widely studied inhuman anatomyand are also present in many other animals.
- Respiratory system:the organs used forbreathing,thepharynx,larynx,bronchi,lungsanddiaphragm.
- Digestive system:digestionand processing food withsalivary glands,oesophagus,stomach,liver,gallbladder,pancreas,intestines,rectumandanus.
- Cardiovascular system(heartandcirculatory system): pumping and channelingbloodto and from the body andlungswithheart,blood andblood vessels.
- Urinary system:kidneys,ureters,bladderandurethrainvolved in fluid balance,electrolytebalance and excretion ofurine.
- Integumentary system:skin,hair,fat,andnails.
- Skeletal system:structural support and protection withbones,cartilage,ligamentsandtendons.
- Endocrine system:communication within the body usinghormonesmade byendocrine glandssuch as thehypothalamus,pituitarygland,pineal bodyor pineal gland,thyroid,parathyroidandadrenals,i.e., adrenal glands.
- Exocrine system:various functions including lubrication and protection byexocrine glandssuchsweat glands,mucousglands,lacrimal glandsandmammary glands
- Lymphatic system:structures involved in the transfer oflymphbetweentissuesand theblood stream;includes the lymph and thenodesandvessels.The lymphatic system includes functions including immune responses and development of antibodies.
- Immune system:protects the organism from foreign bodies.
- Nervous system:collecting, transferring and processing information withbrain,spinal cord,peripheral nervous systemandsense organs.
- Muscular system:allows for manipulation of the environment, provides locomotion, maintains posture, and produces heat. Includesskeletal muscles,smooth musclesandcardiac muscle.
- Reproductive system:thesex organs,such asovaries,fallopian tubes,uterus,vagina,mammary glands,testes,vas deferens,seminal vesiclesandprostate.
History
editThe notion of system (or apparatus) relies upon the concept of vital or organicfunction:[2]a system is a set of organs with a definite function. This idea was already present inAntiquity(Galen,Aristotle), but the application of the term "system" is more recent. For example, the nervous system was named by Monro (1783), butRufus of Ephesus(c. 90–120), clearly viewed for the first time the brain, spinal cord, and craniospinal nerves as an anatomical unit, although he wrote little about its function, nor gave a name to this unit.[3]
The enumeration of the principal functions - and consequently of the systems - remained almost the same since Antiquity, but the classification of them has been very various,[2]e.g., compareAristotle,Bichat,Cuvier.[4][5]
The notion of physiological division of labor, introduced in the 1820s by the French physiologistHenri Milne-Edwards,allowed to "compare and study living things as if they were machines created by the industry of man." Inspired in the work ofAdam Smith,Milne-Edwards wrote that the "body of all living beings, whether animal or plant, resembles a factory... where the organs, comparable to workers, work incessantly to produce the phenomena that constitute the life of the individual." In more differentiated organisms, the functional labor could be apportioned between different instruments or systems (called by him asappareils).[6]
Cellular organelle systems
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The exact components of a cell are determined by whether the cell is aeukaryoteorprokaryote.[7]
- Nucleus(eukaryotic only): storage of genetic material; control center of the cell.
- Cytosol:component of thecytoplasmconsisting of jelly-like fluid in which organelles are suspended within
- Cell membrane(plasma membrane):
- Endoplasmic reticulum:outer part of thenuclear envelopeforming a continuous channel used for transportation; consists of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): considered "rough" due to theribosomesattached to the channeling; made up of cisternae that allow for protein production
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER): storage and synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones as well as detoxification
- Ribosome:site of biological protein synthesis essential for internal activity and cannot be reproduced in other organs
- Mitochondrion(mitochondria): powerhouse of the cell; site of cellular respiration producing ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- Lysosome:center of breakdown for unwanted/unneeded material within the cell
- Peroxisome:breaks down toxic materials from the contained digestive enzymes such as H2O2(hydrogen peroxide)
- Golgi apparatus(eukaryotic only): folded network involved in modification, transport, and secretion
- Chloroplast:site of photosynthesis; storage of chlorophyll
See also
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External links
edit- Systems Biology: An Overviewby Mario Jardon: A review from the Science Creative Quarterly, 2005.
- Synthesis and Analysis of a Biological System,by Hiroyuki Kurata, 1999.
- It from bit and fit from bit. On the origin and impact of information in the average evolution. Includes how life forms and biological systems originate and from there evolve to become more and more complex, including evolution of genes and memes, into the complex memetics from organisations and multinational corporations and a "global brain",(Yves Decadt, 2000). Book published in Dutch with English paper summary in The Information Philosopher,http:// informationphilosopher /solutions/scientists/decadt/
- Schmidt-Rhaesa, A. 2007.The Evolution of Organ Systems.Oxford University Press, Oxford,[2].
References
edit- ^F. Muggianu; A. Benso; R. Bardini; E. Hu; G. Politano; S. Di Carlo (2018). "Modeling biological complexity using Biology System Description Language (BiSDL)".2018 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM).pp. 713–717.doi:10.1109/BIBM.2018.8621533.ISBN978-1-5386-5488-0.S2CID59233194.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^abFletcher, John (1837). "On the functions of organized beings, and their arrangement". In:Rudiments of physiology.Part 2. On life, as manifested in irritation. Edinburgh: John Carfrae & Son. pp. 1-15.link.
- ^Swanson, Larry (2014).Neuroanatomical Terminology: A Lexicon of Classical Origins and Historical Foundations.Oxford: Oxford University Press.linkArchived2023-09-28 at theWayback Machine.p. 489.
- ^Bichat, X. (1801).Anatomie générale appliquée à la physiologie et à la médecine,4 volumes in-8, Brosson, Gabon, Paris,link.(See pp. cvj-cxj).
- ^Cuvier, Georges.Lecons d'anatomie comparée2. éd., cor. et augm. Paris: Crochard, 1835-1846.linkArchived2009-03-02 at theWayback Machine.
- ^R. M. Brain.The Pulse of Modernism: Physiological Aesthetics in Fin-de-Siècle Europe.Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015. 384 pp.,[1]Archived2023-07-03 at theWayback Machine.
- ^"Human Anatomy And Physiology".PressBooks.Archived fromthe originalon 2020-10-20.Retrieved2019-02-19.
