Brașov(UK:/bræˈʃɒv/,US:/brɑːˈʃɔːv,-ɔːf/,[3][4][5]Romanian:[braˈʃov];German:Kronstadt, also Brasau;Hungarian:Brassó[ˈbrɒʃːoː];Latin:Corona;Transylvanian Saxon:Kruhnen) is a city inTransylvania,Romaniaand thecounty seat(i.e.administrative centre) ofBrașov County.
Brașov | |
|---|---|
From top, left to right: Panoramic view of the Old Town, Republicii Street,Piața Sfatului(Council Square), Catherine's gate,Biserica Neagră(Black Church), Brașov fortress, Cetățuia de pe Strajă | |
 Flag | |
 Location in Brașov County | |
  Brașov Location of Brașov within Romania | |
| Coordinates:45°40′N25°37′E/ 45.667°N 25.617°E | |
| Country |  Romania |
| County | Brașov |
| Status | County capital |
| First mentioned | 1235 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor(2024–2028) | George Scripcaru[1](PNL) |
| Area | |
| 267.32 km2(103.21 sq mi) | |
| • Metro | 1,368.5 km2(528.4 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 538 m (1,765 ft) |
| Population | |
| 237,589 | |
| •Metro | 371,802 |
| Demonyms | brașovean,brașoveancă |
| Population by ethnicity | |
| •Romanians | 91.2% |
| •Hungarians | 7.9% |
| •Germans (Transylvanian Saxons) | 0.5% |
| •Roma | 0.4% |
| Time zone | UTC+2(EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3(EEST) |
| Postal code | RO 500xxx |
| Area code | (+40) 268 |
| Vehicle registration | BV |
| Website | www |
According to the2021 census,with 237,589 inhabitants, Brașov is the6th most populous cityin Romania.[2][6]Themetropolitan areawas home to 371,802 residents.[2]
Brașov is located in the central part of the country, about 166 km (103 mi) north ofBucharestand 380 km (236 mi) from theBlack Sea.It is surrounded by theSouthern Carpathiansand is part of the historical region ofTransylvania.
Historically, the city was the centre of theBurzenland(Romanian:Țara Bârsei), once dominated by theTransylvanian Saxons(German:Siebenbürger Sachsen), and a significant commercial hub on the trade roads betweenAustria(thenArchduchy of Austria,within theHabsburg monarchy,and subsequentlyAustrian Empire) andTurkey(thenOttoman Empire). It is also where thenational anthem of Romaniawas first sung.
Names
editBrassovia, Brassó, Brașov, etc.
editAccording to Dragoș Moldovanu, the name of Brașov came from the name of local river named Bârsa (also pronounced as "Bărsa" ) that was adopted by Slavs and transformed to Barsa, and later to Barsov, finally to Brasov.[7]According to Pál Binder, the current Romanian and the Hungarian nameBrassó([ˈbrɒʃʃoː]) are derived from theTurkicwordbarasu,meaning "white water" with a Slavic suffix-ov.[8]Other linguists proposed various etymologies including an Old Slavic anthroponym Brasa.[9][10]The first attested mention of this name isTerra Saxonum de Barasu( "SaxonLand of Baras ") in a 1252 document issued byBéla IV of Hungary.[11]According to some historians,Coronawas name of the city-fortress whileBrassówas referring to thecounty,while others consider both names may refer to the city and the county as well.[citation needed]
Corona, Kronstadt
editAccording to Balázs Orbán, the nameCorona– a Latin word meaning "crown" – is first mentioned in the Catalogus Ninivensis in 1235 AD, stating a monastic quarter existed in the territory of theRoman Catholic Diocese of Cumania(In Hungaria assignata est paternitas Dyocesis Cumanie: Corona).[11]Pál Binder supposed it is a reference to the St. Catherine's Monastery. Others suggest the name derives from the oldcoat of armsof the city, as it is symbolized by the German nameKronstadtmeaning "Crown City". The two names of the city,KronstadtandCorona,were used simultaneously in theMiddle Ages,along with theMedieval LatinBrassovia.
Stephanopolis, Orașul Stalin
edit
Another historical name used for Brașov isStephanopolis,[12]from "Stephanos", crown, and "polis", city.
On 22 August 1950, Brașov wasrenamedOrașul Stalin(lit.Stalin City) afterJoseph Stalin.[13]Constantin Ion Parhon,the nominal Head of State at the time, decreed the city be renamed "in honour of the great genius of working humanity, the leader of the Soviet people, the liberator and beloved friend of our people, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin". The city’s name reverted to Brașov in 1960.
History
edit
Kingdom of Hungary1235–1526
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom1526–1570
Principality of Transylvania1570–1711
Grand Principality of Transylvania1711–1804
Austrian Empire1804–1867
Austria-Hungary1867–1918(de jureHungaryuntil 1920)
Romanian People's Republic1947–1965
Socialist Republic of Romania1965–1989
The oldest traces of human activity and settlements in Brașov date back to theNeolithicage (about 9500 BCE). Archaeologists working from the last half of the 19th century discovered continuous traces of human settlements in areas situated in Brașov: Valea Cetății, Pietrele lui Solomon, Șprenghi, Tâmpa, Dealul Melcilor, and Noua. The first three locations show traces ofDaciancitadels; Șprenghi Hill housed aRoman-style construction. The last two locations had their names applied toBronze Agecultures — Schneckenberg ( "Hill of the Snails"; Early Bronze Age)[14]andNoua( "The New"; Late Bronze Age).[15]
Transylvanian Saxonsplayed a decisive role in Brașov's development and were invited byHungariankings to develop towns, build mines, and cultivate the land ofTransylvaniaat different stages between 1141 and 1300. The settlers came primarily from theRhineland,Flanders,and theMoselleregion, with others fromThuringia,Bavaria,Wallonia,and even France.
In 1211, by order of KingAndrew II of Hungary,theTeutonic Knightsfortified theBurzenlandto defend the border of theKingdom of Hungary.On the site of the village of Brașov, the Teutonic Knights built Kronstadt – 'the City of the Crown'.[16]Although the crusaders were evicted by 1225, the colonists they brought in long ago remained, along with local population in three distinct settlements they founded on the site of Brașov:
- Corona,around the Black Church (Biserica Neagră);
- Martinsberg,west of Cetățuia Hill;
- Bartholomä,on the eastern side of Sprenghi Hill.
Germans living in Brașov were mainly involved in trade and crafts. The location of the city at the intersection of trade routes linking theOttoman EmpireandWestern Europe,together with certain tax exemptions, allowed Saxon merchants to obtain considerable wealth and exert a strong political influence. They contributed a great deal to the architectural flavour of the city. Fortifications around the city were erected and continually expanded, with several towers maintained by different craftsmen's guilds, according to the medieval custom. Part of the fortification ensemble was recently restored usingUNESCOfunds, and other projects are ongoing. At least two entrances to the city,Poarta Ecaterinei(orKatharinentor) andPoarta Șchei(orWaisenhausgässertor), are still in existence. The city centre is marked by the mayor's former office building (Casa Sfatului) and the surrounding square (piața), which includes one of the oldest buildings in Brașov, the Hirscher Haus. Nearby is the "Black Church" (Biserica Neagră), which some claim to be the largestGothic stylechurch inSoutheastern Europe.
In 1689,a great firedestroyed the walled city almost entirely, and its rebuilding lasted several decades.
Besides the German (Saxon) population living in the walled city and in the northern suburbs, Brașov had also a significant Romanian and Bulgarian population (living in theȘcheidistrict), and also some Hungarian population (living in the Blumăna district). The cultural and religious importance of the Romanian church and school in Șchei is underlined by the generous donations received from more than thirtyhospodarsof Moldavia and Wallachia, as well as that fromElizabeth of Russia.In the 17th and 19th centuries, the Romanians in Șchei campaigned for national, political, and cultural rights, and were supported in their efforts by Romanians from all other provinces, as well as by the local Greek merchant community. In 1838, they established the first Romanian language newspaperGazeta Transilvanieiand the first Romanian institutions of higher education:Școlile Centrale Greco-Ortodoxe( "The Greek-Orthodox Central Schools", today named afterAndrei Șaguna). TheHoly Roman Emperorand sovereign of TransylvaniaJoseph IIawarded Romanians citizenship rights for a brief period during the latter decades of the 18th century.
In 1850, the town had 21,782 inhabitants: 8,874 (40.7%) Germans, 8,727 (40%) Romanians, 2,939 (13.4%) Hungarians.[17]In 1910 there were 41,056 inhabitants: 17,831 (43.4%) Hungarians, 11,786 (28.7%) Romanians, 10,841 (26.4%) Germans.[17]
On 29 August 1916, during theFirst World War,theRomanian Armyoccupied Brașov. Romanian troops entered the city at around five o'clock p.m. and paraded towards the city square. Romanian rule over the city lasted until early October, when the area was retaken by theCentral Powersin theBattle of Brassó(7-9 October 1916).[18]The Romanian mayor installed during the brief Romanian occupation was Gheorghe Baiulescu. His term lasted from 29 August, when the city was occupied by the Romanian Army, until 8 October – the height of the Battle of Brașov. On 9 October, at the end of the battle, the previous mayor Karl Ernst Schnell was reinstated.[19]
Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the 1 December 1918Proclamation of the UnionofAlba Iulia,adopted by deputies of the Romanians from Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș during theGreat National Assembly of Alba Iuliadeclared the union of Transylvania into the Romanian state. Brașov was permanently occupied by Romanian forces on 7 December, as Hungarians gradually withdrew northwards. The King and some Transylvanians suggested that - because of Brașov's central geographical location in the new Romania - it should be considered as the new national capital. Though this did not happen - the inter-war period was a time of flourishing economy and cultural life in general, including the Saxons in Brașov. However, at the end of World War II many ethnic Germans were forcibly deported to theSoviet Union.A majority of them emigrated toWest GermanyafterRomania had become a communist country.
The first Jewish community in Brașov was established in 1828, joining theNeologassociation in 1868.Orthodox Jewsfounded their religious organization in 1877. The Neolog synagogue, seating 800, was built between 1899 and 1905. During theinterwar period,the communities had separate institutions, but opened a jointly managed school in 1940. Zionist organizations appeared already in 1920. By 1930, Jews numbered 2594 individuals, or 4% of the total population. In autumn 1940, during theNational Legionary State,the antisemiticIron Guardnationalized all Jewish institutions and seized most shops owned by Jews. In 1941, Jews were drafted for service in forced labour battalions. Those from throughout southern Transylvania were concentrated in Brașov; a further 200 refugees came fromPloiești.In August 1942, 850 Jews between the ages of 18 and 50 were drafted into labour battalions and ordered to work in Brașov, while others were sent toPredealandBran.In spring 1943, 250 youths were sent toSuraiacamp to build fortifications. By August 1944, the labour battalions were reduced to 250-300 while most of the Jews managed to obtain their freedom. In 1945–1946, the Jewish population increased to 3500.[20]
Like many other cities in Transylvania, Brașov is also home to a significantethnic Hungarian minority.
During the communist period, industrial development was vastly accelerated. UnderNicolae Ceaușescu's rule, the city was the site of the1987 Brașov strike.This was brutally repressed by the authorities and resulted in numerous workers being imprisoned.
Economy
edit
Industrial development in Brașov started in the inter-war period, with one of the largest factories being the aeroplane manufacturing plant (IARBrașov), which produced the first Romanian fighter planes used during World War II. After signing the armistice withUSSRon September 12, 1944, the factory started repairing trucks, and in October 1945 it began manufacturing agricultural tractors. IAR 22 was the first Romanian-made wheeled tractor. In 1948 the company was renamed Uzina Tractorul Brașov known internationally as Universal Tractor Brașov. A big part of the factory was demolished during 2013 and 2014 giving way to buildings, shopping mall and recreation parks. Aircraft manufacturing resumed in 1968 at first under the name ICA and then under its old name ofIARat a new location in nearbyGhimbav.
Industrialization was accelerated in the Communist era, with special emphasis being placed onheavy industry,attracting many workers from other parts of the country. Heavy industry is still abundant, includingRoman,which manufacturesMAN AGtrucks as well as native-designed trucks and coaches. Although the industrial base has been in decline in recent years, Brașov is still a site for manufacturing hydraulic transmissions, auto parts, ball-bearings, construction materials, hand tools, furniture, textiles and shoe-wear. There is also a large brewery.[citation needed]
Geography
editClimate
editBrașov has ahumid continental climate(Köppen climate classification:Dfb).
| Climate data for Brașov | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.3 (31.5) |
1.7 (35.1) |
7.6 (45.7) |
14.0 (57.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.9 (75.0) |
20.3 (68.5) |
14.5 (58.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
1.5 (34.7) |
13.0 (55.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.3 (24.3) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
2.6 (36.7) |
8.3 (46.9) |
13.4 (56.1) |
16.4 (61.5) |
18.1 (64.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
14.2 (57.6) |
8.7 (47.7) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
7.8 (46.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −8.3 (17.1) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
2.6 (36.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.8 (51.4) |
12.3 (54.1) |
11.8 (53.2) |
8.1 (46.6) |
3.0 (37.4) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
2.8 (37.0) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 31 (1.2) |
28 (1.1) |
30 (1.2) |
50 (2.0) |
79 (3.1) |
97 (3.8) |
94 (3.7) |
73 (2.9) |
49 (1.9) |
38 (1.5) |
36 (1.4) |
32 (1.3) |
637 (25.1) |
| Source:[21] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
edit| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1890 | 30,781 | — |
| 1900 | 34,511 | +12.1% |
| 1910 | 41,056 | +19.0% |
| 1930 | 59,232 | +44.3% |
| 1941 | 84,557 | +42.8% |
| 1948 | 82,984 | −1.9% |
| 1956 | 123,834 | +49.2% |
| 1966 | 163,345 | +31.9% |
| 1975 (est.) | 206,156 | +26.2% |
| 1983 (est.) | 331,240 | +60.7% |
| 1992 | 323,736 | −2.3% |
| 2002 | 284,596 | −12.1% |
| 2011 | 253,200 | −11.0% |
| 2021 | 237,589 | −6.2% |
| Sources: 1930-1948censuses,[22]1956 census,[23]1966 census,[23]2011 census.[24]1975 and 1983 data are estimates. | ||
Brașov has a total population of 237,589 (2021 census).[2] Its ethnic composition includes (as of 2011):
- Romanians:208,019 (91.3%)
- Hungarians:16,172 (7.1%)
- Germans(Transylvanian Saxons):1,079 (0.5%)
- Romani people:916 (0.4%)
- Other ethnicities:1,037 (0.7%)
In 2005, theBrașov metropolitan areawas created. With its surrounding localities, Brașov had 371,802 inhabitants as of 2021[update].[2]
Administration
editBrașov is administered by a mayor and a local council. The current mayor of Brașov (starting October 21, 2024) isGeorge Scripcarufrom theNational Liberal Party(PNL).
The Brașov Local Council, elected at the2024 Romanian local elections,is made up of 27 counselors, with the following party composition:
| Party | Seats | Current Local Council | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Coalition for Romania(PSD-PNL) | 13 | ||||||||||||||
| United for Brașov Alliance (USR-PMP-FD-FDGR) | 11 | ||||||||||||||
| Alliance for the Union of Romanians(AUR) | 2 | ||||||||||||||
| Independent(Ind.) | 1 | ||||||||||||||
Education
edit
Primary schools
edit- 30 Primary Schools
High schools
edit- Colegiul Național "Andrei Șaguna"
- Colegiul Național "Dr. Ioan Meșotă"
- Colegiul Național de Informatică "Grigore Moisil"
- Colegiul Național "Unirea"
- Colegiul Național Johannes Honterus
- Colegiul Național "Áprily Lajos"
- Liceul "Andrei Mureșanu"
- Colegiul de Științe ale Naturii "Emil Racoviță"
- Liceul "Nicolae Titulescu"
- Liceul Vocațional de Muzica "Tuodr Ciortea"
- Liceul Vocațional de Arte Plastice "Hans Mattis-Teutsch"
- Liceul cu Program Sportiv
- Colegiul de Științe "Grigore Antipa”
- Liceul Teoretic "Constantin Brâncoveanu"
- Seminarul Teologic Liceal Ortodox "Dumitru Stăniloaie"
- Colegiul Tehnic "Astra"
- Colegiul Tehnic "Mircea Cristea"
- Colegiul Tehnic "Iosif Silimon"
- Colegiul Tehnic "Sfinții Voievozi"
- Grupul Școlar de Arte și Meserii
- Colegiul Tehnic "Remus Răduleț"
- Colegiul Tehnic Feroviar
- Grupul Școlar Industrial Auto
- Colegiul Tehnic "Maria Baiulescu"
- Grupul Școlar Industrial de Construcții Montaj
- Colegiul National Economic "Andrei Bârseanu"
- Grupul Școlar Silvic "Dr. Nicolae Rucăreanu"
- Grupul Școlar de Turism și Alimentație Public
- Liceul "FEG"
- Liceul "Europa Unită"
Universities
edit- Transilvania University of Brașov
- George Barițiu University
- Spiru Haret University
- Christian University Dimitrie Cantemir
- Academia Forțelor Aeriene Henri Coandă
- Fundația Universitară Sfinții Apostoli Petru și Pavel
- Sextil Pușcariu University
- Universitatea Româno-Canadiană
- American Hotel Academy
Transportation
edit
The Brașov local transport network has 44 urban bus and trolleybus lines and 19 metropolitan bus lines. There are also regular bus lines servingPoiana Brașov,a nearby winter resort and part of the city of Brașov, and the Brașov-Ghimbav International Airport. All are operated byRAT Brașov.[25]Because of its central location, theBrașov railway stationis one of the busiest stations in Romania with trains to/from most destinations in the country served by rail.[citation needed]
TheBrașov-Ghimbav International Airportis an international airport located in nearbyGhimbav,right by the futureA3 motorway.It is the first airport to be developed in post-communist Romania, and the 17thcommercial airportin the country. The contract for the construction of the main terminal building, with a total area of 11,780 m2(126,799 sq ft), was awarded to the Romanian contractor Bog'Art Bucharest and was signed on 21 August 2019. Construction works for the passenger terminal started on 17 March 2020 and the first commercial flight took place on June 15, 2023.
CFRannounced a feasibility study for the construction of a rail line (8 km) which would connect the airport to theBrașov railway station.
Tourism
edit
With its central location, Brașov is a suitable location from which to explore Romania, and the distances to several tourist destinations (including theBlack Searesorts, the monasteries in northern Moldavia, and the wooden churches ofMaramureș) are similar. It is also the largest city in a mountain resorts area. The old city is very well preserved and is best seen by taking the cable-car to the top of Tâmpa Mountain.
Temperatures from May to September fluctuate around 23 °C (73 °F). Brașov benefits from a winter tourism season centred onwinter sportsand other activities.Poiana Brașovis the most popular Romanianski resortand an important tourist centre preferred by many tourists from other European states.
The city ranks on the second place in terms of tourism arrivals countrywide, after the capitalBucharest.[26]
Sights
edit- Biserica Neagră( "The Black Church";German:Die Schwarze Kirche), a celebratedGothicsite – the building dates from 1477, when it replaced an older church (demolished around 1385). It acquired the name after being blackened by smoke from the 1689 Great Fire.
- Franciscan Church, Brașov
- Casa Sfatului ( "The mayor's former office building" ). The administration for Brașov was here for more than 500 years.
- Biserica Sf. Nicolae(St. Nicholas Church), dating back to the 14th century.
- TheFirst Romanian School,a museum with the first Romanian printing press among many other firsts.
- The Rope Street,the narrowest street in Romania.
- Turnul Negru, Old City Watch Tower.
- Turnul Alb, Old City Watch Tower.
- Șchei,the historically Bulgarian but then Romanian neighbourhood outside of the old walled city.
- Catherine's Gate(German:Katherines Tor), the only original city gate to have survived from medieval times.
- Șchei Gate,next to Catherine's Gate, built in 1827.
- Tâmpa,a small mountain in the middle of the city (900m above sea level), a sightseeing spot near the old city centre.
- The "Brașov Citadel Fortress" –Cetățuia Brașovului
- The nearbyBran Castle,attracting many fans ofDraculaand often (but incorrectly) said to have been the home ofVlad the Impaler.[27]
- Poiana Brașov,mainly a ski resort but also a sightseeing spot.
- Râșnov Fortress,above the nearby town ofRâșnov,is a restored peasant fortress
- Prejmer Fortress(German:Tartlau Festung), in the nearby commune ofPrejmer(German:Tartlau)
- Saint George's Church, Brașov
-
Bran Castle(German:Die Törzburg), situated in the immediate vicinity of Brașov -
White Tower withMount Tâmpain the background -
-
Black Church(German:Die Schwarze Kirche) -
City center seen fromMount Tâmpa -
Catherine's Gate(German:Katherines Tor) -
-
Old Town street -
Union Square (Piața Unirii) -
Brașov County Prefecture -
City Hall
Twin towns – sister cities
edit
Sport
edit
The city has a long tradition in sports, the first sport associations being established at the end of the 19th century (Target shooting Association, Gymnastics School). The Transylvanian Sports Museum is among the oldest in the country and presents the evolution of consecrated sports in the city. During the communist period,universiadesandDaciadswere held, where local sportsmen were obliged to participate. Nowadays, the infrastructure of the city allows other sports to be practiced, such as football, rugby, tennis, cycling, handball, gliding, skiing, skating, mountain climbing, paintball, bowling, swimming, target shooting, basketball, martial arts, equestrian, volleyball or gymnastics. Annually, at "Olimpia" sports ground, the "Brașov Challenge Cup" tennis competition is held.
Colțea Brașovwas the football champion in 1928, managing a second place in 1927, in its only 10 years of existence (1921–1931). It was succeeded byBrașovia Brașov.
Between 17 and 22 February 2013, the city hosted the2013 European Youth Winter Olympic Festival.
As of 2012[update],Brașov is hosting two trail semi-marathons: the Semimaraton Intersport Brașov (held in April) and the Brașov International Marathon (held in April or May).
In November 2013, Brașov submitted their bid for the2020 Winter Youth Olympics.They were up againstLausanne,Switzerlandto be awarded the event. In December that year, the city was signed the Youth Olympic Game Candidature Procedure. The host city was to be announced in July 2015,[30]in which Lausanne was selected.
Local teams
edit- SR Brașov– football club
- ASC Corona Brașov– football club, women'shandballandice hockeyclub
- CSU Brașov– basketball team
- CFR Brașov –rugby footballclub
Sports venues
edit•Under construction
•Sala Polivalentă(10,059 capacity) - under construction multi-purpose 10,059-seat indoor arena
- Planned
- Brașov Arena(23,000 seats) – planned football stadium on the site of the former Municipal Stadium
- Existing
- Silviu Ploeșteanu Stadium(8,500 seats) – built in 1960 for football, floodlights were installed in 2009
- Dumitru Popescu Colibași Sports Hall(2,300 seats) – built around 1970 for indoor sports: handball, basketball, volleyball, sometimes others
- Brașov Olympic Ice Rink(2,000 capacity: 1,600 seated, 400 standing) – inaugurated on February 18, 2010, used mainly for ice hockey and public skating
- Demolished
- Municipal Stadium(30,000 capacity) – built in 1975, used for 1 May and 23 August parades, rarely used for football matches (demolished in 2008)
- Others
- Paradisul Acvatic- aquatic complex with 40m long swimming pool and three jumping platform (1 m, 3 m, 5.20 m)
Notable events
edit- Tess Rally Brașov – The local round in theRomanian Rally Championship
- BRD Brașov Challenger– A tennis tournament, part of theATP Challenger Tour
- Braşov International Marathon – Marathon – 42 km Course, Half-Marathon – 21 km Course 10,7 km & Team Run + 5,7 km Course
Media
editThe city of Brașov is home to several local media publications such as Transilvania Express, Monitorul Express, Bună Ziua Brașov or Brașovul Tău.[31]Also, several local television stations exist, such as RTT, MIX TV and Nova TV.[32]
Gallery
edit
See also
editNotes
edit- ^"Results of the 2024 local elections".Central Electoral Bureau.Retrieved21 October2024.
- ^abcde"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021"(in Romanian).INSSE.31 May 2023.
- ^"Brasov".The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language(5th ed.). HarperCollins.Retrieved10 May2019.
- ^"Braşov"(US) and"Braşov".Oxford DictionariesUK English Dictionary.Oxford University Press.[dead link]
- ^"Braşov".Merriam-Webster Dictionary.Merriam-Webster.Retrieved10 May2019.
- ^"Populația României în fiecare localitate din țară - Recensământul 2021 vs. 2011"(in Romanian). hotnews.ro. 2 February 2023.
- ^Dragoș Moldovanu, Toponimie de origine romană în Transilvania și în sud-vestul Moldovei, Anuarul de lingvistică și istorie literară, XLIX-L, 2009–2010, Bucuresti, p 59
- ^Alexandru Madgearu,"Români și pecenegi în sudul Transilvaniei"Archived2010-01-08 at Wikiwix, Editura Economică, 2005,ISBN973-709-158-2
- ^Drăganu, Nicolae "Români in veacurile IX—XIV pe baza toponimiei şi a onomasticei" (The Romanians in the 9th - 14th Centuries According to Toponymy and Onomastics), Imprimeria Națională, 1933, București, p.560
- ^Austerlitz, Robert "" Brasov-Brasso'-Kronstadt-Berries and Bushes ", in Xenia Slavica; Papers Presented to Gojko Ruzicic on the Occasion of his Seventy-Fifth Birthday, 2 February 1969,Rado LencekandBoris O. Unbegaun,eds. (The Hague: Mouton, 1957), p.19
- ^abOrbán Balázs(1868).A Székelyföld leírása VI.Pest.
{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^J. G. Th. Graesse:Orbis Latinus,G. Schönfeld, Dresden 1861,urn:urn:nbn:de:s2w-3093:{{{2}}}(html, with Alpha betical search index).
- ^"Brasov – Travel To Romania".traveltoromania.Archived fromthe originalon 2007-10-10.Retrieved2008-01-04.
- ^Coles & Harding 1979,p. 140.
- ^Coles & Harding 1979,p. 410.
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References
edit- Coles, John; Harding, A.F. (1979).The Bronze Age in Europe pages 140.Routledge.ISBN978-0-416-70650-5.
- "O istorie a Brașovului"( "A history of Brasov" ) – Ion Dumitrașcu, Mariana Maximescu, Phoenix, Brașov, 2001
- "Fortificația dacică de la Brașov – Pietrele lui Solomon"( "The Dacian citadel from Brașov – Pietrele lui Solomon" ), Fl. Costea, CumidavaXX, Brașov, 1996
- "Săpăturile de salvare de pe dealul Șprenghi"( "The diggings for saving [the archaeological evidences] from Șprenghi Hill" – the hill was a quarry) A. Alexandrescu, N. Constantinescu, București, 1959
- "Die spätneolitischen Ansiedlungen mit bemalter Keramik aus oberem Laufe des Altflusses",J. Teutsch, Mitteilungen der Prehistorischen Komision, I, Wien.
Further reading
edit- "Kronstadt",Austria-Hungary, Including Dalmatia and Bosnia,Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1905,OCLC344268,OL20498317M
External links
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