Blastocoel

Blastocoel
Blastocoel
	Mammalian blastocoel
	; Schematic diagram showing theblastocyst,with itsembryoblast (inner cell mass)and itstrophoblastlayer, alongside the surface of theendometrium.
Details
Carnegie stage	3
Days	5
Precursor	Morula
Gives rise to	Gastrula,; primitive yolk sac
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

Theblastocoel(/ˈblæstəˌsiːl/), also spelledblastocoeleandblastocele,and also calledcleavage cavity,orsegmentation cavity^[1]is a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity that forms in theblastuladuring very earlyembryonic development.At this stage in mammals the blastula is called theblastocyst,which consists of an outerepithelium,thetrophectoderm,enveloping theinner cell massand the blastocoel.

It develops followingcleavageof thezygoteafterfertilization.^[2]^[3]It is the first fluid-filled cavity orlumenformed as the embryo enlarges,^[4]and is the essential precursor for thedifferentiated gastrula.^[5]^{[page needed]}In theXenopusa very small cavity has been described in the two-cell stage of development.^[6]

In mammals

After fertilization, thezygoteundergoes several rounds ofcleavagedivisions forming daughter cells known asblastomeres.At the 8- or 16-cell stage, the embryo undergoescompactionand forms themorula.Eventually, themorulais a solid ball of cells that has a small group of internal cells surrounded by a larger group of external cells. Then blastomeres undergocellular differentiationwith internal cells adopting theinner cell massfate and the external layer becomingtrophectoderm.The inner cell mass will go on to become the actual embryo. The external, surrounding cells develop intotrophoblastcells, which only contribute to extra-embryonic tissues. At this stage there is nolumenwithin the embryo. In a process calledcavitation,trophectodermcells transport fluid into the embryo to create a blastocoel, the fluid-filledlumen.The membranes of thetrophectodermcells contain sodium (Na⁺) pumps, Na⁺/K⁺- ATPase and Na⁺/H⁺exchangers, that pump sodium into the embryo. The oviduct cells stimulate these trophoblast sodium pumps as the fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube towards the uterus.^[7]The accumulation of sodium pulls in water throughosmosis.^[2]The accumulation of water breaks open cell-cell contacts viahydraulic fracturing.^[8]To form a single lumen, the fluid from multiple water pockets collects into a single entity in process akin toOstwald ripening.^[8]The blastocoel further expands and the inner cell mass becomes positioned on one side of the trophoblast cells forming a mammalian blastula, called ablastocyst.The axis formed by theinner cell massand the blastocoel is the first axis of symmetry of mammalian embryo and determines its attachment point to the uterus.

In amphibians

An amphibian embryo in the 128- cell stage is considered a blastula as the blastocoel in the embryo becomes apparent during this stage. The fluid-filled cavity forms in theanimal hemisphereof the frog. However, the early formation of the blastocoel has been traced back to the very firstcleavage furrow.It was demonstrated in the frog embryo that the first cleavage furrow widens in the animal hemisphere creating a small intercellular cavity that is sealed off via tight junctions.^[3]As cleavage continues, the cavity expands to become the developed blastocoel. The blastocoel is a crucial component of amphibian embryo development. It permits cell migration during gastrulation and prevents the cells beneath the blastocoel from interacting prematurely with the cells above the blastocoel. For instance, the blastocoel prevents the vegetal cells destined to becomeendodermfrom coming in contact with those cells in theectodermfated to give rise to the skin and nerves.^[9]

Damage to blastocoel

The blastocoel can be damaged and abolished if the adhesion between blastomeres, provided by cell adhesion molecules like EP-cadherin, is destroyed as mRNA byoligonucleotides.If the mRNA is destroyed, then there’s no EP-cadherin, little to no blastomere adhesion and the blastocoel is non-existent.^[4]During the next stage of embryonic development, amphibiangastrulation,the blastocoel is displaced by the formation of thearchenteron,during mid-gastrulation. At the end of gastrulation, the blastocoel has been obliterated.^[10]

In sea urchins

At the 120- cell stage, the sea urchin embryo is considered a blastula because of its developed blastocoel, which every embryonic cell surrounds and touches. Every cell is in contact with the proteinaceous fluid of the blastocoel on the inside and touches the hyaline layer on the outside. The loosely connected blastomeres are now tightly connected because oftight junctionsthat create a seamless epithelium that completely encircles the blastocoel.^[11]Even as the blastomeres continue to divide, the blastula remains one-cell thick and thins out as the embryo expands outward. This is accomplished in part due to the influx of water that expands the blastocoel and pushes the cells surrounding it outwards. At this point, the cells have become specified and are ciliated on the opposite side of the blastocoel. The vegetal plate and animal hemisphere develop and secrete a hatching enzyme that digests the fertilization envelope and allows the embryo to now become a free-swimming hatched blastula.^[12]

Development of primary mesenchyme

Important to the sea urchin blastula is the ingression of theprimary mesenchyme.After the blastula hatches from the fertilization envelope, thevegetalside of the blastula begins to flatten and thicken as a small cluster of these cells develop long, thin processes calledfilopodia.These cells then dissociate and ingress into the blastocoel and are called the primary mesenchyme. The cells move randomly along the inside of the blastocoel, until they become localized in the ventrolateral region of the blastocoel.^[12]^[11]

In birds

Similar to mammals, fertilization of the avian ovum occurs in the oviduct. From there theblastodisc,a small cluster of cells in the animal pole of the egg, then undergoesdiscoidal meroblasticcleavage. The blastoderm develops into the epiblast and hypoblast and it is between these layers that the blastocoel will form. The shape and formation of the avian blastodisc differs from amphibian, fish, and echinoderm blastulas, but the overall spatial relationship of the blastocoel remains the same.^[5]^{[page needed]}

Formation of primitive streak

The avian blastocoel is important during the development of the primitive streak. The ingression of the endodermal precursor cells form the epiblast into the blastocoel and the migration of lateral cells of the posterior epiblast towards the center form the earlyprimitive streak.As these cells converge inward, a depression forms called theprimitive grooveand functions as an opening through which cells travel into the blastocoel. As cells migrate into the blastocoel, they undergo anepithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation.^[5]^{[page needed]}

In zebrafish

Unlike amphibian, echinoderm, mammalian, and avian embryos,zebrafishdo not have a defined blastocoel. Rather, they have small, irregular extracellular spaces that are formed between the cells of theblastodiscsitting atop the yolk.^[13]

References

^"Definition of BLASTOCOEL".Merriam-Webster.
^^a ^bBiggers, JD; Borland, RM; Powers, RD (1977). "Transport Mechanisms in the Preimplantation Mammalian Embryo".Ciba Foundation Symposium 52 - the Freezing of Mammalian Embryos.Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 52. pp.129–53.doi:10.1002/9780470720332.ch7.ISBN 9780470720332.PMID 145938.{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help)
^^a ^bKalt, Marvin R. (1971)."The relationship between cleavage and blastocoel formation in Xenopus laevis. I. Light microscopic observations".Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology.26(1):37–49.PMID 5565077.
^^a ^bHeasman, Janet; Crawford, Aaron; Goldstone, Kim; Garner-Hamrick, Peggy; Gumbiner, Barry; McCrea, Pierre; Kintner, Chris; Noro, Chikako Yoshida; Wylie, Chris (1994). "Overexpression of cadherins and underexpression of β-catenin inhibit dorsal mesoderm induction in early Xenopus embryos".Cell.79(5):791–803.doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90069-8.PMID 7528101.S2CID 33403560.
^^a ^b ^cGilbert, Scott F. (2010).Developmental biology(9th ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates.ISBN 978-0-87893-384-6.
^Wolpert, Lewis (2015).Principles of development(Fifth ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom. p. 375.ISBN 9780199678143.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Wiley, Lynn M. (1984). "Cavitation in the mouse preimplantation embryo: and the origin of nascent blastocoele fluid".Developmental Biology.105(2):330–42.doi:10.1016/0012-1606(84)90290-2.PMID 6090240.
^^a ^bDumortier, Julien G.; Le Verge-Serandour, Mathieu; Tortorelli, Anna Francesca; Mielke, Annette; De Plater, Ludmilla; Turlier, Hervé; Maître, Jean-Léon (2019)."Hydraulic fracturing and active coarsening position the lumen of the mouse blastocyst".Science.365(6452):465–468.doi:10.1126/science.aaw7709.
^Nieuwkoop, PD (1973). "The organization center of the amphibian embryo: its origin, spatial organization, and morphogenetic action".Advances in Morphogenesis.10:1–39.doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-028610-2.50005-8.ISBN 9780120286102.PMID 4581327.
^Purcell, SM; Keller, R (January 1993). "A different type of amphibian mesoderm morphogenesis in Ceratophrys ornata".Development.117(1):307–17.doi:10.1242/dev.117.1.307.PMID 8223254.
^^a ^bGalileo, Deni S.; Morrill, John B. (1985). "Patterns of cells and extracellular material of the sea urchinLytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata; Echinoidea) embryo, from hatched blastula to late gastrula".Journal of Morphology.185(3):387–402.doi:10.1002/jmor.1051850310.PMID 29991195.S2CID 51615081.
^^a ^bCherr, GN; Summers, RG; Baldwin, JD; Morrill, JB (15 June 1992). "Preservation and visualization of the sea urchin embryo blastocoelic extracellular matrix".Microscopy Research and Technique.22(1):11–22.doi:10.1002/jemt.1070220104.PMID 1617206.S2CID 32044141.
^Kimmel, Charles B.; Ballard, William W.; Kimmel, Seth R.; Ullmann, Bonnie; Schilling, Thomas F. (1995). "Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish".Developmental Dynamics.203(3):253–310.doi:10.1002/aja.1002030302.PMID 8589427.S2CID 19327966.