Bukhara

For other uses, seeBukhara (disambiguation).

Bukhara(/bʊˈxɑːrə/buu-KHAR-ə)is theseventh-largest cityinUzbekistanby population, with 280,187 residents as of 1 January 2020.It is the capital ofBukhara Region.

Bukhara Бухоро / Buxoro(Uzbek) بخارا(Persian) Бухара
City
From top, left to right:Po-i-Kalyan Mosquewith theKalyan Minaretin the middle,Ismail Samani Mausoleum,Ark of Bukhara,Chor Minor,and Panoramic sunset view around Po-i-Kalyan Mosque and Ark of Bukhara
Bukhara Location in Uzbekistan Bukhara Bukhara (West and Central Asia)
Coordinates:39°46′00″N64°25′23″E
Country	Uzbekistan
Region	Bukhara
Founded	6th century BC
First mention	500 AD
Government
• Type	City Administration
• Hakim (Mayor)	Jamol Nosirov
Area
• City	143.0 km2(55.213 sq mi)
• Urban	73.0 km2(28.2 sq mi)
Elevation	225 m (738 ft)
Population (2020)
• City	280,187
• Density	2,000/km2(5,100/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Bukharan Bukharian
Time zone	GMT +5
Postcode	2001ХХ
Area code	(+998) 65
Vehicle registration	20 (previous to 2008) 80-84 (2008 and newer)
HDI(2018)	0.734 ·5thhigh
Website	www.buxoro.uz
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Historic Centre of Bukhara
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iv, vi
Designated	1993
Reference no.	602
Region	Asia

People have inhabited the region around Bukhara for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time. Located on theSilk Road,the city has long served as a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. Bukhara served as the capital of theKhanate of Bukhara,andEmirate of Bukhara.It was the birthplace of the scholarImam Bukhari.The city has been known as "Noble Bukhara" (Bukhārā-ye sharīf). Bukhara has about 140 architectural monuments.UNESCOhas listed the historic center of Bukhara (which contains numerousmosquesandmadrasas) as aWorld Heritage Site.

Names

The exact name of the city of Bukhara in ancient times is unknown. The wholeoasiswas called Bukhara in ancient times, and probably only in the tenth century was it finally transferred to the city.

According to some scholars, the name dates back to the Sanskritvihāra(Buddhist monastery).This word is very close to the word in the language of theUyghurandChineseBuddhists,who named their places of worship the same way. Very few artifacts related toBuddhismhave survived into the modern day in the city. But, numerous Arabic, Persian, European and Chinese travellers and historians noted the place and Uzbekistan itself to be once populated by mostly Buddhists and few Zoroastrians. Indeed, the first Islamic text on Bukhara relates to the first Arab invader of Bukhara, Ubaidullah bin Ziad, who noted Bukhara to be a Buddhist country with Buddhist monasteries ruled bya queen regentacting on behalf of her son.

According to other sources (such asEncyclopædia Iranica), the name Bukhara is possibly derived from theSogdianβuxārak('Place of Good Fortune'), a name for Buddhist monasteries.

In theTang dynasty,and other successive dynasties of Imperial China, Bukhara was known under the name ofBǔhē( bắt uống ),which has been replaced in Chinese by the modern generic phonetic spellingBùhālā( bố ha kéo ).

Between the 19th and 20th centuries, Bukhara was known asBokharain the English publications as exemplified by the writings and reports on the Emirate of Bukhara duringthe Great Game.

Muhammad ibn Jafar Narshakhiin hisHistory of Bukhara(completed AD 943–44) mentions:

Bukhara has many names. One of its names was Numijkat. It has also been called "Bumiskat". It has 2 names in Arabic. One is "Madinat al Sufriya" meaning— "the copper city" and another is "Madinat Al Tujjar" meaning— "The city of Merchants". But, the name Bukhara is the original name and more known than all the other names. InKhorasan,there is no other city with so many names.

Since the Middle Ages, the city has been known asBukhārā/ بخارا inArabicandPersiansources. The modernUzbekspelling isBuxoro.

The city's name was mythologized asAlbraccain the Italian epic poemOrlando Innamorato,published in 1483 byMatteo Maria Boiardo.

History

Coin belonging to theGreco-Bactrian Kingdomfound in Bukhara

Thehistory of Bukharastretches back millennia. Along withSamarkand,Bukhara was the epicentre of thePersianculture in medieval Asia until the fall ofTimurid dynasty.

Bukhara coinage ofAbbasidcaliphal-Mahdi.Bukhara was underCaliphatecontroluntil AD 861.

By 850, Bukhara served as the capital of theSamanid Empire,and was the birthplace ofImam Bukhari.The Samanids, claiming descent fromBahram Chobin,rejuvenatedPersian culturefar fromBaghdad,the centre of the Islamic world.New Persianflourished in Bukhara andRudaki,the father ofPersian poetry,was born and raised in Bukhara and wrote his most famous poem about the beauty of the city. For this purpose, Bukhara had continuously served as the most important of cities in manyPersianateempires, namelySamanids,Karakhanids,Khwarazmids,andTimurids.

The influence of Bukhara in the wider Islamic world started to diminish starting from the arrival of another Turkic dynasty of Uzbeks in the 16th Century.Agha Mohammad Khan Qajarwas the lastPersianemperor who attempted to retake the city just before his assassination, and by the 19th century the city had become a peripheral city in the Persian and the Islamic world, being ruled by localEmirs of Bukhara,who were the lastPersianateprinces before the fall of the city to thered army.

At the beginning of the 11th century, Bukhara became part of the Turkic state of theKarakhanids.The rulers of the Karakhanids built many buildings in Bukhara: the Kalyan minaret, the Magoki Attori mosque, palaces and parks.

Bukhara lies west of Samarkand and was previously a focal point of learning eminent all through the Persian and the Islamic world. It is the old neighborhood of the incomparable SheikNaqshbandi.He was a focal figure in the advancement of the mysterious Sufi way to deal with theory, religion and Islam.

Suzani textilesfrom Bukhara are famous worldwide. This one was made before 1850.

It is now thecapitalofBukhara Region(viloyat) ofUzbekistan.Located on theSilk Road,the city has long been a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. During the golden age of theSamanids,Bukhara became a major intellectual center of theIslamic world,and was renowned for its numerous libraries.The historic center of Bukhara, which contains numerousmosquesandmadrassas,has been listed byUNESCOas aWorld Heritage Site.

Genghis Khanbesieged Bukharafor 15 days in 1220.As an important trading centre, Bukhara was home to a community of medieval Indian merchants from the city ofMultan(modern-day Pakistan) who were noted to own land in the city. For several centuries, the cities of Bukhara av Khiva were known as major centers of the slave trade, and theBukhara slave trade,alongside the neighboringslave trade in Khiva,has been referred to as the "slave capitals of the world".

Amir Alim Khan,the last emir of Bukhara, circa 1911

Bukhara under siege by Red Army troops and burning, September 1, 1920

Bukhara was the last capital of theEmirate of Bukharaand was besieged by the Red Army during theRussian Civil War.Duringthe Bukhara operation of 1920,Red Armytroops under the command of Bolshevik generalMikhail Frunzeattacked the city of Bukhara. On 31 August 1920, the EmirAlim Khanfled toDushanbein Eastern Bukhara (later he escaped from Dushanbe toKabulinAfghanistan). On 2 September 1920, after four days of fighting, the emir'scitadel(theArk) was destroyed and the red flag was raised from the top ofKalyan Minaret.On 14 September 1920, the All-Bukharan Revolutionary Committee was set up, headed by A. Mukhitdinov. The government—the Council of People's Nazirs (seenāẓir)—was presided over byFayzulla Xoʻjayev.

TheBukharan People's Soviet Republicexisted from 1920 to 1924 when the city was integrated into theUzbek Soviet Socialist Republic.Fitzroy Maclean,then a young diplomat in the British Embassy in Moscow, made a surreptitious visit to Bokhara in 1938, sight-seeing and sleeping in parks. In his memoirEastern Approaches,he judged it an "enchanted city" with buildings that rivalled "the finest architecture of theItalian Renaissance".In the latter half of the 20th century, thewar in Afghanistanandcivil war in TajikistanbroughtDari- and Tajik-speaking refugees into Bukhara andSamarkand.After integrating themselves into the local Tajik population, these cities face a movement for annexation intoTajikistanwith which the cities have no common border.

Landmarks

Church of Archangel Michael in Bukhara

Architectural complexes

• Po-i-KalyanComplex.The titlePo-i KalanorPoi Kalân(Persian:پای کلان'Grand Foundation') belongs to the architectural complex located at the base of the greatminaretKalân.
• Kalyan minaret.More properly, Minâra-i Kalân (Persian/Tajik for 'Grand Minaret'). Also known as the Tower of Death, as according to legend it is the site where criminals were executed by being thrown off the top for centuries. Theminaretis the most famed part of the ensemble, and dominates over historical center of the city. The role of the minaret is largely for traditional and decorative purposes—its dimension exceeds the bounds of the main function of the minaret, which is to provide a vantage point from which the muezzin can call out people to prayer. For this purpose it was enough to ascend to a roof of a mosque. This practice was common in initial years of Islam. The wordminaretderives from the Arabic word منارةmanāra('lighthouse', or more literally 'a place where something burns'). The minarets of the region were possible adaptations of "fire-towers" or lighthouses of previous Zoroastrian eras.The architect, whose name was simply Bako, designed the minaret in the form of a circular-pillar brick tower, narrowing upwards. The diameter of the base is 9 meters (30 feet), while at the top it is 6 m (20 ft). The tower is 45.6 m (150 ft) high, and can be seen from vast distances over the flat plains of Central Asia. There is a brick spiral staircase that twists up inside around the pillar, leading to the landing in sixteen-arched rotunda and skylight, upon which is based a magnificently designed stalactite cornice (or "sharif" ).
• Kalân Mosque(Masjid-i Kalân), arguably completed in 1514, is equal to theBibi-Khanym Mosquein Samarkand in size. The mosque is able to accommodate twelve thousand people. Although Kalyan Mosque and Bibi-Khanym Mosque of Samarkand are of the same type of building, they are different in terms of art of building. Two hundred and eighty-eight monumental pylons serve as a support for the multi-domed roofing of the galleries encircling the courtyard of Kalyan Mosque. The longitudinal axis of the courtyard ends up with a portal to the main chamber (maksura) with a cruciform hall, topped with a massive blue cupola on a mosaic drum. The edifice keeps many architectural curiosities, for example, a hole in one of domes. Through this hole one can see foundation of Kalyan Minaret. Then moving back step by step, one can count all belts of brickwork of the minaret to the rotunda.
• Mir-i Arab Madrassah(1535–1536).The construction of Mir-i-Arab Madrasah (Miri Arab Madrasah) is ascribed to Sheikh Abdullah Yamani of Yemen—called Mir-i-Arab—the spiritual mentor ofUbaidullah Khanand his son Abdul-Aziz Khan. Ubaidullah-khan waged permanent successful war with Iran. At least three times his troops seized Herat. Each of such plundering raids on Iran was accompanied by capture of great many captives. They say that Ubaidullah-khan had invested money gained from redemption of more than three thousand Persian captives into construction of Mir-i-Arab Madrasah. Ubaidullah-khan was very religious. He had been nurtured in high respect for Islam in the spirit of Sufism. His father named him in honor of prominent sheikh of the 15th century Ubaidullah al-Ahrar (1404–1490), by origin from Tashkent Region. By the 1530s, when sovereigns erected splendid mausoleums for themselves and for their relatives, was over. Khans ofShaibanid dynastywere standard-bearers of Koran traditions. The significance of religion was so great that even such famed khan as Ubaidullah was conveyed to earth close by his mentor in his madrasah. In the middle of the vault (gurhana) in Mir-i-Arab Madrasah is situated the wooden tomb of Ubaidullah-khan. At his head is wrapped in the moulds his mentor, Mir-i-Arab. Muhammad Kasim, mudarris (a senior teacher) of the madrasah (died in 1047 hijra) is also interred near by here. The portal of Miri Arab Madrasah is situated on one axis with the portal of the Kalyan Mosque. However, because of some lowering of the square to the east it was necessary to raise a little an edifice of the madrasah on a platform.

Simurghon the portal of Nadir Divan-Beghi madrasah (part of Lab-i Hauz complex)

• Lab-i HauzComplex(orLab-e hauz,Persian:لب حوض,meaningby the pond) Ensemble (1568–1622) is the name of the area surrounding one of the few remaininghauz,or pond, in the city of Bukhara. Several such ponds existed in Bukhara prior toSovietrule. The ponds acted as the city's principal source of water, but were also notorious for spreading disease, and thus were mostly filled in during the 1920s and 1930s by the Soviets. The Lab-i Hauz survived owing to its role as the centerpiece of an architectural ensemble dating back to the 16th and 17th centuries. The Lab-i Hauz ensemble consists of the 16th-century Kukeldash Madrasah,the largest in the city, along the north side of the pond.On the eastern and western sides of the pond are a 17th-century lodging-house for itinerantSufis,and a 17th-century madrasah.

Nasruddin Hodja

There is also a metal sculpture ofNasruddin Hodja,the quick-witted and warm-hearted man, who forms the central character of many children's folk stories in Central Asian, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, sitting atop his mule with one hand on his heart and the other with an 'All OK' sign above his head.

• Bahoutdin Architectural Complexis a necropolis commemoratingShaykh Baha-ud-Din or Bohoutdin,the founder ofNaqshbandiorder. The complex includes thedahma(gravestone) of Bahoutdin, Khakim Kushbegi mosque, Muzaffarkan mosque, and Abdul-Lazizkhan khanqah. The site is listed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site tentative list on 18 January 2008.

Fortress

Wall of the Bukhara Fortress, the Ark

• Bukhara Fortress, the Ark

Main article:Ark of Bukhara

Mausoleums

• Boboyi Poradoz Mausoleum

The Boboyi Poradoz Mausoleum (Uzbek:Boboyi Poradoʻz maqbarasi) is a monument of architecture inBukhara Region.Themausoleumwas built in the 19th century and is located behind the Salakhona gate. Today the mausoleum is located opposite the Ibn Sina Library of Bukhara. The mausoleum is included in the National List of Objects of Material Cultural Heritage ofUzbekistanof Republican Importance.

• Chashma-Ayub Mausoleum

Chashma-Ayub, orJob's spring,is located near the Samani mausoleum. Its name is said to reflect a legend that states the prophet Job ( "Ayub" in theQuran) visited this place and brought forth a spring of water by the blow of his staff on the ground. The water of this well is said to be exceptionally pure, and is regarded for its supposed "healing qualities." The current edifice at the site was constructed during the reign ofTimur,and features a Khwarazm-style conical dome that is otherwise uncommon in the region.

• Ismail Samani mausoleum

The Ismail Samani mausoleum (between 9th and 10th centuries), is one of the most highly esteemed work ofCentral Asianarchitecture. It was built in the 9th century (between 892 and 943) as the resting-place ofIsmail Samani—the founder of theSamanid dynasty,which was the last native Persian dynasty to rule the region in the 9th to 10th centuries, after the Samanids established virtual independence from theAbbasid CaliphateinBaghdad.

The site is unique for its architectural style which combines both Zoroastrian and Islamic motifs. The building's facade is covered in intricately decorated brick work, which features circular patterns reminiscent of the sun—a common image in Zoroastrian art from the region at that time which is reminiscent of the Zoroastrian god, Ahura Mazda, who is typically represented by fire and light. The building's shape is cuboid, and reminiscent of the Ka'aba in Makkah, while the domed roof is a typical feature of mosque architecture. The syncretic style of the shrine is reflective of the 9th and 10th centuries—a time when the region still had large populations of Zoroastrians who had begun to convert to Islam around that time.

The shrine is also regarded as one of the oldest monuments in the Bukhara region. At the time ofGenghis Khan's invasion, the shrine was said to have already been buried in mud from flooding. Thus, when the Mongol hordes reached Bukhara, the shrine was spared from their destruction.

The mausoleum of Pakistan's founding father,Muhammad Ali Jinnah,known as theMazar-e-QuaidinKarachi,was modeled after the shrine.

Mosques

• Bolo Haouz Mosque

TheBolo Haouz Mosque

Built in 1712, on the opposite side of the citadel of Ark in Registan district, Bolo Haouz Mosque is inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list along with the other parts of the historic city. It served as a Friday mosque during the time when theemir of Bukharawas being subjugated under theBolshevik Russianrule in the 1920s.

• Char Minar

Char Minar

Char Minor (alternatively spelledChor Minor,and also alternatively known as theMadrasah of Khalif Niyaz-kul) is a building tucked away in a lane northeast of the Lyabi Hauz complex. The structure was built by Khalif Niyaz-kul, a wealthy Bukharan of Turkmen origin in the 19th century under the rule of theJanid dynasty.The four-towered structure is sometimes mistaken for a gate to the madras that once existed behind the structure; however, the Char-Minar is actually a complex of buildings with two functions, ritual and shelter.

The main edifice is a mosque. In spite of its unusual outward shape, the building has a typical interior for a Central Asian mosque. Owing to the buildings cupola, the room has good acoustic properties and therefore takes on special significance of 'dhikr-hana'—a place for ritualized 'dhikr' ceremonies ofSufi,the liturgy of which often include recitation, singing, and instrumental music.

On either side of the central edifice are located dwelling rooms, some of which have collapsed, leaving only their foundations visible. Consequently, for full functioning ofmadrasahonly of classroom and some utility rooms is lacking. However, it was common practice that so-called madrasahs had no lecture rooms or, even if they had, no lectures had been given in them. These madrasahs were employed as student hospices.

Each of the four towers has different decorational motifs. Some say that elements of decoration reflect the four religions known to Central Asians. One can find elements reminiscent of a cross, aChristianfish motif, and a Buddhist praying-wheel, in addition to Zoroastrian and Islamic motifs. In 1995, due to an underground brook, one of the four towers collapsedand emergency assistance was applied for and granted byUNESCOunder theWorld Heritage Fund.Although the collapse resulted in destabilizing the entire structure, the authorities were anxious to keep awareness of the disaster to a minimum. Without explanation the building disappeared from the list of sights and after hurried reconstruction of the tower "using non-traditional building material, such as poor quality cement and steel"Char Minar returned as one of the most popular sights of the city, yet the event has been kept secret ever since.

On the esplanade to the right from Char-Minar is a pool, likely of the same age as the rest of the building complex. Char Minar is now surrounded mainly by small houses and shops along its perimeter.

• Magok-i-Attari Mosque

The Magoki-Attari mosque (south façade)

The former Magoki Attori mosque was constructed in the 9th century on the remains of what may have been an older Zoroastrian temple. The mosque was destroyed and rebuilt more than once, and the oldest part now remaining is the south façade, which dates from the 12th century—making it one of the oldest surviving structures in Bukhara, and one of few which survived the onslaught of Genghis Khan. Lower than the surrounding ground level, the mosque was excavated in 1935. It no longer functions as a mosque, but, rather, houses a carpet museum.

• Mosque of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani

In Bukhara there is a mosque which is said to be that ofMir Sayyid Ali Hamadani,the patron saint of Kashmiri Muslims in theValley of Kashmir.

• Shirbudun Palace

Shirbudun Palace

Shirbudun Palace(Uzbek:Shirbudun saroyi) is one of the Bukhara emirs' political building. The palace's construction started approximately 1870, under the reign ofMuzaffar bin Nasrullah(1860–1885) in theBukhara Emirate.

Bukhara Prison

• Bukhara Prison

Bukhara Prisonis the prison of the Amir of Bukhara. The prison was built in the second half of the 18th century, during the Mangit dynasty, and is located in the northwest corner of the ancient city, in the vicinity of the Hoja Nizamiddin Bolo burial site, around a hundred meters northeast of the Ark fortress, dating back to the middle centuries.

• Jandi Turki Mausoleum

Jandi Turki Mausoleumis situated on Namozgoh Street, in the old city section of Bukhara.Themausoleumis associated with Abu Nasr Ahmad ibn Fazl ibn Muso al-Muzakkir al-Jandi.

• Khanqah of Nodir Devonbegi

Nodir Devonbegiis a historical memorial in Bukhara,Uzbekistan.It was established by Nodir Devonbegi (Nodir Mirzo Togay ibn Sultan), the vizier and brother of the ruler of Bukhara,Imamquli Khan,around 1620–1621.The Khanaka has been included in the national list of intangible cultural heritage objects ofUzbekistan.

Geography

About 140 miles (230 km) west of Samarkand in south-central Uzbekistan, Bukhara is located on theZeravshanRiver, at an elevation of 751 feet (229 meters).

Climate

Bukhara has a typically Central Asiancool arid climate(KöppenBWk). The average maximum afternoon temperature in January is 6.6 °C or 43.9 °F, rising to an average maximum of around 37.2 °C or 99.0 °F in July. Mean annual precipitation is 135 millimetres or 5.31 inches.

Water was important in the hot, dry climate ofCentral Asia,so from ancient times, irrigation farming was developed. Cities were built near rivers, and water channels were built to serve the entire city. Uncovered reservoirs, known ashauzes,were constructed. Special covered water reservoirs, orsardobas,were built along caravan routes to supply travelers and their animals with water.

However, the heavy use of agrochemicals during the Soviet era, diversion of irrigation water from the two rivers that feed Uzbekistan, and the lack of water treatment plants have caused health and environmental problems on a large scale.

Climate data for Bukhara (1991–2020, extremes since 2000)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	22.6 (72.7)	29.6 (85.3)	35.0 (95.0)	38.2 (100.8)	43.0 (109.4)	46.2 (115.2)	45.8 (114.4)	44.6 (112.3)	39.1 (102.4)	37.8 (100.0)	31.7 (89.1)	26.1 (79.0)	46.2 (115.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	7.0 (44.6)	10.0 (50.0)	17.1 (62.8)	24.4 (75.9)	30.7 (87.3)	36.0 (96.8)	37.3 (99.1)	35.6 (96.1)	30.0 (86.0)	22.9 (73.2)	14.5 (58.1)	8.2 (46.8)	22.8 (73.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)	1.8 (35.2)	4.1 (39.4)	10.3 (50.5)	17.2 (63.0)	23.4 (74.1)	28.4 (83.1)	29.8 (85.6)	27.6 (81.7)	21.7 (71.1)	14.6 (58.3)	7.6 (45.7)	2.8 (37.0)	15.8 (60.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−2.2 (28.0)	−0.4 (31.3)	4.7 (40.5)	10.5 (50.9)	15.6 (60.1)	19.9 (67.8)	21.6 (70.9)	19.4 (66.9)	13.6 (56.5)	7.4 (45.3)	2.2 (36.0)	−1.2 (29.8)	9.3 (48.7)
Record low °C (°F)	−23.5 (−10.3)	−18.1 (−0.6)	−8.2 (17.2)	0.0 (32.0)	1.3 (34.3)	9.8 (49.6)	14.7 (58.5)	10.3 (50.5)	1.6 (34.9)	−3.3 (26.1)	−14.0 (6.8)	−16.5 (2.3)	−23.5 (−10.3)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches)	16.5 (0.65)	24.1 (0.95)	25.1 (0.99)	22.3 (0.88)	11.1 (0.44)	1.8 (0.07)	0.4 (0.02)	0.3 (0.01)	0.8 (0.03)	2.7 (0.11)	14.5 (0.57)	12.8 (0.50)	132.4 (5.21)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm)	10	10	10	8	7	3	1	1	1	4	8	9	72
Average snowy days	3.38	2.33	0.63	0.04	0	0	0	0	0	0.04	0.71	2.54	9.67
Averagerelative humidity(%)	80	75	72	59	46	38	40	44	48	56	64	79	58
Source 1:NOAA
Source 2:Deutscher Wetterdienst(humidity),Meteomanz(snowy days 2000-2023 and records)

Transportation

Bukhara train station

Bukhara International Airporthas regularly scheduled flights to cities in Uzbekistan and Russia. TheTurkmenistanborder is about 80 km away with the nearest city there beingTürkmenabat,connected via theM37 highwaywhich continues to other places in Turkmenistan includingAshgabat.The city is also served by railroad links with the rest of Uzbekistan, and is a hub for roadways leading to all major cities in Uzbekistan and beyond, includingMazar-i-SharifinAfghanistanvia theM39 highway.The city ofSamarkandis 215 km to the east of Bukhara.

Internal transportation facilities

Bukhara city is the largest transport hub after Tashkent in Uzbekistan. Inside the city there is facility of bus transportation. There are over 45 bus lines. Majority of them have been equipped with ISUZU buses but some buses are being brought from China. By the number of buses and bus routes facilities Bukhara is the largest after Tashkent in Uzbekistan.

Demographics

Uzbekistan, Bukhara, Spices and silk festival

Bukhara recorded a population of 279,200 in 2019. Bukhara (along with Samarkand) is one of the two major centers of Uzbekistan's Tajik minority. Bukhara was also home to theBukharan Jews,whose ancestors settled in the city during Roman times. Most Bukharian Jews left Bukhara between 1925 and 2000.

Ali-Akbar Dehkhodadefines the name Bukhara itself as meaning "full of knowledge", referring to the fact that in antiquity, Bukhara was a scientific and scholarship powerhouse. In the Italian romanticepicOrlando innamoratobyMatteo Maria Boiardo,Bukhara is calledAlbraccaand described as a major city ofCathay.There, within its walled city and fortress,Angelicaand the knights she has befriended make their stand when attacked byAgrican,emperor ofTartary.As described, this siege by Agrican resembles the historic siege byGenghis Khanin 1220.

Ethnic groups

According to the official statistics, the city's population is 82%Uzbeks,6%Russians,4%Tajiks,3%Tatars,1%Koreans,1%Turkmens,1%Ukrainians,2% of other ethnicities.However, official Uzbek numbers have for long been criticized and refuted by various observers and Western sourcesand it is widely assumed that the population of the city consists mainly ofTajik-speakingTajiks, with ethnic Uzbeks forming a growing minority.Exact figures are difficult to evaluate, since many people in Uzbekistan either identify as "Uzbek" even though they speak Tajik as their first language, or because they are registered as Uzbeks by the central government despite their Tajik language and identity. According to Soviet estimates in the early 20th century (based on numbers from 1913 and 1917), the Tajiks formed the overwhelming majority of city.

Religion

The religion with the largest community of followers isIslam.But there are also Christian andJewishminorities.

Notable people

See also:Bukhari (surname)

Many notable people lived in Bukhara in the past. Among them are:

• An Lushan(c. 703–757)
• Muhammad Ibn Ismail Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Mughirah Ibn Bardizbah al-Bukhari(810–870) – Islamic scholar and compiler ofhadiths
• Avicenna(Abu Ali ibn Sina) (980–1037) – Persian physician and philosopher
• Qumri(fl. Mind 10th Century d. approx. 980–990)—physician and scholar, purported to be Avicenna's teacher
• Bal'ami:Abolfazl Muhammad and his son Abu-Ali Mohammad, two famous Persian viziers ofSamanidkings, historians and patrons of art and literature
• Abubakr Narshakhi(10th century) – historian who wrote History of Bukhara
• Sadiduddin Muhammad Aufi(1171–1242) historian, scientist, and author.
• Syed Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari(c. 595–690AH,1199–1291CE)
• Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar(1211–1279)
• Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari(1318–1389)
• Amir Kulal(died in 1370)
• Sadriddin Ayni(1878–1954)
• Abdurauf Fitrat(1886–1938)
• Fayzulla Xoʻjayev(1896–1938)
• Ibraghim Muminov(1908–1974)
• Sorojon Yusufova(1910–1966)
• Muhammadjon Shakuri(1925–2012)
• Yitzhak Apeloig(born 1944), Israelicomputational chemistryprofessor and President of theTechnion
• Bakhrom Khamroyev,lawyer, human rights defender, sentenced to 14 years in Russia
• Oksana Chusovitina- 8 time Olympic gymnast (born 1975)
• Yulduz Turdiyeva(born 1985), Uzbek singer

International relations

The following is a list of Bukhara'ssister cities:

• Bonn,Germany (1999)
• Córdoba,Spain (1983)
• Hamadan,Iran
• Khujand,Tajikistan
• Lahore,Pakistan (1995)
• Malatya,Turkey
• Nishapur,Iran
• Rueil-Malmaison,France (1999)
• Santa Fe,United States (1988)

See also

• Bukhara rug
• List of World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan
• Zaynab Sultan Khonim Mausoleum

References

Sources

• Gibb, H. A. R.(1923).The Arab Conquests in Central Asia.London: The Royal Asiatic Society.OCLC685253133.
• Shaban, M. A. (1979).The 'Abbāsid Revolution.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN0-521-29534-3.
• Bosworth, C.E.(1986). "Ḳutayba b. Muslim".The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume V: Khe–Mahi.Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. 541–542.ISBN90-04-07819-3.
• B. A. Litvinsky, Ahmad Hasan Dani (1996).History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, AD 250 to 750.UNESCO. pp. 1–569.ISBN9789231032110.
• Marlow, Louise (2016).Counsel for Kings: Wisdom and Politics in Tenth-Century Iran.Vol. I: The Nasihat Al-muluk of Pseudo-Mawardi: Contexts and Themes. Edinburgh University Press.
• Pickett, James (2020).Polymaths of Islam: Power and Networks of Knowledge in Central Asia.Cornell University Press.
• Salama, Ashraf M.; El-Ashmouni, Marwa M., eds. (2021).Architectural Excellence in Islamic Societies.Routledge.

Further reading

• Moorcroft, W.andTrebeck, G.(1841).Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara… from 1819 to 1825,Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971.

External links

• Through the Lens—the Silk Road Then and Now-A century of change is captured in photos of a fabled Central Asian oasis.
• Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David:Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand(CPA Media).
• UNESCO World Heritage list: Historic Centre of Bukhara
• Audio interview with Bukhara resident about life in Bukhara
• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch(1911)."Bokhara".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 157–158.