Wikipedia

British Rail Class 321

TheBritish Rail Class 321is a class ofelectric multiple unit(EMU) passenger train built byBritish Rail Engineering Limited'sYork Carriage Worksin three batches between 1988 and 1991 forNetwork SouthEastandRegional Railways.The class usesalternating current(AC) overhead electrification. The design was successful and led to the development of the similarClass 320andClass 322.

British Rail Class 321
Greater AngliaClass 321 at Colchester in 2018
Standard-class interior of an unrefurbished Greater Anglia unit
In service1988–present[1]
ManufacturerBritish Rail Engineering Limited
Built atHolgate Road Works,York
Family nameBR Second Generation(Mark 3)
ReplacedClass 307
Constructed1988–1991
Refurbished2013–2017
Number built117
(66 × 321/3,48 × 321/4,and 4 × 321/9)[2]
Number in service8
(plus 12 converted to Cl.320/4)
Number scrapped68
Successor
Formation
  • 4 cars per unit;
  • 321/3 and /4 units:
    DTCO-PMSO-TSO-DTSO
  • 321/9 units:
    DTSO-PMSO-TSO-DTSO
Diagram(See§ Vehicle numbering)
Fleet numbers
  • 321/3: 321301–321366
  • 321/4: 321401–321448
  • 321/9: 321901–321903
Capacity
  • As-built:
  • 321/3: 313 seats
    (20 first-class, 293 standard)
  • From 2015:[1]
  • 321/3: 303 seats
    (16 first-class, 287 standard)
  • 321/4: 299 or 307 seats
    (16 or 28 first, 271 or 291 std.)
  • 321/9: 309 seats
    (all standard-class)
Owners
Operators
Specifications
Car body constructionSteel
Train length80.92 m (265 ft 6 in)[1]
Car length
  • DT vehs.: 19.950 m (65 ft 5.4 in)
  • Others: 19.920 m (65 ft 4.3 in)
Width2.816 m (9 ft 2.9 in)
Height3.775 m (12 ft 4.6 in)
DoorsDouble-leaf sliding pocket,each 1.200 m (3 ft 11.2 in) wide
(2 per side per car)
WheelbaseOver bogie centres:
14.170 m (46 ft 5.9 in)
Maximum speed100 mph (161 km/h)
Weight
  • DTCO vehs.: 29.3 t (28.8 long tons; 32.3 short tons)
  • PSMO vehs.: 51.5 t (50.7 long tons; 56.8 short tons)
  • TSO vehs.: 28.8 t (28.3 long tons; 31.7 short tons)
  • DTSO vehs.: 29.1 t (28.6 long tons; 32.1 short tons)
Traction motors
  • As built: 4 ×BrushTM21-41C,
    each of 248 kW (332 hp)[4]
  • Renatus: 4 ×TSATME 52-35-4,
    each of 300 kW (402 hp)[5]
Power output
  • As built: 990 kW (1,328 hp)
  • Renatus: 1,200 kW (1,609 hp)
Acceleration
  • As built: 0.55 m/s2(1.2 mph/s)[1]
  • Renatus: 0.60 m/s2(1.3 mph/s)[6]
Electric system(s)25 kV 50 Hz ACoverhead
Current collector(s)Pantograph
UIC classification2′2′+Bo′Bo′+2′2′+2′2′
Bogies
  • Powered: BREL P7-4
  • Unpowered: BREL T3-7
Minimum turning radius71 m (232 ft 11 in)
Braking system(s)Electro-pneumatic(disc)
Safety system(s)
Coupling systemTightlock
Multiple workingWith Classes 317–322
Track gauge1,435 mm(4 ft8+1⁄2in)standard gauge
Notes/references
Specifications as at October 1988[7]except where otherwise noted.

After operating for various trains operating companies after theprivatisation of British Rail,they were latterly operated byGreater Angliauntil April 2023. Some have been converted to Class 320 and are operated byScotRail.

Description

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Three sub-classes were built. The first two were built for theNetwork SouthEastsector for operation on services fromLondon Liverpool StreetandLondon Euston,while the third was built forRegional Railwaysfor use onWest Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executiveservices fromLeeds.As part of theprivatisation of British Rail,ownership of the class passed fromBritish Railto theEversholt Rail Groupin April 1994.[1]

Each unit consists of four carriages: (DTC-PMS-TS-DTS)[1]all units have a maximum speed of 100 mph (161 km/h).[1]

They have been modified by the different rail companies which use them. The modifications include new seats, paintwork, lighting andpassenger information systems.

The trains have been nicknamed "Dusty Bins" by some enthusiasts, after the TV game show "3-2-1"which featured a mascot called" Dusty Bin ".[2]

Class 321/3

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BR Class 321/3 at Pudding Mill Lane in First Great Eastern Livery, 1999

In September 1987, Network SouthEast ordered 46 four-car units for use on services fromLondon Liverpool StreettoCambridgeandSouthend Victoria,which became Class 321/3. The first was unveiled on 15 September 1988.[8]A further 20 were ordered later.[9]Units were numbered 321301–321366. The DTSO vehicle was equipped with a small area between the driver's cab and the first set of doors that could be used for the conveyance of parcels or luggage; this was indicated by a "P" following the unit number on the front of that vehicle.[7][4]

These units replaced slam-doorClass 305,Class 307,Class 308andClass 309units on trains toClactonandSouthend-on-Sea,and worked services on the newly electrified routes toIpswichandHarwich.They also displaced manyClass 312slam-door units, which moved over to theLondon, Tilbury and Southend line.Some of the Class 309s were retained until 1994, and 24 of the newer Class 312 units were retained long-term to work services toWalton-on-the-Nazeand peak services to Clacton, Ipswich andWitham.Units carried Network SouthEast livery from new.

The first of 30 321/3 units to be refurbished atDoncaster Works,as part of the Renatus project – which modernised the stock with features such as new air conditioning and heating, seating and Wi-Fi – was completed in December 2016.[10][11][12]

Class 321/4

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Class 321/4 inNetwork SouthEastlivery atBletchley(note the letter P after unit number)

In October 1988 a second batch of 30 was ordered. It was intended that 25 be used onGreat Eastern Main Lineservices and five onWest Coast Main Lineservices, but in the event all were delivered toBletchley TMDfor use on the latter. A further 18 followed.[9]Units were numbered 321401–321448. The first was delivered in July 1989.[13]As with subclass /3 units, the DTSO vehicles were equipped with a parcels area indicated by suffi xing a "P" to the unit number.

These were built for outer-suburban services on theWest Coast Main Line,fromLondon EustontoNorthampton,RugbyandBirmingham New Street.They displaced the then-recently cascadedClass 317sdating from 1981 which had themselves only just been introduced to the route to replaceClass 310s.[9]

Eleven 321/4s were transferred for Great Eastern Main Line services. Following this, their First Class area was reduced in size to standardise with the 321/3s in use on that route. This involved removing the centre partition and double doors and re-upholstering the First Class style 2+2 seats (which were retained then) in the de-classified area into the same fabric as the Standard Class seats. Later the First Class 2+2 seats in this de-classified area were replaced with the standard style 2+3 seating. These 11 were also fitted with a facility to lock out the power door operation within the unit (a basic kind of Selective Operation) to permit operation of 12-car trains on the Braintree and Southminster branch lines, where some platforms were only long enough for 8-car trains.

The 11 Great Eastern sets passed toFirst Great Easternin January 1997, passing with the franchise toNational Express East Angliain April 2004 andAbellio Greater Angliain February 2012. The 37 West Coast sets passed toSilverlinkin January 1997, passing with the franchise toLondon Midlandin November 2007. In 2006, 321407 and 321423 were loaned by Silverlink toNorthern Railwhile the 321/9s were being overhauled.[14]In 2007, 321408 and 321428 were loaned by Silverlink toc2coperating services out ofFenchurch Streetwhile oneClass 357was repaired and another was undergoing tests in the Czech Republic.[15][16]

Following the delivery of theClass 350/2fleet, 13 Class 321/4s (401–410, 418–420) were transferred from London Midland toFirst Capital Connectand overhauled byWabtec'sDoncaster Works.[17][18]These passed with the franchise toGreat Northernin September 2014. London Midland also released 17 (421–437) for transfer to National Express East Anglia. The remaining seven (411–417) passed toAbellio ScotRailin 2015, after being converted to three-carClass 320/4at Doncaster Works.[19]

In 2017, ten (402, 405–410, 418–420) were transferred from Great Northern to Abellio Greater Anglia.[20]As at May 2018 the remaining three (401, 403, 404) are to be converted by Wabtec atKilmarnockto Class 320/4 for use with Abellio ScotRail. Another two were to follow.[21][22]

Class 321/9

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Class 321/9 inWest Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executivelivery atDoncaster

The final batch of three Class 321 units was constructed in 1991 and classified subclass /9.[4]These units had a similar formation to the earlier units except that there is no first class seating. They were ordered byRegional Railwaysfor use onWest Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executiveservices on the newly electrifiedDoncaster to Leedsroute, entering service in 1993. From 1995 they also worked onWharfedale lineservices from Leeds toIlkley.[23]In March 1997 they passed with the Regional Railways North East franchise to Northern Spirit, which becameArriva Trains Northernin April 2001. In June 1998 they were loaned toGNERto operate Leeds toLondon King's Crossservices while itsInterCity 225fleet was grounded with mechanical issues.[24]All three passed with the franchise toNorthern Railin December 2004.

The Class 321/9 units were refurbished atHunslet-Barclay,Kilmarnockfrom late 2006 to early 2007.[25]The refurbishment included a new livery, refurbished interiors and reliability improvements, similar to theClass 322EMUs, which were also refurbished at Kilmarnock.[25]

The units transferred toArriva Rail Northin April 2016, and thenNorthern Trainson 1 March 2020. With theClass 331snow in service, the Class 321/9s were transferred to Greater Anglia. They were leased to allow Greater Anglia'sClass 360sto move toEast Midlands Railway.

All 321/9 units were scrapped in 2022.[26]

Current operations

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Varamis Rail

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In March 2021,Eversholt Rail Groupannounced its intention to convert 321334 for use as a parcels train.[27]In July 2021, Eversholt and Wabtec revealed 321334 in the Swift Express livery.[28]If successful further units could be converted.[29]

In November 2021 it was announced that 4 more Class 321s would be converted to Swift Express, with the first of these units expected to be delivered in February 2022.[30]In 2022 it was announced that an unnamed customer had secured its first unit,[31]later confirmed as Varamis Rail which launched a service between Scotland and Birmingham in January using unit 321334.[32]The final two were scheduled to be completed in September 2022.[31]In September 2023, it was announced that Eversholt had abandoned the Swift Express project despite four Class 321 units having been converted. Varamis Rail announced that it was considering taking over the project.[33]In early 2024 Varamis Rail bought the four converted units from Eversholt.[3]

Former operations

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Silverlinkliveried Class 321 atWatford Junction
London MidlandClass 321 atWatford Junction

Silverlinkinherited 37 of the 48 Class 321/4 units. In September 2003, Silverlink's class 321 units were temporarily withdrawn following the discovery of loose bolts on brake discs in some units.[34]

In September 2004, London Euston to Birmingham local services were divided into two separate services: Silverlink retained London to Northampton services, while fellowNational ExpresssubsidiaryCentral Trainstook over all local services between Northampton and Birmingham. Initially, Central Trains hired Class 321 units from Silverlink to work their new services, but the arrival ofClass 350/1smeant that very few Class 321 units were then required.

To accommodate this sub-lease, three Class 321/3 units were transferred fromNational Express East Angliato Silverlink. These were not permitted north ofRugbydue to lack of the National Radio Network system (Eastern Region units only had the Cab Secure Radio System used for Driver Only Operated Passenger services) and therefore could not be used on Central Trains services (although they occasionally appeared on services to Rugby at weekends due to the line being closed between Rugby and Birmingham New Street). This ceased in late 2005 with the introduction of Class 350 trains on the Birmingham toLiverpoolroute. One of these sub-leased units was involved in a low-speed derailment at Watford Yard.[35]

In May 2007, Central Trains began using Class 321 units on some morning services from Birmingham New Street toWalsall.

In November 2007,London Midlandtook over operation of the Class 321 fleet previously used by Silverlink and Central Trains. An order was placed by London Midland for 37Class 350/2sto replace the Class 321s.[36]

London Midland withdrew most, retaining seven units (411–417).[37][38]They were used for peak hour workings between London Euston and Northampton and on theAbbey line.[39][40]In 2015, all seven were withdrawn for transfer toAbellio ScotRailto operate onGlasgowsuburban lines, with the last withdrawn on 20 September 2015.[19][41]They were replaced byClass 319s.[42][41]Two (413/414) briefly operated forLondon Overground Rail Operationsin late 2015, being revinyled inLondon Overgroundlivery.[43]The cascaded Class 321s were reformed to three-car units, by removing the TSO vehicle and reclassified asClass 320/4s.[44][19][45][46]

First Capital Connect / Great Northern

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First Capital ConnectClass 321 atLondon King's Cross

First Capital Connectreceived thirteen units (401–410, 418–420) fromLondon Midland,following deliveries of the newClass 350/2s.The units worked on the Great Northern services fromLondon King's CrosstoPeterboroughandCambridgefrom December 2010 until May 2017. They passed with the franchise toGreat Northernin September 2014.

All were replaced in 2016 byClass 387s,cascaded from theThameslink route.[47]Ten (402, 405–410 and 418–420) moved toIlford depotfor use byGreater Anglia,[48]with the remaining three (401, 403, 404) converted to Class 320/4s forAbellio ScotRail.[49]

Northern

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Arriva Trains NorthernClass 321 atDoncasterin June 2004

Arriva Trains Northerninherited three Class 321/9 units. These units operated on theLeedstoDoncasterWakefield lineservice and occasionally on theWharfedaleandAiredalelines alongsideClass 322andClass 333s.All passed on toNorthern Railin 2004 and were refurbished in 2006/07. Having passed with the franchise toArriva Rail NorthandNorthern Trains,all were replaced byClass 331swith the last withdrawn in 2020.[50]These were transferred toGreater Angliafor temporary use until replaced byClass 720s.

Greater Anglia

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First Great Easterninherited all 66 Class 321/3 and 11 Class 321/4. TheEast Anglia franchisewas subsequently taken over byNational Express East Anglia,initially branded 'one', and then subsequently byGreater Anglia.A further 16 were added, upon release fromLondon Midland.In 2016, ten of the sets formerly operated byGreat Northernalso transferred to Greater Anglia.

An additional three units, all Class 321/9s, were transferred to Greater Anglia fromNorthern Trainsin 2020 in order to provide capacity during the introduction of GA's newClass 720fleet.

The 321s were primarily used for services fromLondon Liverpool StreettoBraintree,Southend Victoria,Southminster,Ipswich(extending toNorwichduring peak time),Walton-on-the-Naze,Clacton-on-Sea,andColchester Town,but could operate services on any electrified route if other trains failed. These operated as four, eight or twelve-car sets.

After being awarded the newEast Anglia franchisein August 2016, Greater Anglia placed an order forClass 720swhich replaced the 321s despite the Renatus project.[51]The first of the new trains entered service in November 2020.[52]

From early 2023, the units only operated services fromManningtreetoHarwich Townand fromColchestertoWalton-on-the-Naze,alongsideClass 720units on the latter, as well as one service each day betweenThorpe-le-SokenandWalton-on-the-Naze.[53]

The last scheduled Class 321 workings took place on 3 April 2023, with the class subsequently being used on an ad-hoc basis.[54]Following a farewell tour on 29 April 2023, Greater Anglia completely withdrew its Class 321 fleet.[55]

Renatus project

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Pair of refurbished Class 321 'Renatus' units on a service toClacton-on-Seain October 2021
The interior of Standard Class aboard a Renatus refurbished Class 321

In December 2013 Eversholt rebuilt 321448 as a demonstrator atDoncaster Worksfor a proposed upgrade.[56]It featured a new livery, completely refitted interior including two examples of sitting arrangements including 2+2 and 2+3, and a new First Class area. The demonstrator also featured air conditioning, not previously seen on Class 321 trains, along with fixed panel windows to replace opening windows and a newVossloh Kiepetraction package.[57][58][59]

The production run covered 30 units. The Vossloh Kiepe traction package was installed atWolverton Workswith the rest of the work performed at Doncaster. The first was completed in December 2016.[60]In 2017 the prototype returned to Doncaster to be modified to the same specifications as the production units, including being refitted with hopper windows.[61]

Aborted proposals

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Battery conversion

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In 2022 it was announced that Eversholt and Vivarail were working on a design to convert 321s to battery units that could operate between 20-30 miles on battery power.[62][63]The battery units were planned to be used on routes in Scotland.[63]Due to Vivarail going into administration, in December 2022, the project was cancelled.[63]

Hydrogen conversion

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Main article:British Rail Class 600

In May 2018, plans were announced by Eversholt andAlstomto convert a number of Class 321 units to run onhydrogenfuel-cells,as a way of replacing diesel-powered trains on lines that are unlikely to beelectrified.[64]The details of the conversion project, dubbed 'Breeze', were published in January 2019, with an expectation that units could be ready for service in 2022 – although this later slipped to 2024.[65][66]

In November 2021 Alstom and Eversholt announced that they had decided to switch their primary focus to developing a hydrogen-fuelled variant of Alstom'sAventraEMU, on the grounds that the pool of convertible Class 321 units was too small to support the market they envisaged for hydrogen-powered trains in the UK, and that the Aventra's advanced technology and reduced requirement for routine maintenance were advantages in both manufacture and operations.[67]Although the companies stated that they would maintain the "option" of converting existing trains in the future,[67]the Breeze project was ended in the first half of 2022 and at least one of the Class 321 units selected for conversion (321448) was sent for scrapping.[2]

Further use

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In April 2023, Eastern Rail Services acquired 321434 with the intent of making it available for filming projects.[68]

Fleet details

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Class Operator Qty. Year built Unit nos.
321/3 Varamis Rail 3 1988–1990 321334, 321339, 321341[69]
Stored 30 321301–321304, 321306-321320, 321322-321323, 321325-321330, 321332, 321338, 321342[54][70][71]
Scrapped 33 321305, 321321, 321324, 321331, 321333, 321335-321337, 321340, 321343–321366[54][72][73][74][75][76][77]
321/4 Converted toClass 320/4 12 1989–1990 321401, 321403–321404, 321411–321418, 321420[54]
Eastern Rail Services 1 321434[68]
Varamis Rail 5 321407, 321419, 321428-321429, 321440[69]
Scrapped 30 321402, 321405–406, 321408-321410, 321421–321423, 321424–321427, 321430-321433, 321435–321439, 321441-321448[54][71][72][74][76][78][79][80]
321/9 Scrapped 3 1991 321901–321903[26]

Vehicle numbering

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Individual vehicles are numbered in the ranges as follows:

Class 321/3 vehicles[4]
Vehicle
Detail
 DTCO PMSO TSO DTSO
Diagram EE308 EC210 EH235 EE236
Number range 78049–78094,78131–78150 62975–63020,63105–63124 71880–71925,71991–72010 77853–77898,78280–78299
Class 321/4 vehicles[4]
Vehicle
Detail
 DTCO PMSO TSO DTSO
Diagram To be confirmed
Number range 78095–78130,78151–78162 63063–63092,63099–63104,63125–63136 71949–71978,71985–71990,72011–72022 77943–77972,78274–78279,78300–78311
Class 321/9 vehicles[4]
Vehicle
Detail
 DTSO(A) PMSO TSO DTSO(B)
Diagram To be confirmed
Number range 77990–77992 63153–63155 72128–72130 77993–77995

Named units

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References

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  1. ^abcdefg"Class 321 Electrical Multiple Unit"(PDF).Eversholt Rail.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 5 October 2015.
  2. ^abc Inman, Mark Lee; Pritchard, Robert. "Endangered species: the Class 321s".Today's Railways UK.No. 250 (December 2022). Sheffield: Platform 5. p. 52.ISSN1475-9713.
  3. ^abButlin, Ashley (February 2024). "Multiple Units". Stock Update.The Railway Magazine.Vol. 170, no. 1475. p. 89.
  4. ^abcdefMarsden, C. J. (2007)."Class 321".Traction Recognition.Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing. pp. 178–181.ISBN978-0-7110-3277-4.OCLC230804946.OL16902750M.
  5. ^"Class 321 EMU overhaul for Eversholt".Wiener Neudorf: Traktionssysteme Austria.Retrieved28 January2023.
  6. ^"Class 321 Renatus".London: Eversholt Rail Group.Archivedfrom the original on 9 January 2021.Retrieved5 August2021.
  7. ^ab"Vehicle Diagram Book No. 210 for Electric Multiple Units (including A.P.T.)"(PDF).Derby: Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Department, British Railways Board. EC210, EE236, EE308, EH235 (in work pp. 88–89, 182–183, 206–207, 316–317). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 January 2015.Retrieved8 October2022– via Barrowmore MRG.
  8. ^"321 rolled-out"The Railway Magazineissue 1051 November 1988 page 687
  9. ^abc"The Class 321 EMUs"Today's Railways UKissue 154 October 2014 pages 50–57
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  12. ^"Refurbished 321 Renatus Launched"Modern Railwaysissue 821 February 2017 page 10
  13. ^"Northampton line Class 321 handed over at BREL, York"Railissue 100 page 17
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  17. ^"'FCC receives its first Class 321 ".Today's Railways UK.No. 89. May 2009. p. 65.
  18. ^"FCC signs lease for extra Class 321s and 313s".Today's Railways UK.No. 101. May 2010. p. 65.
  19. ^abc"ScotRail to receive LM Class 321/4s".Rail.No. 766. 21 January 2015. p. 27.
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  23. ^"Ilkley working for Class 321"Railissue 264 25 October 1995 page 26
  24. ^"GNER drafts in foreign EMUs to covers for 225s"Railissue 334 1 July 1998 page 9
  25. ^ab"News Desk"(PDF).Railway Herald.No. 60. 3 November 2006. p. 6,7.Archivedfrom the original on 8 January 2021.Retrieved16 July2011.
  26. ^ab"Disposal of surplus electric units gathers pace".Rail Magazine.No. 968 (October 2022). Peterborough: Bauer Consumer Media. pp. 18–19.
  27. ^"321334 to be converted into swift express freight train".eversholtrail.Retrieved19 March2021.
  28. ^"Eversholt Rail unveils new Class 321 Swift Express Freight train".Global Railway Review.Retrieved11 August2021.
  29. ^Holden, Michael (2 July 2021)."Full Report: Eversholt Rail unveils first Swift Express Freight Train in Doncaster".RailAdvent.Retrieved3 July2021.
  30. ^"Four Class 321 units being converted into express freight trains".RailAdvent.22 November 2021.Retrieved22 November2021.
  31. ^ab"Eversholt eyes parcels expansion".Modern Railways.No. August 2022. p. 22.
  32. ^Lancefield, Neil (20 January 2023)."First electric-only freight train firm Varamis Rail starts moving parcels".Evening Standard.Retrieved20 January2023.
  33. ^"Varamis considers Swift bid as Eversholt abandons '321s'".Rail Magazine.No. 992. 20 September 2023. p. 12.
  34. ^Elston, Laura (11 September 2003)."Entire fleet of commuter trains withdrawn".The Independent.[dead link‍]
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  39. ^"London Midland's 321 trains get a fresh coat of paint".London Midland.11 June 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 26 November 2010.
  40. ^"London Midland to introduce more seats for London commuters".London Midland.1 October 2009. Archived fromthe originalon 22 January 2010.
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  53. ^"Just three diagrams left for GA 321s".Today's Railways UK.No. 254. April 2023. p. 59.
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  55. ^Clinnick, Richard (June 2023). "Farewell charity tours for veteran EMUs".Rail Express.No. 325. p. 10.
  56. ^"Class 321 Demonstrator launched on the Abellio Greater Anglia Network".Eversholt Rail.
  57. ^"Startseite".kiepe.knorr-bremse(in German).Retrieved23 March2022.
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  65. ^"Breeze UK hydrogen multiple-unit proposal unveiled".Railway Gazette International.Sutton: DVV Media International. 7 January 2019. Archived fromthe originalon 7 January 2019.Retrieved23 November2022.
  66. ^Burroughs, David (22 July 2020)."Eversholt Rail and Alstom to invest £1m in hydrogen trains".International Railway Journal.Falmouth: Simmons-Boardman Publishing.Retrieved23 November2022.
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Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toBritish Rail Class 321.
  • Clinnick, Richard (28 November – 11 December 2012). "Anglian '321' a 'guinea pig' for traction system upgrade".Rail.No. 710. Peterborough: Bauer. p. 30.ISSN0953-4563.OCLC49953699.
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