TheBold Orionmissile, also known asWeapons System 199B(WS-199B), was a prototypeair-launched ballistic missile(ALBM) developed byMartin Aircraftduring the 1950s. Developed in both one- and two-stagedesigns, the missile was moderately successful in testing, and helped pave the way for development of theGAM-87 SkyboltALBM. In addition, the Bold Orion was used in earlyanti-satellite weaponstesting, performing the first interception of a satellite by a missile.
Bold Orion | |
---|---|
Type | Air-launched ballistic missile |
Place of origin | United States |
Service history | |
In service | 1958–1959 |
Used by | United States Air Force |
Production history | |
Designed | 1958 |
Manufacturer | Martin Aircraft |
No.built | 12 |
Specifications (Two-stage version) | |
Length | 37 feet (11 m) |
Diameter | 31 inches (0.79 m) |
Engine | First stage,Thiokol TX-20 Sergeant;1,500 lbf(6.66 kN) Second stage,ABL X-248 Altair;2,800 lbf(12.45 kN) |
Propellant | Solid fuel |
Operational range | 1,100 miles (1,800 km) |
Launch platform | B-47 Stratojet |
Design and development
editThe Bold Orion missile was developed as part ofWeapons System 199,initiated by theUnited States Air Force(USAF) in response to the U.S. Navy'sPolarisprogram,[1]with funding authorised by theUnited States Congressin 1957.[2]The purpose of WS-199 was the development of technology that would be used in new strategic weapons for the USAF'sStrategic Air Command,not to deliver operational weapons; a primary emphasis was on proving the feasibility of an air-launched ballistic missile.[2][3][4]
The designation WS-199B was assigned to the project that, under a contract awarded in 1958 to Martin Aircraft, would become the Bold Orion missile.[3]The design of Bold Orion was simple, using parts developed for other missile systems to reduce the cost and development time of the project.[3]The initial Bold Orion configuration was a single-stage vehicle, using aThiokolTX-20 Sergeant solid-fuel rocket.[3][5]Following initial testing, the Bold Orion configuration was altered to become a two-stage vehicle, anAllegany Ballistics LaboratoryAltairupper stage being added to the missile.[3][6]
Operational history
editHaving been given top priority by the Air Force,[7]the first flight test of the Bold Orion missile was conducted on May 26, 1958, from aBoeing B-47 Stratojetcarrier aircraft,[3][8]which launched the Bold Orion vehicle at the apex of a high-speed, high-angle climb.[3][9]Thezoom climbtactic, combined with thethrustfrom the rocket motor of the missile itself, allowed the missile to achieve its maximum range, or, alternatively, to reach space.[9]
A twelve-flight test series of the Bold Orion vehicle was conducted;.[3]Despite suffering only one outright failure, the initial flight tests of the single-stage rocket proved less successful than hoped.[3]Authorisation was received to modify the Bold Orion to become a two-stage vehicle. In addition to the modifications improving the missile's reliability, they increased the range of Bold Orion to over 1,000 miles (1,600 km).[4][10]Four of the final six test firings were of the two-stage vehicle. These were considered successful, and established that the ALBM was a viable weapon.[2][3]
ASAT test
editThe final test launch of Bold Orion, conducted on October 13, 1959, was a test of the vehicle's capabilities in theanti-satelliterole.[11][12]Piloted by Carl E Brust Jr, the missile was launched from an altitude of 35,000 feet (11,000 m) from its B-47 mothership, the missile successfully intercepted theExplorer 6satellite,[13]passing its target at a range of less than 4 miles (6.4 km) at an altitude of 156 miles (251 km).[14][3]If the missile had a nuclear warhead, the satellite would have been destroyed.[9][15]
The Bold Orion ASAT test was the first interception of a satellite by any method, proving that anti-satellite missiles were feasible.[11][16]This test, along with an earlier, unsuccessful test of theHigh Virgomissile in the anti-satellite role, had political repercussions. TheEisenhower administrationsought to establish space as a neutral ground for everyone's use, and the "indication of hostile intent" given by the tests was frowned upon, with anti-satellite weapons development being soon curtailed.[9][17]
Legacy
editThe results of the Bold Orion project, along with those from the testing of the High Virgo missile, also developed under WS-199, provided data and knowledge that assisted the Air Force in forming the requirements for the follow-on WS-138A, which would produce theGAM-87 Skyboltmissile.[3][18]
Launch history
editDate/Time (GMT) | Rocket | Launch site | Outcome | Remarks[19] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1958-05-26 | Single-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee8 km (5.0 mi) |
1958-06-27 | Single-stage | Cape Canaveral | Failure | Apogee 12 km (7.5 mi) |
1958-07-18 | Single-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 100 km (62 mi) |
1958-09-25 | Single-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 100 km (62 mi) |
1958-10-10 | Single-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 100 km (62 mi) |
1958-11-17 | Single-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 100 km (62 mi) |
1958-12-08 | Two-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 200 km (120 mi) |
1958-12-16 | Two-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 200 km (120 mi) |
1959-04-04 | Two-stage | AMR DZ | Success | Apogee 200 km (120 mi) |
1959-06-08 | Single-stage | AMR DZ | Success | Apogee 100 km (62 mi) |
1959-06-19 | Single-stage | Cape Canaveral | Success | Apogee 100 km (62 mi) |
1959-10-13 | Two-stage | AMR DZ | Success | Apogee 200 km (120 mi) |
AMR DZ means Atlantic Missile Range Drop Zone.
See also
edit- Related development
- Comparable weapons
References
editCitations
edit- ^Ball 1980, p.226.
- ^abcYengst 2010, p.37.
- ^abcdefghijklParsch 2005
- ^abStares 1985, p.109.
- ^Ordway and Wakeford 1960, p.30.
- ^Smith 1981, p.178.
- ^Missiles and Rockets,volume 5.Washington Countdown.p.9.
- ^Friedman 2000, p.122.
- ^abcdTemple 2004, p.111.
- ^Besserer and Besserer 1959, p.34.
- ^abPeebles 1997, p. 65.
- ^Chronology1961, p.89.
- ^Bowman 1986, p.14.
- ^Yenne 2005, p.67.
- ^Bulkeley and Spinardi 1986, p.17.
- ^Hays 2002, p.84.
- ^Lewis and Lewis 1987, pp.93–95.
- ^International Aeronautic Federation.Interaviavolume 15,p.814.
- ^Bold OrionArchivedNovember 20, 2010, at theWayback Machine.Encyclopedia Astronautica.Accessed 2011-01-19.
Bibliography
edit- 1st Session. House Committee On Science And Astronautics. U.S. Congress. 87th Congress (1961).A Chronology of Missile and Astronautic Events.Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.ASINB000M1F3O0.Retrieved2011-01-19.
{{cite book}}
:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Ball, Desmond (1980).Politics and Force Levels: The Strategic Missile Program of the Kennedy Administration.Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p.226.ISBN978-0-520-03698-7.Retrieved2011-01-19.
- Besserer, C.W.; Hazel C. Besserer (1959).Guide to the Space Age.Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall.ASINB004BIGGO6.
- Bowman, Robert (1986).Star Wars: A Defense Insider's Case Against the Strategic Defense Initiative.Los Angeles: Tarcher Publications.ISBN978-0-87477-390-3.Retrieved2011-01-19.
- Bulkeley, Rip; Graham Spinardi (1986).Space Weapons: Deterrence or Delusion?.Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books. p.17.ISBN978-0-389-20640-8.
- Friedman, Norman (2000).Seapower and Space: From the Dawn of the Missile Age to Net-Centric Warfare.London: Chatham Publishing.ISBN978-1-86176-004-3.
- Hays, Peter L. (2002).United States Military Space: Into the Twenty-First Century.INSS Occasional Papers. Vol. 42. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press.ISBN978-1-4289-6124-1.
- Lewis, John S.; Ruth A. Lewis (1987).Space Resources: Breaking the Bonds of Earth.New York: Columbia University Press.ISBN978-0-231-06498-9.
- Ordway, Frederick Ira; Ronald C. Wakeford (1960).International Missile and Spacecraft Guide.New York: McGraw-Hill.ASINB000MAEGVC.
- Parsch, Andreas (2005)."WS-199".Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles.designation-systems.net.Retrieved2010-12-28.
- Peebles, Curtis (1997).High Frontier: The U.S. Air Force and the Military Space Program.Washington, D.C.: Air Force Historical Studies Office.ISBN978-0-7881-4800-2.Retrieved2010-12-28.
- Smith, Marcia S. (1981).United States Civilian Space Programs, 1958–1978; Report Prepared for the Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications.Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.ASINB000VA45WS.
- Stares, Paul B. (1985).The Militarization of Space: U.S. Policy, 1945–1984.Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.ISBN978-0-8014-1810-5.
- Temple, L. Parker III (2004).Shades of Gray: National Security and the Evolution of Space Reconnaissance.Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.ISBN978-1-56347-723-2.Retrieved2010-12-28.
- Yengst, William (2010).Lightning Bolts: First Manuevering [sic] Reentry Vehicles.Mustang, OK: Tate Publishing & Enterprises.ISBN978-1-61566-547-1.
- Yenne, Bill (2005).Secret Gadgets and Strange Gizmos: High-Tech (and Low-Tech) Innovations of the U.S. Military.St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press.ISBN978-0-7603-2115-7.
Further reading
edit- Armagnac, Alden P. (June 1961)."U.S. Plans First Warship In Space".Popular Science.178(6).Retrieved2011-01-19.
External links
edit- Bold Orion ALBM (WS-199B),Gunter's Space Page.
- Bold Orion (2 Stage) ALBM (WS-199B),Gunter's Space Page.
- Bold Orion,spaceline.org.