Wikipedia

British Midland International

(Redirected fromBritish Midland Airlines)
For the former subsidiary regional airline, seeFlybmi.

British Midland Airways Limited(trading at various times throughout its history asBritish Midland,bmi British Midland,bmiorBritish Midland International)[1]was an airline in the United Kingdom with its head office inDonington HallinCastle Donington,close toEast Midlands Airport,England. The airline flew to destinations in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, North America and Central Asia from its main hub atLondon Heathrow Airport,where at its peak it held about 13% of alltakeoff and landing slotsand operated over 2,000 flights a week. BMI was a member ofStar Alliancefrom 1 July 2000 until 20 April 2012.[2]

British Midland International
IATA ICAO Call sign
BD BMA MIDLAND
Founded1938(1938)
(asAir Schools Limited)
Commenced operations
  • 1 October 1964(1964-10-01)
    (asBritish Midland Airways)
  • 1 February 2001(2001-02-01)
    (asBMI British Midland)
Ceased operations27 October 2012(2012-10-27)
(merged intoBritish Airways)
Hubs
Frequent-flyer programBMI Diamond Club
AllianceStar Alliance(2000–2012)
Subsidiaries
Parent company
HeadquartersDonington Hall,Castle Donington,England, United Kingdom
Key people
Notes
Integrated intoBritish Airways

BMI was acquired fromLufthansabyInternational Airlines Group(IAG) on 20 April 2012, and was integrated intoBritish Airways(BA) by 27 October 2012. BMI's subsidiariesBmibabyandBMI Regionalwere also purchased, although IAG did not wish to retain either.[3]BMI Regional was sold to Sector Aviation Holdings in May 2012 and operated under the "flybmi" brand until it went into administration on 16 February 2019, whereas Bmibaby closed down in September 2012.

British Midland Airways Limited held aCivil Aviation Authority(CAA) Type A Operating Licence, permitting it to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats.[4]

History

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Origins

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The airline dates back to 1938, when Captain Roy Harben established Air Schools Limited as a school for training pilots of theRoyal Air Force Volunteer Reserve.Harben had been approached by theDerbyCorporation to run a new aerodrome under construction nearBurnaston,which was planned to eventually become an airport. SirKingsley Wood,theSecretary of State for Air,officially opened the aerodrome asDerby Municipal Airporton 17 June 1939. Military flying training continued at the airport throughout the war.[5]

Canadair C-4 ArgonautG-ALHS of Derby Airways atManchester Airport
on 20 August 1962

Air Schools Limited formed a parent company,Derby AviationLimited, in 1946, and Harben died the following year of a heart attack. His wife remained the controlling shareholder of the business and asked E. W. Phillips, who had been involved in running the flying school with Captain Harben, to become the new managing director. The new parent company also incorporatedWolverhampton Aviation,based atPendeford,which offeredad hoccharterand freight flights withde Havilland Dragon Rapides,as well as aircraft maintenance and brokerage.[6]

In 1953, Derby Aviation ceased flying training, following the award of a licence to operate scheduled flights from Burnaston and Wolverhampton toJersey.Flights in each direction were required to land atElmdon Airportin Birmingham to allow passengers to clear customs. The first flight was made on 18 July 1953, using a Dragon Rapide. The following year, Wolverhampton Aviation was merged into Derby Aviation, and, in 1955, the company purchased its firstDouglas DC-3,a converted former military transport.[5]

International services toOstendcommenced in 1956, and flights carrying holidaymakers from the UK to mainland Europe began as well. The company was also contracted byRolls-Royceto transportaero enginesto customers all over the world. In 1959, Derby Aviation formedDerby Airwaysas its airline business and introduced a newliveryincorporating the new airline's name. Domestic scheduled flights within the United Kingdom began the same year.[5]

British Midland Airways

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1960s and 70s

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Douglas C-47Dakota wearing British Midland's initial colour scheme in 1965

On 1 October 1964, after buying theManchester Airport-based scheduled and charter airline Mercury Airlines,[7]the company changed its name to British Midland Airways (BMA) and moved operations from Burnaston to the recently openedEast Midlands Airport.Thecorporate coloursof blue and white were adopted at that time, along with the firstturbopropaircraft, aHandley Page Dart Herald.

British Midland AirwaysViscount 814G-BAPF atParis Orlyin June 1981

Minster Assets, a London-based investment and banking group, acquired the airline in 1968, and in 1969 promoted former Mercuryground handlingmanagerMichael Bishopto become the company's general manager.[7]From this point, Bishop drove the company forward, with domestic and European expansion continuing apace. As a first step, in November 1969, BMA took overAutair'sHeathrow–Teessideroute, which marked the airline's Heathrow debut.[8]

In 1970, BMA entered thejet agewith the introduction of three newBAC One-Eleven 500s,followed by an ex-Pan AmBoeing 707-321in 1971. The former had been intended to be primarily used on Europeaninclusive tour(IT) charters while the latter was to be mainly used ontransatlantic "affinity group" charters.[8]Also in 1970, BMA became the first British airline independent fromgovernment-owned corporationsto employ UK-based, non-White cabin crew.[9]

British Midland AirwaysBoeing 707-338CG-BFLE atParis Charles de Gaullein 1982

Following his appointment as managing director in 1972, Bishop withdrew the One-Elevens from service, two of which were swapped for three Handley Page Dart Heralds while the third was subsequentlyleasedtoCourt Line.As the early-model, high-time second-hand 707s commanded a low resale value, the airline decided to keep these aircraft and lease them out to other airlines on awet leasebasis, beginning in November 1972 with a £3.3 million, two-year contract to operateSudan Airways'Blue Nileservice betweenKhartoumand London. The decision to pull out of both the IT and "affinity group" markets was taken to reverse heavy losses BMA had incurred on these charter operations due to its lack ofscaleand lack ofvertical integrationwith atour operator,which put it at a commercial disadvantage vis-à-vis the competition, as well as uneconomical charter rates as a result of overcapacity. This resulted in BMA concentrating on regional, short-haul scheduled services andad hoccharters using turboprops such as theHeraldandViscountas these were more economical than contemporary jets on short, thin routes. The success of the airline's wet lease operation resulted in an increase in the number ofBoeing 707sallocated to this activity, including the addition of several later model707-320Band-320Caircraft from 1976. All of these were leased to other operators, with none operating for BMA on scheduled or charter services until 1981.[8]

On 1 November 1974, BMA began operating betweenLondon GatwickandBelfast,where it replaced the service previously operated byBritish Caledonian.London–Belfast was BMA's first UK domestic trunk route and the first all-year round route it served in [indirect] competition withBritish Airways(BA).[10]BMA'sGatwickdebut also made it the only airline at the time to operate scheduled services from all five contemporary London airports – Gatwick, Heathrow,Luton,SouthendandStansted.[11]

In January 1975, an agreement was reached for BMA to provide twoVickers ViscountsinCyprus Airwayslivery to linkAthenswithCyprus.A former WWII airfield atLarnacawas selected to serve the south of the island, following theTurkish invasion of Cyprusin 1974. The first flights departed Larnaca on 10 February 1975.[8]On 4 April 1975, theDaily Mailchartered a BMA Boeing 707 to assist theProject Vietnam OrphansandTheOckenden Venturecharities in evacuating 150 orphaned children fromSaigonduring theVietnam War.[5]

Passengers boardingViscount 813
G-AZNA atTeesside Airporton 21 June 1987

On 1 September 1976, jets began gradually replacing the turboprop fleet on most of BMA's domestic and European services, when the airline's firstDouglas DC-9(a second-hand-15leased from the manufacturer) replaced Viscounts on the Heathrow–Tesside route.[12][13]

In 1978, Minster Assets sought to sell the company. With the help of a Californian entrepreneur, Robert F. Beauchamp, Bishop raised £2.5 million to lead themanagement buy-out,and was appointed chairman as a result, afterwards stating "I had to borrow the money from an American citizen. Mostventure capitalistswant a return of 40% to make up for all their other failures and they want an exit strategy. "[7]That year, British Midland and British Airways agreed to swap some of their routes, resulting in BMA relinquishing its routes fromBirminghamtoBrusselsandFrankfurt,and BA handing over its routes fromLiverpoolto London Heathrow,Belfast,Dublin, Jersey, theIsle of ManandGlasgow.Annual passenger numbers topped 1 million for the first time in 1979.

1980s and 90s

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On 31 March 1980, British Midland replaced British Airways on the Leeds Bradford to London Heathrow route, initially operating with their remaining Viscount 800 aircraft. Within a year or two these were replaced by the DC9 15, and following the extension of the runway at Leeds Bradford, the DC9 32 became the standard equipment on the route supplemented by the 15 series and at weekends the occasional Viscount, Fokker F27 or BAE ATP turbo prop. In 1986 however, British Midland leased a BAC1-11 400 (G-WLAD) fromAirways International Cymru,and this aircraft was mainly used on the Heathrow route in lieu of the usual DC9s which returned in 1987. In the following years, British Midland increased its operations from Leeds Bradford, and introduced other routes including Glasgow, Paris CDG and Brussels. When the DC9s were phased out, the Boeing 737 200 became a regular on the Heathrow route, and later the 737 300, 400, and 500 were all operated prior to the arrival of the newly acquired Fokker 100, which again was supplemented on quieter rotations by the smaller Fokker 70. Eventually the Airbus A319 became the standard equipment to Heathrow, but busier rotations saw the larger A320 and occasional A321 too. At its peak, British Midland operated up to 6 flights each way to and from Heathrow from Leeds Bradford, the final late-evening flight being operated on a smaller Embraer 145 Regional Jet. In 2009 the airline dropped the route, which they had operated unbroken for 29 years.[citation needed]

In 1981, the CAA turned down BMA's application to fly between Heathrow, Glasgow andEdinburgh,but theSecretary of State for Trade and Industryupheld the airline's appeal against the CAA's ruling. The decision to overturn the CAA's ruling enabled the airline to commence its first domestic trunk route from the UK's premier airport on 25 October 1982, when it launched six daily return flights between Heathrow and Glasgow operated withDC-9s.Although these flights were not as frequent as the competing hourly BA shuttle, BMA offered keener fares and a full in-flight service (compared with theno frillsshuttle). Following BMA's success on the Heathrow–Glasgow route, the airline began flying between Heathrow and Edinburgh (1983) and Heathrow and Belfast (1984). With the introduction of these services, BMA and BA were now in direct competition on the UK's three busiest domestic trunk routes.[13]BMA's competitive pressure on BA resulted in the latter replacing its no frills shuttle service with an upgradedSuper Shuttlethat included afull breakfast,hot drinks and a free bar service on both Heathrow–Glasgow and Heathrow–Edinburgh from September 1983.[14][15][16](BA subsequently extendedSuper Shuttleto Heathrow–Belfast as well following the launch of BMA's competing service in 1984, in turn resulting in BMA abandoning Gatwick–Belfast which was taken over byDan-Air.[17])

Also in 1982, BMA, together withBritish & Commonwealth(the owners ofAirUKat the time), formedManx Airlines,and the following year it purchased a 75% stake in Glasgow-basedregional airlineLoganairfromThe Royal Bank of Scotland.[5]

The British Midland logo introduced in 1985
TwoMcDonnell Douglas DC-9satTeesside Airportin 1994. (The aircraft in the foreground is aseries 10featuring only one pair ofoverwing exits,and the aircraft in the background is aseries 30featuring two pairs of overwing exits.)

In October 1984, the Boeing 707 fleet was withdrawn, having been used extensively on lease operations for other airlines across the world.[5]

In 1985, a newaircraft liveryfeaturing a dark blue upper half and tail, with a light grey lower half separated by a thin, white stripe, was introduced. At this time, BMA was branded simplyBritish Midland,and a new logo featuring a stylised redBMcrowned with a whitediamond shapeappeared on aircrafttailfins.[5]This livery subsequently featured a darker blue upper half and tail, with a deep grey lower half separated by two thin stripes, very dark blue at the top and red at the bottom. However, the logo on the aircraft's fins remained unchanged.[18]

The conclusion of the first fully liberalisedbilateral air transport agreementin Europe between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands in 1985, as well as a legal technicality exempting the airline from the "London [Air] Traffic Distribution Rules" (agovernmentpolicy that sought to compel all airlines that were planning to operate an international scheduled service to or from Heathrow for the first time to use Gatwick instead) as a result of having operated a Heathrow–Strasbourgscheduled service prior to this policy coming into effect on 1 April 1978, enabled BMA to compete directly with BA between Heathrow andAmsterdamfrom 29 June 1986. This resulted in BMA becoming the first private, independent airline to compete with then wholly government-owned BA on an international trunk route from Heathrow.[19][13][20][21]

TheDiamond Clubfrequent flyer programme(FFP) launched on 1 October 1987, coinciding with the introduction of an enhancedbusiness classstyle, single-classDiamond Servicefeaturing a full meal and free onboard drinks service for all passengers, regardless of the fare paid, as well as airport lounges at the airline's major UK destinations. These service enhancements helped increase British Midland's market share on the main London–Scotland and London–Northern Ireland trunk routes to 30%.[16]All aircraft in the fleet were named after diamonds, beginning with a DC-9 namedThe Tiffany Diamond,unveiled byRosamond Monckton,the managing director ofTiffany'sin London.[5]The company slogan wasBetter for Business(2009–2010).

Boeing 737-400 landing at Heathrow Airport in 1997

In March 1987, Airlines of Britain Holdings (ABH) was formed to act as a holding company for British Midland Airways and British Midland Aviation Services.[5]

British Midland operated its final Viscount flight on 20 February 1988, 21 years after the airline had first operated the type.[5]That year, British Midland also became the first to operate theBritish Aerospace (BAe) ATPfor which it had been thelaunch customer.The BAe ATP was the airline's last turboprop type.

In 1992, British Midland became the first airline to offer a vegetarian choice ofin-flight mealson UK domestic flights and one of the first in Europe to do so on domestic services. The following year, the airline introducedDiamond EuroClasson its European routes, the first time it had offered a separatecabinforbusiness travellers.Initially,Diamond EuroClasswas competitively priced, with the highest fares being the same as rivals' publishedeconomy classfares.[22]

On 30 September 1996, British Midland began offeringDiamond EuroClasson all its domestic routes, becoming the second airline in the UK afterJersey European Airways(which had pioneered business class on UK domestic routes in 1993) to offer a separate cabin for business travellers on domestic routes and the first to do so on domestic trunk routes from Heathrow.[22]

ABH became British Midland Plc in 1997, when it was de-merged as part of major corporate restructuring.[23]Towards the end of the 1990s, British Midland switched its aircraft suppliers fromBoeingandFokkertoAirbusandEmbraer,selectingA319/320/321sandERJ 135/145sto replace737sandF70/100s.In July 1999, Bishop formally opened the British Midland Training Centre in Stockley Close.[24]That year,Scandinavian Airlines System(SAS), a shareholder in British Midland since 1987, sold half its stake to Lufthansa followed by British Midland joiningStar Alliance(in 2000).

BMI

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The BMI logo introduced in 2001

Following research that had established that people in the UK tended to confuse British Midland with theMidland BankorBritish Airwaysand that many outside the UK could not relate to the term "Midland",it launched a new corporate identity in 2001, rebranding the airline asBMI British Midland(subsequently shortened toBMI). Aircraft received a new livery of royal blue, white and a fadingUnion flagon the tail, along with the new lower caseBMIlogotype.[25][26]Also in 2001, BMI introduced theAirbus A330-200,its firstwidebodiedaircraft type, into the fleet to enable it to serve the United States and other long-haul destinations. Bilateral restrictions implemented in the 1977Bermuda IIagreement meant the airline could neither fly its own aircraft to the US from its main base at Heathrow nor sell tickets oncodeshareflights operated by Star Alliance partnerUnited Airlinesfrom the airport, as had been planned. Instead, it launched flights fromManchestertoWashington DullesandChicago O'Harein May and June 2001 respectively. Initially, the newA330soperated both routes; however, theWashingtonservice was subsequently downgraded to anarrowbodyoperation using aBoeing 757-200leased fromIcelandairbefore being axed in 2005.[27][28][29]

The airline carried 7.5 million passengers during 2002.[30]By 2005, the total had risen to 10.1 million, the third highest of any UK airline.[31]In early 2006, theAssociation of European Airlines(AEA)[32]reported a drop in passengers carried and load factor for BMI mainline and regional services (excluding Bmibaby) whilst reporting increased loads for other AEA members over the same period.

Boeing 737-5Q8G-BVZH landing atEdinburgh Airporton 5 May 2001

BMI operated a service toMumbaifrom London Heathrow between May 2005 and October 2006, after the UK andIndiaamended theirbilateral air services agreement.Services toRiyadhfollowed, commencing on 1 September 2005, after British Airways ceased to serveSaudi Arabiaearlier that year. BMI also launched a scheduled service toMoscow Domodedevoin co-operation withTransaero Airlineson 29 October 2006, which used a dedicated A320 aircraft (G-MIDO) with special seating for the service, including leather seats and a 40 "seat pitch. In 2007 the airline launched non-stop services from its Heathrow hub toCairoandAmman,raising the airline's profile in the Middle East significantly. BMI announced on 5 November 2008 that it would end all longhaul operations from Manchester Airport. The two Airbus A330 aircraft based there were moved to Heathrow.[33]

In February 2007, BMI boughtBritish Mediterranean Airways(BMED),[34]a British Airwaysfranchisepartner, and as a result gained access to new markets in Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia that were served by that carrier. As a condition of the sale, BMI sold BMED's Heathrow slots to British Airways for £30 million.[35]BMED was fully integrated into BMI on 28 October 2007.[36]

The decision by theEuropean Commission(EC) in 2008 to accord secondary slot trading by European airlines – the practice of buying and selling take-off and landing slots at congested airports – legal recognition resulted in BMI valuing its Heathrow slot holding at £770 million. Its first-time inclusion in BMI's 2007 annual report also resulted in a huge boost to the airline'snet asset value,which stood at only £12 million the year before. It can therefore be argued that the EC's decision to legalise this practice made BMI an attractive takeover target for other Heathrow-based airlines and helped it avert bankruptcy.[37]

In November 2009, following the complete takeover of BMI by Lufthansa, the airline announced a restructuring of its mainline and regional operations in an effort to suspend loss-making routes and adjust capacity. The measures included a fleet reduction of nine aircraft from the mainline fleet (two of which were operated by BMI Regional) and the suspension of routes from London Heathrow to Amsterdam, Brussels,Tel Aviv,KyivandAleppoin 2010. Seasonal routes from London Heathrow toPalmaandVenicewere also discontinued.[38]It was said that the restructuring could result in the loss of around 600 jobs – around 13% of the airline's workforce.[39]

On 12 January 2010, BMI announced that the number of daily flights between Dublin and London Heathrow would be reduced from 28 March from six to four due to the economic climate, which depressed consumer demand. This resulted in the closure of the Dublin base, which consisted of one plane and 33 cabin crew.[40]

In April 2010, the airline announced it would begin using theBritish Midland Internationalname, whilst retaining theBMIlogo and continuing to be known by those initials in the domestic market.[1]The decision to revert to the old British Midland name and to spell out for the first time what the I in BMI was supposed to stand for was taken in response to research showing that for passengers based in the Middle East, who accounted for a significant number of the airline's premium bookings, BMI did not mean anything, and that these people preferred a name with the word "British" in it.[25]

Following increasing heavy losses that exceeded £100 million per year by 2012, BMI decided to stop offering business class on domestic flights and introduce a number of new, longer range international scheduled services from Heathrow to ensure the most profitable use of its highly prized (and sought-after) slots at the severely capacity-constrained airport. This entailed aircraft downsizing (replacingAirbusmainline jets withEmbraer regional jets), frequency reductions and route cutbacks on the airline's loss-making short-haul routes from the airport, including a xing its by then heavily loss-making Heathrow–Glasgow route from 27 March 2011. The decision to exit the Heathrow–Glasgow market after almost 30 years' continuous operation was blamed on a big rise in the feesBAAlevied on domestic passengers at Heathrow, which had resulted in unsustainable losses of £1 million per month.[41]

BMI's last-ever commercial flight using a "BD" -prefixed flight number touched down at London Heathrow on 27 October 2012. It was operated byAirbus A321-231G-MEDF.[42]

In September 2023, the company re-appeared on social media, on platforms Instagram and X (formerly Twitter) with the statement: "We're preparing to usher in a new era for the iconic bmi British Midland brand. We're building on 85 years of iconic British history, and we cannot wait to welcome you on board. For media enquiries, please contact us at [email protected] ".[43][44]As the company is using a new web domain and new social media handles, the future identity of British Midland is unknown, and whether or not the "jet" phrase will be incorporated.[citation needed]

Corporate affairs

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Overview

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Donington Hall,head office of BMI
The BMI training centre at the Stockley Close Industrial Estate nearLondon Heathrow Airport

The airline had its head office atDonington HallinCastle DoningtoninNorth West Leicestershire,near Derby.[45]The airline's head office was previously at 78Buckingham Gatein theCity of Westminster,London (until 1982).[5]In 2011, BMI employed 527 staff at Donington Hall.[46]In 2012, International Airlines Group announced that it may lay off up to 1,200 BMI employees, with proposed layoffs mainly from the head office.[47]

BMI also operated a flight training centre in the Stockley Close Industrial Estate inWest Drayton,London Borough of Hillingdon,near London Heathrow Airport. The centre opened in 1999 and BMI had a 50-year lease on the property running from 25 March 1999 to 24 March 2049.[48]

Ownership

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In 1999, SAS sold half of its 40% stake in British Midland to Lufthansa, which was seeking a stronger position at London Heathrow, following which British Midland joined Star Alliance. At the time, British Midland chairman Sir Michael Bishop owned a 50% share of the company. Between 1999 and 2004, Lufthansa sought to sell some or all of its share in the airline.Virgin Atlantichoped to buy the shares to then merge both airlines, as BMI was already Virgin's preferred feeder airline into Heathrow. Virgin argued that the merger would have brought together two airlines with combined ticket sales of more than £2 billion, forming a powerful force in the aviation industry. BMI was believed to have initiated the talks after it began losing money following the11 September 2001 attacks.A merger would have strengthened Virgin Atlantic's base at Heathrow, where BMI had hundreds of highly valued take-off and landing slots, to increase the competition with British Airways.[49]

The two airlines combined would have had 17% of Heathrow slots against British Airways' 43%. Worried about the increased competition it would face if such a merger went ahead, British Airways considered the takeover of either BMI or Virgin Atlantic to stop the merger. British Airways concluded it would be easier to take over the financially weaker and less high-profile BMI. However, in 2004 talks of any merger of the three airlines ended. In late 2006, the airline again dismissed renewed speculation that Virgin Atlantic was preparing to make a bid to acquire full control of BMI, despite SirRichard Bransonrepeating in a radio interview that such a merger would be a logical business move.[50]

In June 2007, SAS announced that it would sell its 20% stake to improve its own group profits. The airline commented that it was in early discussions with Lufthansa as a potential buyer.[51]In October 2008 Lufthansa announced it would be taking over BMI by purchasing the 50% shareholding of Sir Michael Bishop to consolidate with the 30% share it already owned.[52]

The European antitrust body approved the takeover on 14 May 2009, allowing Lufthansa to become the majority stakeholder. Due to landing rights issues, the stake would be tentatively held by a Lufthansa-controlled but British-based company, LHBD Holding. Once new bilateral agreements were in place, Lufthansa would take direct control.[53]In June 2009 it was announced that Lufthansa would buy the remaining stake in the airline from Bishop for less than originally agreed upon.

Sale to International Airlines Group

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Lufthansa announced in September 2011 that it planned to sell BMI following continued losses.[54]Virgin Atlantic were mooted to be considering an offer;[55]but in early November British Airways' parent company, International Airlines Group, announced an agreement in principle to purchase the airline.[56]Virgin Atlantic confirmed on 12 December 2011 that it had also made an offer for BMI and signed an agreement in late November to allow them to conduct due diligence on the airline. The bid amount of around £50 million was half that offered by IAG; Virgin hoped that a quick sale due to fewer potential regulatory issues would convince Lufthansa to sell to Virgin.[57]

On 22 December 2011, IAG confirmed it had entered a contract to buy BMI from Lufthansa for £172.5 million. This would increase IAG's share of take-off and landing slots at Heathrow from 45% to 53%.[58]Branson pledged to fight the deal, urging European competition authorities to intervene.[59]The deal included the option for Lufthansa to sell BMI Regional and Bmibaby separately, as they are not required by IAG; the deal price would be lowered should Bmibaby not be sold in time. Under the agreed contract, Lufthansa would continue to be responsible for the BMI pension scheme after the sale was completed, although following rejection by the pension regulator, it is now to enter thePension Protection Fund.[60]

On 30 March 2012, the sale of BMI was approved, conditional on giving up control of 14 daily slots at London Heathrow. Twelve of these were required to change hands completely while the remaining two could continue be part of the airline's slot portfolio but needed to be leased out. The twelve slots eventually went to Virgin Atlantic,[61]who subsequently used them to set up its UK domestic operation operating out of BMI's old domestic base at Heathrow Terminal 1. BMI's ownership transferred to IAG at 23:59 on 19 April 2012.[62]The airline left Star Alliance, but membership benefits for both Star Alliance and BMI'sDiamond Clubcontinued until 31 May 2012.[2]

TheDiamond ClubFFP continues for members with a BMI credit card, who earn points from their spend which can be converted to Avios, the currency of BA's FFP, Executive Club, on a 1:1 ratio. All other members were required to transfer to British Airways'Executive ClubFFP.[63]

British Midland Airways Limited continues to exist as a company, registered at British Airways' head office atWatersideinHarmondsworth,as of August 2017.[64]

Subsidiaries

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BMI RegionalEmbraer ERJ 145G-RJXD landing atLondon Heathrow Airportin August 2007

In 2002, BMI set up a low-cost subsidiary,Bmibaby,usingBoeing 737swhich were displaced after BMI's fleet renewal programme favoured an all-Airbus fleet. Bmibaby flew routes between major and secondary airports around Europe from its bases at East Midlands Airport, Manchester Airport andBirmingham Airportuntil it was closed down by IAG in September 2012.[65]

The airline also operated a regional subsidiary namedBMI Regional,headquartered inAberdeen.An agreement to sell the airline to the Scottish-based consortium Sector Aviation Holdings was reached in May 2012 and was completed on 1 June 2012. BMI Regional continued to operate regional services for BMI until 27 October 2012, when it began operations as an independent airline.[66]

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The key trends for BMI over its later years are shown below (figures as at year ending 31 December, and include Bmibaby):[67] Financial data was reported inpounds sterling,and then ineuros,because BMI was fully consolidated into the Lufthansa group of airlines on 1 July 2009.[68]

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Turnover (£m) 869 905 1,023 1,046 ↓
(€m) 541 896
Pre-tax profits (£m) 10.0 29.7 15.5 −155.6 ↓
(€m) −44 −117
Number of employees 4,346 3,613
Number of passengers (m) 10.5 10.5 10.6 10.0 n/a 6.2
Passenger load factor (%) not available
Number of aircraft (at year end) 67 59

Destinations

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Main article:List of British Midland International destinations

Codeshare agreements

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Throughout its existence, BMI hadcodeshare agreementswith the following airlines:[69]

Fleet

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Final fleet

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BMIAirbus A319-100
BMIAirbus A330-200

Following the sale of BMI to IAG, the airline's fleet began to be transferred to British Airways. All aircraft were transferred and repainted in the BA livery, excluding its threeAirbus A330swhich were returned to the lessors. At its peak prior to the commencement of licensing transfers, the fleet consisted of the following aircraft registered with the Civil Aviation Authority:[71]

British Midland International fleet
Aircraft In
service 		Orders Passengers Notes
C Y Total
Airbus A319-100 11 — — 138 138
— 144 144
Airbus A320-200 7 — 22 102 124
20 108 128
— 162 162
Airbus A321-200 7 — 31 118 149
Airbus A330-200 3 — 42 156 198
36 196 232
Total 28 —

Former fleet

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A British MidlandDouglas DC-9-32

BMI formerly operated the following:[72]

British Midland International former fleet
Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Notes
ATR 42-300 1 2004 2004 Leased fromAir Atlantique
Airspeed Consul 1 1958 1963
Auster Autocrat 2 1946 1966
Avro Anson[73] 3 1955 1965
BAC One-Eleven Series 300AX 1 1984 1990
BAC One-Eleven Series 500FJ 3 1970 1974
British Aerospace ATP 3 1988 1993
British Aerospace 146-200 6 1994 2003
British Aerospace Jetstream 41 1 1996 Leased fromManx Airlines
Beechcraft Baron 2 1981 2012
Boeing 707-320 9 1970 1978
Boeing 707-320C 4 1978 1986
Boeing 737-200 3 1986 1988
Boeing 737-300 13 1987 2003
Boeing 737-400 8 1988 One written off asFlight 92
Boeing 737-500 13 1993
Boeing 757-200 1 2005 2005 Leased formLoftleidir Icelandic
3 2008 2011 Leased fromAstraeus Airlines
Boeing 767-300ER 1 2007 2007 Leased fromArkefly
Canadair North Star 5 1961 1967
de Havilland DH.89 Dragon Rapide 7 1948 1957
de Havilland DH.104 Dove 1 1961 1962
de Havilland Canada Dash 7 3 1990 1993
Douglas C-47 Skytrain 8 1958 1969
Douglas C-54 Skymaster 1 1969 1969 Leased fromInvicta International Airlines
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-14 4 1983 1995
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15 5 1978
McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 9 1984 1996
Embraer ERJ-145 8 1999 2001
Fokker F27 Friendship 17 1980 1990
Fokker 70 3 1995 2002 Transferred toKLM Cityhopper
Fokker 100 6 1994 2005
Handley Page Dart Herald 6 1965 1977
Miles M.17 Monarch 2 1946 1953
Miles M.57 Aerovan 1 1948 1951
Miles M.60 Marathon 4 1955 1961 One used for spare parts only
Miles M.65 Gemini 1 1960 1961
Saab 340 2 1994 1994 Leased fromSkywaysandSwedair
4 1995 1998 Operated byBusiness Air
Shorts 330 1 1981 1984
Shorts 360 5 1983 1989
Vickers Viscount 700 6 1969 1977
Vickers Viscount 800 22 1967 1988

Services

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In-flight service

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On flights from London Heathrow within the UK and to Ireland, economy class passengers had a selection of food items available for purchase; flexible economy class passengers were offered complimentary snacks and drinks. On European flights and services toTripoli,TunisiaandMorocco,a two-class in-flight service was in place, with a hot three course meal for thebusiness cabinand complimentary food and drinks served in theeconomy cabin.On mid-haul and theFreetownroute, a two-class in-flight service was also in place. The business cabin was served a three course meal and was providedin-flight entertainment.A hot meal and complimentary drinks were served in the economy cabin. On A330 services to Saudi Arabia andIsrael(until 2010), business,premium economy(only on board the flights to Israel) and economy cabins were available, each provided with complimentary drinks and food.

Frequent flyer programme

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Diamond Clubwas the frequent-flyer programme of BMI, with three membership levels: Blue, Silver and Gold.[74]

On sale to IAG, and being integrated into British Airways, Diamond Club members were offered a status match - BMI Gold to BA Gold, BMI Silver to BA Silver and BMI Blue to BA Blue (BA's base level). At the time of transfer, BA did not offer a lifetime status, so members who held BMI Lifetime Gold having qualified for 10 years in succession were only matched to BA Gold and were required to re-qualify every year to maintain that status level.

Incidents and accidents

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British MidlandCanadair C-4G-ALHG atManchester Airporton 29 August 1965.
  • TheStockport Air Disaster:aCanadair C-4aircraft owned by British Midland Airways (registration G-ALHG) operating a holiday charter flight crashed near the centre ofStockport,Greater Manchester, on 4 June 1967. This accident, the deadliest in the airline's history, killed 72 of the 84 on board and seriously injured the 12 survivors; it also resulted in withdrawal of the type from the airline's fleet.
  • On 20 February 1969, aVickers Viscount(registration G-AODG) was damaged beyond economic repair when it landed short of the runway at East Midlands Airport. There were no casualties.[75]
  • On 20 March 1969, a Vickers Viscount (registration G-AVJA) crashed on takeoff atRingway Airport,Manchester. Three of the four crew members on board were killed.[76]
  • On 22 January 1970, a Vickers Viscount (registration G-AWXI) was damaged beyond economic repair at London Heathrow Airport when an engine caught fire on takeoff. A successful emergency landing was made at Heathrow.[77]
  • On 18 January 1987, aFokker F27 Friendship(registration G-BMAU) on a training flight crashed on approach to East Midlands Airport due to wing and tail surface icing. There were no fatalities.[78]
  • TheKegworth air disaster:on 8 January 1989, British Midland flight BD 092, a recently deliveredBoeing 737-400(registration G-OBME), crashed onto the embankment of theM1 motorwayjust short of the runway of East Midlands Airport,Leicestershire.Forty-seven of the 118 passengers lost their lives.
  • On 24 August 2010, an Airbus A321-231 (registration G-MEDJ[79]) en route fromKhartoumtoBeirutas flight BD996 suffered a serious electrical malfunction which caused the intermittent failure of the captain and co-pilot's electronic displays together with the uncommanded application of left rudder trim. The latter caused the aircraft to stray 20 nautical miles off course. The aircraft was cruising at 36,000 ft at the time, with both autopilot and autothrust engaged. The captain ultimately disengaged both and flew the aircraft manually, landing in Beirut without further mishap. Airbus indicated that an electrical power interruption had occurred which had caused a reset of the Flight Augmentation Computer (FAC).[80]Such an event may cause a small incremental offset of the rudder trim, according to the aircraft manufacturer. The Air Accidents Investigations Board (AAIB) subsequently issued Safety Recommendation 2010–092, recommending that Airbus alert all operators of A320 series aircraft of the possibility that an electrical malfunction may not be clearly annunciated on theElectronic Centralised Aircraft Monitoringsystem (ECAM) and that such an event may lead to an uncommanded input of rudder trim.[81]

See also

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References

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Citations

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Bibliography

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Media related toBmiat Wikimedia Commons

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