Wikipedia

Bren light machine gun

"Bren" redirects here. For other uses, seeBren (disambiguation).

TheBren gunwas a series oflight machine guns(LMG) made by Britain in the 1930s and used in various roles until 1992. While best known for its role as the British andCommonwealthforces' primary infantry LMG inWorld War II,it was also used in theKorean Warand saw service throughout the latter half of the 20th century, including the 1982Falklands War.[3]Although fitted with abipod,it could also be mounted on a tripod or be vehicle-mounted.

Bren
A Bren Mk.1 gun
TypeLight machine gun
Place of origin
Service history
In service1938–2006
Used bySeeUsers
WarsSeeService
Production history
DesignerVáclav Holek
Designed1935
Manufacturer
Unit cost£40[1]
Produced1935–1971
No.built500,000[2]
VariantsMk I, II, III, IV
L4
Specifications
Mass
  • Mk1 & Mk2: 22.8 lb (10.3 kg), 25 lb (11.3 kg) loaded
  • Mk3 & Mk4: 19.15 lb (8.69 kg), 21.6 lb (9.8 kg) loaded
LengthMk1 & Mk2: 45.5 in (1,160 mm)
Mk3 & Mk4 42.9 in (1,090 mm)[2]
Barrellength25 in (635 mm)
Crew2, gunner and assistant
Cartridge
ActionGas-operated,tilting bolt
Rate of fire
  • 500–520 rounds/min
  • practical 120 rounds/min sustained
Muzzle velocity2,440 ft/s (743.7 m/s)
Effective firing range600 yd (550 m)
Maximum firing range1,850 yd (1,690 m)
Feed system
  • 30-round detachablebox magazine
  • 100-round detachablepan magazine(.303 variants only)
  • 20-round L1A1 SLR magazine (7.62mm variants only)
SightsIron

The Bren gun was a licensed version of the CzechoslovakZGB 33light machine gun which, in turn, was a modified version of theZB vz. 26,whichBritish Armyofficials had tested during a firearms service competition in the 1930s. The later Bren gun featured a distinctive top-mounted curved box magazine, conical flash hider, and quick change barrel.

The designer wasVáclav Holek,a gun inventor and design engineer.

In the 1950s, many Bren guns were re-barrelled to accept the7.62×51mm NATOcartridge and modified to feed from the magazine for theL1(Commonwealth version of theFN FAL) rifle as the L4 light machine gun. It was replaced in the British Army as the section LMG by theL7general-purpose machine gun(GPMG), abelt-fedweapon. This was supplemented in the 1980s by theL86 Light Support Weaponfiring the5.56×45mm NATOround, leaving the Bren gun in use only as a pintle mount on some vehicles. The Bren gun was manufactured byIndian Ordnance Factoriesas the "Gun Machine 7.62mm 1B"[4]before it was discontinued in 2012.[5]

Name

edit

The nameBrenwas derived fromBrno,the city inCzechoslovakia,where the Zb vz. 26 was designed (in theZbrojovka Brno Factory) andEnfield,site of the BritishRoyal Small Arms Factory.[6]

Development

edit
Australian assault on a pillbox atGiropa Point,Papua New Guinea, January 1943; the two soldiers in the foreground both carry Brens.
A member ofNo. 9 Commandoat Anzio, equipped for a patrol with his Bren gun, 5 March 1944
A Bren gunner of theNorwegian Brigadetakes aim during training at Dumfries, Scotland, 27 June 1941.

At the close ofWorld War Iin 1918, the British Army was equipped with two main automatic weapons; theVickers medium machine gun(MMG) and theLewis light machine gun.The Vickers was heavy and required a supply of water to keep it in operation, which tended to relegate it to static defence and indirect fire support. The Lewis, although lighter, was still heavy and was prone to frequent stoppages: its barrel could not be changed in the field, which meant that sustained firing resulted in overheating until it stopped altogether.

In 1922, to find a replacement for the Lewis, the Small Arms Committee of the British Army ran competitive trials between theMadsen machine gun,theM1918 Browning Automatic Rifle(BAR), theHotchkiss M1909 machine gun,theBeardmore–Farquhar rifle,and the Lewis itself. Although the BAR was recommended, the sheer number of Lewis guns available and the difficult financial conditions meant that nothing was done. Various new models of light machine gun were tested as they became available, and in 1930, a further set of extensive trials commenced, overseen byFrederick Hubert Vinden.[7]This time the weapons tested included theSIG Neuhausen KE7,theVickers–Berthierand the Czechoslovak ZB vz. 27. The last did not meet high requirements for durability and reliability, mainly becausegunpowder residuefrom Britishcorditewas obstructing the gas tube (ZB vz. 27 was also sent in 7.92 Mauser instead of.303 British, but ZB already held a patent[8]for a staggered magazine for rimmed rounds).[9]The Vickers–Berthier was later adopted by theIndian Armybecause it could be manufactured at once, rather than wait for the British Lewis production run to finish; it too saw extensive service in World War II.[10]

A modified variant with a shortened gas tube was tested again in June 1932, and then newly developedZB-30in.303 yet again tested in November.[9]Receiving more feedback and incorporating it into the design by January 1933, yet two other modifications were tested by British representatives inBrnoin July.[9]One of the variants was selected, designated ZGB 33 (for Zbrojovka, Great Britain, 33), and 10 samples were sent to England in autumn 1933.[9]After additional trials in early 1934, more samples were ordered during the summer of 1934, and on May 24, 1935, the licence for British manufacture was finally acquired, and the design was adopted under the Bren name.[9]

The major changes were in the magazine and barrel and the lower pistol grip assembly which went from a swivelling grip frame pivoted on the front of the trigger guard to a sliding grip frame which included the forward tripod mount and sliding ejection port cover. The magazine was curved in order to feed the rimmed.303 inch SAA( "Small Arms Ammunition" ) cartridge, a change from the variousrimlessMauser-designcartridgessuch as the7.9-mm Mauserround previously used by Czech designs. These modifications were categorised in various numbered designations, ZB vz. 27, ZB vz. 30, ZB vz. 32, and finally the ZGB 33, which was licensed for manufacture under the Bren name.[citation needed]

The Bren was a gas-operated weapon using the same.303 ammunition as the standard Britishbolt-action rifle,theLee–Enfield,firing at a rate between 480 and 540 rounds per minute (rpm), depending on the model. Propellant gases vented from a port towards the muzzle end of the barrel through a regulator (visible just in front of the bipod) with four quick-adjustment apertures of different sizes, intended to tailor the gas volume to different ambient temperatures (smallest flow at high temperature, e.g. summer desert, largest at low temperature, e.g. winter Arctic). The vented gas drove a piston which in turn actuated the breech block. Each gun came with a spare barrel that could be quickly changed when the barrel became hot during sustained fire, though later guns featured achrome-lined barrel, which reduced the need for a spare. To change barrels, the release catch in front of the magazine was rotated to unlock the barrel. The carrying handle above the barrel was used to grip and remove the hot barrel without burning the hands.[citation needed]

The Bren was magazine-fed, which slowed its rate of fire and required more frequent reloading than British belt-fed machine guns such as the larger.303 Vickers machine gun. The slower rate of fire prevented more rapid overheating of the Bren's air-cooled barrel, and the Bren was much lighter than belt-fed machine guns, which typically had cooling jackets, often liquid filled. The magazines also prevented the ammunition from getting dirty, which was more of a problem with the Vickers with its 250-round canvas belts. Thesightswere offset to the left, to avoid the magazine on the top of the weapon. The position of the sights meant that the Bren could be fired only from the right shoulder.[11]

Service

edit

World War II

edit

In the British and Commonwealth armies, the Bren was generally issued on a scale of one per rifle section.[12]An infantry battalion also had a "carrier" platoon, equipped withUniversal Carriers,each of which carried a Bren gun.[13]Parachute battalions from 1944 had an extra Bren in the Anti-tank platoon.[14]The 66-man "Assault Troop" ofBritish Commandoshad a nominal establishment of four Bren guns. Realising the need for additional section-level firepower, the British Army endeavoured to issue the Bren in great numbers, with a stated goal of one Bren to every four private soldiers.[15]The Bren was operated by a two-man crew, sometimes commanded by aLance Corporalas an infantry section's "gun group", the remainder of the section forming the "rifle group". The gunner or "Number 1" carried and fired the Bren, and a loader or "Number 2" carried extra magazines, a spare barrel and a tool kit.[16]Number 2 helped reload the gun and replace the barrel when it overheated,[17]and spotted targets for Number 1.[citation needed]

Generally, the Bren was fired from the prone position using the attached bipod.[18]On occasion, a Bren gunner would use his weapon on the move supported by a sling, much like an automatic rifle, and from standing or kneeling positions. Using the sling, Australian soldiers regularly fired the Bren from the hip, for instance in themarching firetactic, a form ofsuppressive firemoving forward in assault. AVictoria Crosswas awarded to PrivateBruce Kingsburyfor such use atIsurava,New Guinea, in 1942, during the Australians' fighting retreat from Kokoda.[19]

Each British soldier's equipment normally included two magazines for his section's Bren gun. The large ammunition pouches on the1937 pattern web equipmentwere designed around the Bren magazine. The Bren was regarded as the principal weapon of an infantry section, providing the majority of its firepower. As such, all ranks were expected to be "experts in its use".[20]

The Bren had an effective range of around 600 yards (550 m) when fired from a prone position with abipod.[15][a]It could deliver a beaten ground of 115 yd (105 m) by 12 m (39 ft) at 1,000 yd (910 m) on the bipod. A 'rapid' fire rate of 120 rounds per minute (four magazines a minute) was sustainable with a barrel change after ten magazines (or reduction in fire rate) to limit wear but doctrine was to fire in 4-5 round bursts.[21]Soldiers were instructed to fire single-shot in imitation of rifle fire to conceal the presence of an automatic weapon.[22]

For a light machine gun of the interwar and early World War II era, the Bren was about average in weight. On long marches in non-operational areas it was often partially disassembled and its parts were carried by two soldiers. The top-mounted magazine vibrated and moved during fire, making the weapon more visible in combat, and many Bren gunners used paint or improvised canvas covers to disguise the prominent magazine.[23]

The 30-round magazine was in practice usually filled with 27 or 28 rounds to prevent jams and for magazines kept full for a long time 20 rounds to avoid wearing out the magazine spring.[24]Care needed to be taken when loading the magazine to ensure that each round went ahead of the previous round, so that the.303 cartridge rims did not overlap the wrong way, which would cause a jam. The spentcartridge caseswereejected downwards,which was an improvement on the Lewis gun, which ejected sideways, since the glint of them flying through the air could compromise a concealed firing position.[25]

In general, the Bren was considered a reliable and effective light machine gun, though inNorth Africait was reported to jam regularly unless kept very clean and free of sand or dirt.[15]It was popular with British troops, who respected its reliability and combat effectiveness. The quality of the materials used would generally ensure minimal jamming. When the gun did jam through fouling caused by prolonged firing, the operator could adjust the four-position gas regulator to feed more gas to the piston increasing the power to operate the mechanism. The barrel needed to be unlocked and slid forward slightly to allow the regulator to be turned. It was even said that all problems with the Bren could simply be cleared by hitting the gun, turning the regulator or doing both. It was "by general consent the finest light machine gun in the world of its period, and the most useful weapon provided to the (French)" maquis "... accurate up to 1,000 meters, and (it) could withstand immense maltreatment and unskilled use." Resistants "were constantly pleading for maximum drops of Brens".[26]

Bren with 100 round detachablepan magazine.With the magazine fitted, the original sights cannot be used.[27]

Although they were generally well-liked, the high cost of £40 each gun was an issue for the British Army leadership. This became a greater issue when it was discovered that only 2,300 of the 30,000 Bren guns issued to theBritish Expeditionary Forcecame back to Britain after the defeat of France. As the result, cost savings and increased rate of production became two main goals for subsequent variant designs. The Bren Mk II design simplified production by replacing the drum rear sight with a ladder design, making the bipod legs non-adjustable, simplifying the gun butt, reducing the use ofstainless steel,among other steps that reduced the cost by 20% to 25%; Mk II was approved in September 1940 and entered production in 1941. While the Bren Mk III design also aimed at reducing cost, it also had the concurrent goal of being lightened for jungle warfare; the final product weighed 19 lb 5 oz (8.8 kg), 3 pounds lighter than the original Bren Mk I design; it was standardised in July 1944 and saw a production of 57,600. Also standardised in July 1944 was the Bren Mk IV, which was further lightened to 19 lb 2 oz (8.7 kg); however, it did not enter production until July 1945, and only 250 were built before the end of the war. While Enfield was able to produce only 400 Bren Mk I guns each month, with the various simplification efforts production numbers rose to 1,000 guns per week by 1943. Later designs of production Bren guns featured chrome-lined barrels that offered less resistance, preventing overheating and reducing the need for quick changes of barrels.[28]

Bren guns were produced outside of Britain as well. In Canada, theJohn Inglisplant in Toronto began tooling its facilities for production in 1938; the first of 186,000 examples was completed in March 1940. Some of the Inglis-built Bren guns were chambered for the 7.92-mm Mauser ammunition; these were destined for export toNationalist Chinese forcesrather than for British and Commonwealth forces. In Australia, theLithgow Small Arms Factoryin New South Wales began building Bren guns in 1940; a total of 17,249 were built. In India, thefactory at Ishaporebegan building Bren guns in 1942 (it had produced Vickers-Berthier machine guns prior to this time), and would continue producing them for decades long after the end of World War II. Many of the Bren guns produced at Ishapore went to Indian troops, who had lost a great number of automatic weapons during the disastrous campaigns against the Japanese in Malaya and Burma;17th Indian Infantry Division,for example, found itself with only 56 Bren guns afterfleeing out of Burma in 1942.[28]

Bren gun mounted on a tripod, 2010

A tripod mount with 42 degrees of traverse was available to allow the Bren to be used on "fixed lines" of fire for defensive shooting at pre-determined areas in the dark or if obscured by fog or smoke. The Bren was also used on many vehicles, theUniversal Carrieralso known as the "Bren Gun Carrier",[b]and on tanks and armoured cars. The Carrier was intended to use its "armour, speed and cross country performance" to bring the gun team into position from where it would fire dismounted; firing from the vehicle only in an emergency.[29] The Bren could not be used as a co-axial weapon on tanks, as the magazine restricted its depression and was awkward to handle in confined spaces, and it was therefore used on apintle mountonly. (The belt fedVickersorBesa,the latter being another Czechoslovak machine gun design adopted by the British, were instead used as co-axial weapons.) An unfortunate problem occurred when the Bren was fired from theDingo Scout Car;the hot cartridge cases tended to be ejected down the neck of the driver, whose position was next to the pintle. A canvas bag was designed to catch the cartridges and overcome the problem, but it seems to have been rarely issued.[25]

Indiantroops man a Bren gun on an anti-aircraft tripod,Western DesertApril 1941

The Bren was also employed in theanti-aircraftrole with the tripod reconfigured for high angle fire. There were also several designs of less-portable mountings, including theGallowsandMottleymounts. A 100-roundpan magazinewas available for the Bren for use in the anti-aircraft role.[30]

The Bren's direct ancestor, the Czechoslovak ZB vz. 26, was also used in World War II by German and Romanian forces, including units of theWaffen SS.Many7.92 mmZB light machine guns were shipped to China, where they were employed first against the Japanese in World War II, and later against UN forces in Korea, including British and Commonwealth units. Some ex-Chinese Czech ZB weapons were also in use in the early stages of theVietnam War.Production of a 7.92 mm round model for the Far East was carried out by Inglis of Canada. The Bren was also delivered to theSoviet Unionas part of thelend-leaseprogram.[31]

Post-war

edit

The British Army, and the armies of various countries of theCommonwealth,used the Bren in theKorean War,theMalayan Emergency,theMau Mau Uprisingand theIndonesia–Malaysia confrontation,where it was preferred to its replacement, the belt-fedL7 GPMG,on account of its lighter weight. In theconflict in Northern Ireland(1969–1998), a British Army squad typically carried the L4A4 version of the Bren as the squad automatic weapon in the 1970s.[32]During theFalklands Warin 1982,40 CommandoRoyal Marinescarried one LMG and one GPMG per section. Its final operational deployment with the British Army, on a limited scale, was in theFirst Gulf Warin 1991.[33]

Bren gun in an Argentine museum

When the British Army adopted the7.62 mmNATOcartridge, the Bren was re-designed to 7.62 mm calibre, fitted with a new bolt, barrel and magazine. It was re-designated as the "L4 light machine gun" (in various sub-versions) and remained in British Army service into the 1990s. A slotted flash hider similar to that of the contemporary L1 rifle and L7 general purpose machine gun replaced the conical flash hider. The change from a rimmed to rimless cartridge and nearly straight magazine improved feeding considerably, and allowed use of 20-round magazines from the 7.62 mmL1A1 Self-Loading Rifle.Bren gunners using the L4A1 were normally issued with the 30-round magazine from the SAW L2A1.

Completion of the move to a5.56 mmNATO cartridge led to the Army removing the Bren/L4 from the list of approved weapons and then withdrawing it from service.[citation needed]

The Mark III Bren remained in limited use with theArmy Reserveof theIrish Defence Forcesuntil 2006, when the7.62 mm GPMGreplaced it. The Bren was popular with the soldiers who fired it (known as Brenners) as it was light and durable, and had a reputation for accuracy. The most notable use of the Bren by Irish forces was in theCongo Crisisduring the 1960s, when the Bren was the regular army's standard section automatic weapon.[citation needed]

Bren guns were in service with theRhodesian Security Forcesduring theRhodesian Bush War,including a substantial number re-chambered for 7.62 mm cartridges similar to those examples in the British Army.[34]The Rhodesian Bren guns continued to see frequent action until the 1970s, when they were largely replaced by theFN MAG.[35]A few were captured and re-issued by theZimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army(ZIPRA).[36]Some examples were still in service with reservists of theBritish South Africa Policein 1980, and were inherited by theZimbabwe Republic Policeupon the country's internationally recognised independence.[37]Zimbabwean policemen continued to deploy Bren guns during operations against ZIPRA dissidents throughout the early 1980s.[37]

TheSouth African Defence Forcedeployed Bren guns during theSouth African Border Waralongside the more contemporary FN MAG as late as 1978.[38]

Variants

edit

Mark 1

edit

Introduced September 1937; the original Czechoslovak designed ZGB 33. Overall length 45.5 inches (1.16 m), 25 inches (0.64 m) barrel length. Weight 22 lb 2 oz (10.0 kg).

Features:

  • Drum-pattern rear aperture sight
  • Buttstrap for use over-the-shoulder when firing
  • Rear grip under butt
  • Telescoping bipod
  • Folding cocking handle

An Enfield-made.303 Bren Mk 1 was converted to7.92mmin 1938 due to the suggestion of a possibility of a British Army change over to a rimless cartridge for machine guns being mooted.[i]

Mark 2

edit

Introduced 1941. A simplified version of the Mk1 more suited to wartime production with original design features subsequently found to be unnecessary deleted.[ii]Produced by Inglis of Canada and the Monotype Group through a number of component manufacturing factories. Sometimes known as the "Garage hands" model. Overall length 45.5 inches (1.16 m), 25 inches (0.64 m) barrel length. Weight 23 lb 3 oz (10.5 kg).

Features:

  • Folding-leaf rear sight
  • Buttstrap deleted
  • Rear grip deleted
  • Fixed height bipod
  • Fixed cocking handle

The Bren Mk2 was much simplified in the body, which although still being milled from a solid billet of steel, required significantly fewer milling operations than the Mk1, resulting in a much cleaner appearance. The bipod was simplified in design as well as not having extending legs. Most Mk2 bipods resembled a simple A-frame and were more 'soldier proof'. The Mk2 also featured a slightly higher rate of fire than the Mk1.

The woodwork on the Mk2 was simplified by being less ornate and ergonomic, which sped up the manufacturing process. The barrel was also simplified by means of a non-stepped removable flash hider and, in some cases, a barrel fore-end that was matte instead of highly polished. The buffered buttplate of the Mk1 was omitted and replaced with a sheet metal buttplate.

A small number of Inglis-made.303 Bren Mk 2 were converted post-war to fire the.280 in (7 mm) Mk 1Zround used by theEM-2 rifle.[39]

The Inglis version of the Bren Mk 2 chambered for the.30-06(7.62 mm) cartridge and known as the M41 was also manufactured inTaiwanafter the end of theChinese Civil War.[40]

Mark 3

edit

A shorter and lighter Bren made by Enfield from 1944 for the war in the East and for Airborne Forces. This was similar to the Mk2 but with the light weight features of the early Mk1, with the main distinguishing feature being a shorter barrel and serrated area in front of the barrel nut. Overall length 42.9 in (1.09 m), 22.25 in (0.565 m) barrel length. Weight 19 lb 5 oz (8.8 kg).

Mark 4

edit

As with the Mk3 but this was a conversion of a Mk2. Overall length 42.9 in (1.09 m), 22.25 in (0.565 m) barrel length. Weight 19 lb 2 oz (8.7 kg).

L4

edit
L4-series Bren with distinctive flash hider and magazine

The Bren was converted to7.62×51mm NATOin the 1950s, and designated the L4. L4 Brens can easily be identified by their straighter magazine and cylindrical flash hider. The British-issue L4 magazine retains the 30-round capacity and has a slight curve. The L4 magazine was interchangeable with theL1A1 SLRmagazine, so the L4 Bren can be seen fitted with straight 20-round magazines from the SLR or with the straight 30-round magazine from the AustralianL2A1or Canadian C2A1 heavy-barrel SLR. The flash suppressor was changed from the cone type of.303 variants to a slotted, cylindrical type similar in appearance to that used on the SLR and L7 GPMG. The L4 remained in British service until the 1990s.[41]

L4 designations[citation needed]
Designation Description
L4A1 Bren Mk3 conversion originally known as X10E1, with Mk1 bipod and two steel barrels.[iii]
L4A2 Bren Mk3 conversion originally known as X10E2, lightened bipod and two steel barrels.
L4A3 Bren Mk2 conversion, one chromium-plated steel barrel.[iv]
L4A4 L4A2 variant with one chromium-plated steel barrel
L4A5 L4A3 with two steel barrels forRoyal Navy
L4A6 L4A1 variant with one chromium-plated steel barrel
L4A7 Conversion of MK1 Bren. None made but drawings prepared for overseas buyer
L4A9 Bren conversion with L7 dovetail

Besal gun

edit
Main article:Besal

The Besal or Faulkner light machine gun was a Bren-inspired emergency design developed in the aftermath of the French campaign and the Dunkirk Evacuation in which theBritish Expeditionary Forcelost almost 30,000 Brens and given the vulnerability of a single, well known, manufacturing site for the Bren at Royal Small Arms Factory Enfield. Developed in 1940 by Harry Faulker of theBirmingham Small Arms Company,the Besal looks much like a Bren, but was developed with much simplified machining operations in mind to allow it to be produced in any machine shop. Unlike the Bren, the Besal was full automatic only rather than select fire and lacked a cocking handle, using the pistol grip instead. In Mark 2 format the Besal had no interchangeable parts with the Bren, but was designed to use Bren magazines.

Taden gun

edit
Main article:Taden gun

TheTaden gunwas a post-war development of the Bren to use with the.280 British(7 mm) intermediate round proposed to replace the.303 in British service. The Taden was belt-fed with either spade grips for MMG use or a butstock and pistol grip for LMG use and would have replaced both the Bren and the Vickers machine gun. Although reliable[citation needed]it was not accepted due to the US-driven standardization within NATO on the larger7.62×51mm NATOround.[42]

X11

edit

The X11 was a belt-fed Bren derivative developed by RSAF Enfield after the cancellation of the EM-2 rifle and Taden machine gun, adapting the Taden concepts to a Bren derived weapon in the new7.62x51mmNATO standard round. It came second in trials behind theFN MAG.[43]


Semiautomatic Bren guns

edit

Many nations' militaries have disposed of their Bren guns as surplus to their needs. Surplus Brens have been imported to the United States for sale to collectors, but due to US gun laws restricting the importation of automatic weapons such guns must be legally destroyed by cutting up the receivers. A number of US gunsmiths have manufactured new semiautomatic Brens by welding the pieces of destroyed receivers back together, with modifications to prevent the use of full automatic parts, and fitting new fire-control components capable of only semiautomatic fire. The balance of the parts are surplus Bren parts. Such "semiautomatic machine guns" are legally considered rifles under US Federal law and the laws of most states.[citation needed]

Production

edit
Veronica Fosteras "Ronnie, the Bren Gun Girl", was a Canadian icon for women working in war production
United Kingdom

Bren guns were produced at theRoyal Small Arms Factory,inEnfield, London.[44]The first Bren guns were built in September 1937, and by December, a total of 42 had been produced. Weekly production was 300 Brens a week in July 1938, and 400 a week in September 1939.[45] The Monotype Group[c]produced Mark 2 Brens.[46]Enfield produced a total of 220,000 Mark I Bren guns,[47]57,600 in Mark III,[48]and 250 in Mark IV.[49]

Canada

John Inglis and Companyreceived a contract from the British and Canadian governments in March 1938 to supply 5,000 Bren machine guns to the UK and 7,000 Bren machine guns to Canada. Both countries shared thecapitalcosts of bringing in this new production facility.[50]Production started in 1940; by August 1942, the Inglis plant was averaging 10,000 Brens per month, and produced 186,000 Bren guns of all variants by the end of the war, including 43,000 chambered in7.92×57mm Mauserfor export to the ChineseNational Revolutionary Army.[51][52]

India
Indian soldier armed with domestically produced 7.62mm Bren (Gun Machine 7.62mm 1B), 2009.

In 1942, theIshapore Arsenalbegan to produce Bren guns, and continued to do so long after the end of World War II, also manufacturing variants in7.62×51mm NATO.[51] A shadow factory for Ishapore was set up atKanpurand produced.303 Brens before it was later rechambered to fire 7.62 NATO ammo in 1964[53][54]as the 1A LMG.[55]

Australia

In 1940, theLithgow Small Arms FactoryinNew South Walesbegan to manufacture Bren guns, producing a total of 17,249 by 1945.[51]

Users

edit
Watched by two small boys, a fighter from theFrench Forces of the Interiorposes with his Bren inChâteaudun,1944.
A statue at the AlgerianMartyrs' Memorialportraying a soldier with a Bren.
L4-series Brens captured from the Grenadian military duringUnited States invasion of Grenada,1983.
Dutch soldiers prepare a Bren machine gun position during an exercise, 1961.
edit
  • Members of theMilicewith captured Bren guns.
  • 8th Bn Royal Scots with Bren nearTilburg,October 1944
  • Twin Bren anti-aircraft mounting
  • Two Brens (withUniversal Carrierand Vickers machine gun) were a gift of theIshan peoplein Nigeria to British Army

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^The British Army training instructions gives 1000 yds as the effective range
  2. ^the name was a carryover from the "Carrier, Bren Gun" one of four variations of the tracked vehicle before the Universal design was developed
  3. ^A consortium of Monotype, Daimler, Hercules Cycle, Climax Rock Drill, F. Tibbenham, British Fabricating Machine Co. and Sigmund Pumps
  1. ^The 7.92mm was the cartridge that the original Zb 27 and Zb 30 supplied to Britain for testing had been chambered in. Guns made at BRNO chambered to.303 for the British trials were designated 'ZGB 30' at a cost of £175 per-gun with two barrels and with spares and accessories. Further British requests for modifications led to the ZGB 32, ZGB 33, and ZGB 34, the last being accepted for production as the Bren with the first Enfield production gun being completed in September 1937.[citation needed]
  2. ^A number of features present in the original pre-war design were found to be seldom if-ever used in action. For example, the then-current continental fashion of holding the gun placed the firer's free left hand under the butt, whereas British practice was to place the firer's free hand on top of the butt stock thus making the rear grip superfluous.[citation needed]
  3. ^The early conversions to 7.62 used a convertedEM-2 riflemagazine.[39]
  4. ^The chromium-plated barrel had improved wear characteristics at high temperatures and so carrying a spare barrel was unnecessary.
  1. ^Dugelby & Stevens 1999,p. 125.
  2. ^abGrant 2013,p. 17.
  3. ^Canadian Encyclopedia: Bren Gun
  4. ^ab"Gun Machine 7.62 MM '1B'".Ordnance Factory Board.Archived fromthe originalon 27 January 2007.Retrieved27 July2012.
  5. ^abcdGrant 2013,p. 66.
  6. ^"Václav Holek".Encyklopedie Brna(in Czech).Retrieved14 September2023.
  7. ^B.S.C. (10 February 1977). "Brigadier F. H. Vinden".The Times.London.
  8. ^GB 336690A,Czech patent No. 36583
  9. ^abcde"Vhu Praha".
  10. ^Grant 2013,pp. 9–11.
  11. ^Grant 2013,p. 40.
  12. ^Grant 2013,p. 28.
  13. ^Grant 2013,p. 32.
  14. ^The British Parachute Battalion, circa 1944 to 1945ArchivedJanuary 1, 2009, at theWayback Machine.
  15. ^abcDunlap 1948,p.[page needed].
  16. ^Grant 2013,p. 29.
  17. ^Pamphlet No. 4 "Lesson 12 - Elementary Handling (No.1 Assisted by No.2)"
  18. ^"It [the L4A4 Bren] is normally fired from the shoulder in the lying position, supported by the bipod, although it may be fired from other positions to engage targets at close range". Chapter 1, Section 1, para 102, Australian Army Manual of Land Warfare, Part 2, Infantry Training, Vol 4 Pam 6, Machine Gun 7.62mm L4A4, Australian Government 1979.
  19. ^"No. 35893".The London Gazette(Supplement). 5 February 1943. p. 659.
  20. ^"16. Light machine gun".Infantry Section Leading 1938(1940 ed.). The War Office. December 1938. p. 8.
  21. ^Pamphlet No. 4, Light Machine Gun,Small Arms Training, Vol 1, War Office, June 1939, p. 4
  22. ^Pamphlet No. 4 "Lesson 4 - Firing"
  23. ^George 1948,p.[page needed].
  24. ^"630. Bren Gun – Filling of Magazines. (September, 1939)",Army Council Instructions,The National Archives, WO 293/24,"658. Magazines, Bren,.303-in., Machine Gun, Mark I – Filling of. (5 October 1939)",Army Council Instructions,The National Archives, WO 293/24
  25. ^abGrant 2013,p. 41.
  26. ^Hastings, Max(2013) [1981].Das Reich: The March of the 2nd SS Panzer Division through France, June 1944(2 ed.). Minneapolis, United States: Zenith Press. p. 236.ISBN978-0-7603-4491-0.
  27. ^McCollum, Ian (22 June 2012)."Bren 100-round Drum".Forgotten Weapons.Retrieved19 March2021.
  28. ^abChen, C. Peter,"Bren Machine Gun",ww2db
  29. ^"16. Light machine gun".Infantry Section Leading 1938(1940 ed.). The War Office. December 1938. p. 11.
  30. ^"Image"(JPG).Cairdpublications.Retrieved4 July2018.
  31. ^Glantz, David M. (2005).Colossus reborn: the Red Army at war, 1941–1943.Lawrence, Kan.: Univ. Press of Kansas. p. 193.ISBN978-0700613533.
  32. ^abGrant 2013,p. 26.
  33. ^Grant 2013,pp. 26 and 59.
  34. ^Moorcraft, Paul L; McLaughlin, Peter (2010) [2008].The Rhodesian War: A Military History.Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. p. 92.ISBN978-0811707251.
  35. ^Chris Cocks (3 April 2002).Fireforce: One Man's War in the Rhodesian Light Infantry(July 1, 2001 ed.). Covos Day. pp. 139–141.ISBN978-1-919874-32-6.
  36. ^Wood, J R T (April 2008).A matter of weeks rather than months: The Impasse between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969.Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. p. 411.ISBN978-1-4251-4807-2.
  37. ^abCocks, Chris (2008) [1999].Out of Action(Second ed.). Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. p. 48.ISBN978-1920143206.
  38. ^abJooste, Rina (December 2013)."Representing history through film with reference to the documentary filmCaptor and Captive:Perspectives on a 1978 Border War incident "(PDF).Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University.Archived(PDF)from the original on 29 December 2016.Retrieved4 January2016.
  39. ^abGrant 2013,p. 23.
  40. ^abcdGrant 2013,p. 24.
  41. ^"7.62 mm L4A1 Bren light machine gun, 1957 (c)".Online Collection.London:National Army Museum.Archivedfrom the original on 27 September 2021.Retrieved19 March2021.
  42. ^Williams, Anthony G (April 2014)."Assault rifles and their ammunition".Archived fromthe originalon 2 June 2014.
  43. ^https://armourersbench /2017/09/17/x11-belt-fed-bren-derivative/
  44. ^Hobart 1972,p. 7.
  45. ^Hobart 1972,p. 9.
  46. ^"Bren Mk 2".Imperial War Museums.Archivedfrom the original on 5 November 2023.
  47. ^Dugelby & Stevens 1999,p. 114.
  48. ^Dugelby & Stevens 1999,p. 171.
  49. ^Dugelby & Stevens 1999,p. 174.
  50. ^Drew, George A (1 September 1938),"Canada's Armament Mystery",Macleans,archived fromthe originalon 17 April 2022
  51. ^abcGrant 2013,p. 22.
  52. ^Dugelby & Stevens 1999,p. 244-247.
  53. ^"History".Small Arms Factory.Government of India. Archived fromthe originalon 23 February 2020.
  54. ^"Product development history".Small Arms Factory.Archived fromthe originalon 1 August 2019.Retrieved15 January2022.
  55. ^"Gun Machine 7.62mm IA [Indian Bren gun]".Imperial War Museums.
  56. ^Windrow, Martin (1997).The Algerian War, 1954-62.Men-at Arms 312. London:Osprey Publishing.p. 9.ISBN978-1-85532-658-3.
  57. ^Cunneen, William James (c. 1965)."photo caption".Australian War Memorial.CUN/65/0724/MC.Retrieved26 March2023.
  58. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstJones & Ness 2009.
  59. ^Lee E Russell (28 March 1985).Grenada 1983.Osprey Publishing.p. 46.ISBN9780850455830.
  60. ^Smith 1969,p. 212.
  61. ^Jowett, Philip (2016).Modern African Wars (5): The Nigerian-Biafran War 1967-70.Oxford:Osprey PublishingPress. p. 23.ISBN978-1472816092.
  62. ^"Bulharský lehký kulomet BREN – funkční řez".vhu.cz(in Czech).Vojenský historický ústav Praha[cs].
  63. ^Smith 1969,p. 285.
  64. ^Lart, Bernard (19 September 2015). Goya, Michel (ed.)."Les Ailes françaises au Tchad: Retournons le sablier…".La voie de l'epee.
  65. ^Berman, Eric G.; Lombard, Louisa N. (December 2008).The Central African Republic and Small Arms: A Regional Tinderbox(PDF).Small Arms Survey.pp. 43–44.ISBN978-2-8288-0103-8.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2 August 2014.
  66. ^"Vojničke puške".Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova Republike Hrvatske. 16 March 2014. Archived fromthe originalon 16 March 2014.Retrieved4 July2018.
  67. ^Grant 2013,p. 52.
  68. ^Grant 2013,p. 6.
  69. ^Grant 2013,pp. 22&24.
  70. ^Smith 1969,pp. 293&296.
  71. ^"On a sun-washed island a brutal back-alley war".LIFE.28 February 1964. pp. 24–31.
  72. ^"Big gun sale in Cyprus".oldbritishguns.25 February 2011.
  73. ^Smith 1969,p. 337.
  74. ^Smith 1969,p. 613.
  75. ^Smith 1969,p. 372.
  76. ^Robert Asprey (2002).War In The Shadows: The Guerrilla in History.p. 320.ISBN978-0595225934.
  77. ^Michel Germain (1998).Histoire de la Milice et des forces du maintien de l'ordre en Haute-Savoie 1940–1945: Guerre civile en Haute-Savoie.p. 144.
  78. ^abWindrow, Martin (15 November 1998).The French Indochina War 1946–54.Men-at-Arms 322.Osprey Publishing.p. 41.ISBN9781855327894.
  79. ^Needham, William R. (26 February 1971).Paramilitary forces in Greece, 1946-1949. An Institute for Advanced Studies-Individual Study Project(PDF).US Army War College.p. 31. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 31 October 2018.
  80. ^Smith 1969,p. 450.
  81. ^JOC Gary Miller (26 October 1983)."Bren light machine guns seized by US military personnel during Operation URGENT FURY".catalog.archives.gov.National Archives.Retrieved3 October2022.
  82. ^JO1 Peter D. Sundberg (2 November 1983)."A Marine displays a seized Soviet RPG-2 rocket launcher and Bren light machine gun, after arriving with Battalion Landing Team A during Operation Urgent Fury. They were deployed from Grenada when informed that members of the Peoples Revolutionary Army were here on the island".catalog.archives.gov.National Archives.Retrieved3 October2022.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  83. ^TSGT Mike Creen (3 November 1983)."Two Bren light machine guns seized by US military personnel during Operation URGENT FURY".catalog.archives.gov.National Archives.Retrieved3 October2022.
  84. ^"RHKR Equipment - Weapons".rhkr.org.The Royal Hong Kong Regiment (The Volunteers) Association.Archivedfrom the original on 16 June 2021.Retrieved16 June2021.
  85. ^Mani, P.R.S. (1986).The Story of Indonesian Revolution, 1945-1950(PDF).Monograph 6. Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies,University of Madras.p. 7.
  86. ^Smith 1969,p. 461.
  87. ^"Military coup in Iraq ousts monarchy - archive, 1958".The Guardian.26 July 2017.
  88. ^abGrant 2013,p. 65.
  89. ^Grant 2013,p. 64.
  90. ^Armi e mezzi in dotazione all'esercito[Arms and Means Supplied to the Army] (in Italian). Ministero della difesa italiano. 1955.
  91. ^Smith 1969,p. 498.
  92. ^Young, Peter (1972).The Arab Legion.Men-at-Arms.Osprey Publishing.p.24.ISBN978-0-85045-084-2.
  93. ^CPL Jeff Sisto, USMC (9 December 2002)."Lance Corporal (LCPL) Seamus Conner, USMC, M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) GUNNER, Golf Company, Battalion Landing Team, 2nd Battalion, 2nd Marines (BLT 2/2), 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) (MEU SOC), fires the Bren Light Machine Gun (LMG) during a cross training portion of Exercise EDGED MALLET 2003 in Manda Bay, Kenya".catalog.archives.gov.National Archives.Retrieved27 November2021.
  94. ^"North Korean Small Arms (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)".Small Arms Review.Vol. 16, no. 2. June 2012. Archived fromthe originalon 2 February 2019.Retrieved2 February2019.
  95. ^New Zealand House of Representatives(17 July 1968)."Adjournement Defense".Parliamentary Debates.p. 554.
  96. ^Kenneth, V (26 August 2009)."Burmese Small Arms Development".Small Arms Review.Chipotle Publishing LLC.Originally published in Small Arms Review V12N11 (August 2009)
  97. ^Charles Whiting (2001).Siegfried: The Nazis' Last Stand.Cooper Square Press. p. 181.ISBN978-0815411666.
  98. ^Karp, Aaron (May 2013)."Legacies of War in the Company of Peace"(PDF).Nepal Armed Violence Assessment Issue Brief(2). Small Arms Survey. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 February 2014.
  99. ^Smith 1969,p. 521.
  100. ^Cregeen, Phil (14 November 2013)."NZART 204 Bren L4A4 LMG"(PDF).
  101. ^Jowett 2016,p. 20.
  102. ^Smith 1969,p. 523.
  103. ^Alpers, Philip (2010). Karp, Aaron (ed.).The Politics of Destroying Surplus Small Arms: Inconspicuous Disarmament.Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge Books. pp. 168–169.ISBN978-0-415-49461-8.
  104. ^Zaloga, Steven J. (1982).The Polish Army 1939–45.Men-at-Arms 117. Osprey Publishing. pp.29,36.ISBN9780850454178.
  105. ^Smith 1969,p. 530.
  106. ^"Soldier and civilian shot dead'",Irish Press,19 July 1972.
  107. ^Grant, Neil (2015).Rhodesian Light Infantryman: 1961–1980.Osprey Publishing. p. 13.ISBN978-1472809629.
  108. ^"World Infantry Weapons: Sierra Leone".2013. Archived fromthe originalon 24 November 2016.
  109. ^Shaw, Alan (11 November 2004)."Marching on to Laffan's Plain - Chapter 9".BBC WW2 People's War.
  110. ^Shakya, Tsering(1999).The Dragon in the Land of Shows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1949.Columbia University Press. p. 43.ISBN9781448114290.
  111. ^Capie, David (2004).Under the Gun: The Small Arms Challenge in the Pacific.Wellington: Victoria University Press. pp. 68–69.ISBN978-0864734532.
  112. ^Windrow 1998,p. 24.
  113. ^Grant 2013,p. 45.
  114. ^Grant 2013,p. 43.
  115. ^"Yugoslav Partisans In Malta".The Malta Independent.2 September 2012.

References

edit
  • Dugelby, T.B.; Stevens, R.B. (1999).The Bren Gun Saga.Collector Grade Publications.ISBN978-0-88935-249-0.
  • Dunlap, Roy F. (1948).Ordnance Went Up Front.The Samworth Press.
  • George, John (Lt. Col.) (1948).Shots Fired In Anger.The Samworth Press.
  • Grant, Neil (2013).The Bren Gun.Weapon 22. Osprey Publishing.ISBN978-1782000822.
  • Hobart, Frank William Arthur (1972).The Bren gun.Small Arms Profile 13. Profile Publications.OCLC18196829.
  • Jones, Richard D.; Ness, Leland S., eds. (27 January 2009).Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010(35th ed.). Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group.ISBN978-0-7106-2869-5.
  • Smith, Joseph E. (1969).Small Arms of the World(11 ed.). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company.ISBN9780811715669.
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related toBren light machine guns.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bren_light_machine_gun&oldid=1256546050"