Wikipedia

Bunyoro

For the sub-region of Uganda, seeBunyoro sub-region.
"Bunyoro-Kitara" redirects here. For the empire ruled by the Tembuzi and Chwezi dynasties, seeEmpire of Kitara.

Bunyoro,[a]also calledBunyoro-Kitara,is a traditionalBantukingdominWestern Uganda.It was one of the most powerful kingdoms inCentralandEast Africafrom the 16th century to the 19th century. It is ruled by the King (Omukama) of Bunyoro-Kitara.[2][3]The current ruler isSolomon Iguru I,the 27thOmukama.[4][5][6]

Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom
Obukama bwa Bunyoro-Kitara(Nyoro)
Flag of Bunyoro-Kitara
Flag
Coat of arms of Bunyoro-Kitara
Coat of arms
Motto:Habwa Ruhanga n'Ihanga Lyange
"For God and My Country"
Anthem:"Bunyoro-Kitara Anthem"
Location of Bunyoro (red) in Uganda (pink)
Location of Bunyoro (red)

inUganda(pink)

Capital
and largest city
Hoima
Official languagesRunyoro,English
Ethnic groups
Banyoro, Bagungu
Demonym(s)Banyoro
GovernmentConstitutional monarchy
Solomon Iguru I
• Prime Minister
Andrew Kirungi Byakutaga Ateenyi
Consolidation
16th century
Area
17th century[1]80,000 km2(31,000 sq mi)
now16,114.6 km2(6,221.9 sq mi)
Population
• Estimate
1.4 million
CurrencyUgandan shilling(UGX)
Time zoneUTC+3
Calling code256
PersonMuNyoro
PeopleBaNyoro
LanguageRuNyoro
CountryBuNyoro

History

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Traditional myth

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The king is patrilineal meaning that it is passed down through the male line. This tradition comes from a myth the Nyoro people tell. Once there were three sons of the Mukama, all having the same name. In order to name them, the Mukama asked the God to help him. The boys must go through a series of tasks before being named. The three of them had to sit all night holding a pot of milk. Milk is a sacred drink used for important events. Whoever had all their milk still in the pot by morning would be king. The youngest son dropped the milk and begged his older brothers to give him some of theirs, they did. When morning came the eldest son dropped a little more. When God and the Mukama came to observe the pots, the eldest son was named after the peasants who are not fit for cattle herding since he had no milk left. The middle son was named after cattle herders and the youngest son was named Oukama and later Mukama or king for having the most. This myth shows the ways in which the Nyoro infuses religion and kingship together.[7][8][9]

Establishment

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The kingdom of Bunyoro was established in the late 16th century by Rukidi-Mpuga after the dissolution of theEmpire of Kitara.[10]The founders of Bunyoro-Kitara were known as the Babiito, a people who succeeded the Bachwezi.[11]In theAcholi language,the term "Bito" is used "generally of the sons of an aristocratic lineage". TheEmpaakopraise names that every Munyoro is given after birth are still found in Acholi, where they are called "Pak", meaning 'praise'. Many of the mpako names are also of Luo origin. Although many Bito personal names are Luo, Bunyoro’s political terminology features only two words of Luo origin, "ekikali" and "dyangi". Some of the objects which make up the regalia of the Nyoro kings can be identified with artefacts of Nilotic origin.[12][13]

The early Bito kings surpassed the feats of their Chwezi forefathers and achieved regional pre-eminence. Recent historical studies by Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Henri Médard and Christopher Wrigley have concluded that Bunyoro during the first one or two centuries of Bito rule was the greatest power in the region. Bito princes established themselves in the kingdom of Kiziba (in northern kagera), the northern Busoga kingdoms and west of the Rwenzoris. As far away as Buzinza, kings claimed to have their origins in Bunyoro. [14]

Decline

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Bunyoro began to decline in the late eighteenth century due to internal divisions.Bugandaseized theKookiandBudduregions from Bunyoro at the end of the century. In the 1830s, the large province ofTooroseparated, claiming much of the lucrative salt works. To the southRwandaandAnkolewere both growing rapidly, taking over some of the smaller kingdoms that had been Bunyoro's vassals.

Thus by the mid-nineteenth century Bunyoro (also known asUnyoroat the time) was a far smaller state, though it was still wealthy due to the income generated from controlling the lucrative trade routes over Lake Victoria and linking to the coast of theIndian Ocean.In particular, Bunyoro benefited from the trade inivory.Due to the volatile nature of theivory trade,an armed struggle developed between theBagandaand theBanyoro.As a result, the capital was moved fromMasindito the less vulnerableMparo.Following the death of Omakuma Kyebambe III, the region experienced a period of political instability where two kings ruled in a volatile political environment.[15][16]

In July 1890 an agreement was settled whereby the entire Buganda region north of Lake Victoria was given toGreat Britain.In 1894 Great Britain declared the region itsprotectorate.In alliance withBuganda,King Omukama Kabalega of Bunyoro resisted the efforts of Great Britain, aiming to take control of the kingdom. However, in 1899 Omukama Kabalega was captured and exiled to theSeychelles,and Bunyoro was subsequently annexed to theBritish Empire.Because of Bunyoro's resistance to the British, a portion of the Bunyoro kingdom's territory was given toBugandaandTooro.

The country was put under the governance of Buganda administrators. The Banyoro revolted in 1907; the revolt was put down, and relations improved somewhat. After the region remained loyal to Great Britain inWorld War Ia new agreement was made in 1933[17]giving the region more autonomy. Bunyoro remains as one of the five constituent kingdoms ofUganda,along withBuganda,Busoga,Rwenzururu,andTooro.[16][18]

Contemporary society

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During the first regime ofMilton Obote,the Kingdom of Bunyoro initially benefited from regaining the two "lost counties" of Buyaga and Bugangaizi following a1964 referendum.It was, however, forcefully disbanded in 1967. The kingdom, together with three others,Buganda,Busoga,Tooro,remained banned during the regime of dictatorIdi Amin(1971–1979) and the second regime of Milton Obote (1980–1985)[19]and remained banned until 1993.

In 1993[20]the Kingdom was re-established and in 1995 the new constitution of Uganda was made, allowing and recognizing the Kingdoms. The current Kingdom covers the districts ofBuliisa District,Hoima district,Kibaale District,Kakumiro District,Kagadi District,Kiryandongo DistrictandMasindi District.

According to 1997 projections, the total population of the Kingdom is between 800,000[21]but there may be 1,400,000 (depending on sources) living in 250,000-350,000 households. 96% of the population lives in rural areas, and only 1% of the population uses electricity for lighting and cooking. More than 92% of the population is poor, and earned less than half that of the Ugandan national average, and about 50% of the population is illiterate.[22][23]

Culture and Society

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In describing the Kingdom of Bunyoro,Samuel Bakerstates that the people of Bunyoro "have become the most advanced nation in Central Africa; they are well clothed and clean in their persons, courteous and dignified in demeanour, and susceptible of enlarged political organization.”[24]

Bunyoro consists of 3 classes of people, Iru, Huma and Bito.Iruare commoners who engage in farming and some cattle rearing. TheHumaare those engaged only in pastoralism. The name "Bahuma" comes from the verb "okuhuma" which literally means the cacophony of sound made by a herd of cattle on the move, lowing, thudding of hooves and cries of herdsmen.[25]TheBitoare The royal clan originally descended from the Bachwezi and the Luo. Unlike in other kingdoms to the south, intermarriage between the Iru and Huma (Hima) in Bunyoro was never prohibited. It has always been possible for Bunyoro of Iru (commoner) origin to rise to high position in the state as many have done so in historical times.[26]

Art

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Samuel Bakerpraised the manufactures of Bunyoro artisians, saying that the banyoro "make good earthenware, they sew with needles of their own make, the eye of the needles being simply a fine end overlapped; their smiths are clever and use hammers instead of stones as in neighbouring countries and they draw fine brass and copper wire for ornamenting belts, knife handles".[27]

Medicine

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European travelers in theGreat Lakes region of Africaduring the 19th century reported cases of surgery in Bunyoro.[28]Medical historians, such as Jack Davies argued in 1959 that Bunyoro's traditional healers were perhaps the most highly skilled in precolonial sub-Saharan Africa, possessing a remarkable level of medical knowledge. One observer noted a "surgical skill which had reached a high standard".[29]Caesarean sectionsand other abdominal and thoracic operations were performed on a regular basis with the avoidance of haemorrhage and sepsis using antiseptics, anaesthetics and cautery iron.[30]The expectant mother was normally anesthetized with banana wine, and herbal mixtures were used to encourage healing. From the well-developed nature of the procedures employed, European observers concluded that they had been employed for some time.[31]Bunyoro surgeons treatedlung inflammations,Pneumoniaandpleurisyby punching holes in the chest until the air passed freely.Trephiningwas carried out and the bones of depressed fractures were elevated. Horrible war wounds, even penetrating abdominal and chest wounds were treated with success, even when this involved quite heroic surgery. Amputations were done by tying a tight ligature just above the line of amputation and neatly cutting off the limb, stretched out on a smooth log, with one stroke of a sharp sword. Banyoro surgeons had a good knowledge of anatomy, in part obtained by carrying out autopsies. Inoculation against smallpox was carried out in Bunyoro and its neighbouring kingdoms. Over 200 plants are used medicinally in eastern Bunyoro alone and recent tests have shown that traditional cures for eczema and post-measles bloody diarrhoea were more effective than western medications. Bunyoro's Medical elite, the "Bafumu", had a system of apprenticeship and even "met at periods for conferences". In Bunyoro, there was a close relationship between the state and traditional healers. Kings gave healers "land spread in the different areas so that their services would reach more people". Moreover, "in the case of a disease hitting a given area", the king would order healers into the affected district. Kabaleega is said to have provided his soldiers were anti-malarial herbs, and even to have organized medical research. A Munyoro healer reported in 1902 that when an outbreak of what he termed sleeping sickness occurred in Bunyoro around 1886–87, causing many deaths, Kabaleega ordered him "to make experiments in the interest of science", which were "eventually successful in procuring a cure".[29][32]Barkcloth,which was used to bandage wounds, has been proven to be antimicrobial.[33]

Economy

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Bunyoro drew various communities together in trade. This trade heavily depended on Bunyoro's rich salt deposits in the lucrativeKibiro saltworksofLake Mwitanzigeand the saltworks located inLake Katwe.[34]Bunyoro’s markets fostered complex interactions between the Banyoro and regional groups such as the Alur, Acholi, Langi, Kumam Iteso, Basoga, Baganda, Banyankore, Congolese, and Haya populations, and, further, witnessed brisk trade not only in iron implements, salt, and ivory, but also in items like cattle, foodstuffs, beer, tobacco, and coffee.[35]Even despite their bitter rivalry, Bunyoro traded iron hoes and salt with Buganda in exchange for Barkcloth andBananas[36]

Bunyoro blacksmiths were regarded as among the greatest in east africa. Bunyoro’s historical ties with Luo speakers to the north, many of whom considered Bunyoro as “home,” and with Buganda to the south secured the stability of trade in Bunyoro. The ties also ensured that “Bunyoro’s ironsmiths had a guaranteed market among the Iteso and Langi [to the northeast], peoples who did not smelt”. Having the highest quality ofmetallurgyin the region made it one of the strongest economic and military powers in the Great Lakes region.[37][38]

Infrastructure

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Bunyoro had a well mantained road system.Henry Colvilewas able to move his army along well maintained roads and across carefully bridged streams.John Roscoe,a missionary, also picked up on Bunyoro’s network of roads.[39]

Communication

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The people of Bunyoro developed a form of writing based on a floral code[40]

It is especially interesting that the form of writing that developed in Bunyoro was based on a floral code, as the absence of both writing and flowers in African culture have been used by Jack Goody as evidence of African culture's separateness from that of "Eurasia." Goody has written that African peoples generally did not make significant use of flowers in worship, gift-giving or decoration. He does "not know of any indigenous use of odours", nor of plants playing a role in stories or myths. This is thought to be because of Africa's "simple" agriculture, "non-complex" societies and absence of a "culture of luxury". This description of African life does not fit well with what we know of precolonial Bunyoro, a large, relatively ancient, and extremely hierarchical kingdom, and the analysis of the role of flowers was quite inaccurate.

— Shane Doyle,The Language of Flowers: Knowledge, Power and Ecology in Precolonial Bunyoro

Notes

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  1. ^Nyoro pronunciation:[βuɲôɾo]

References

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  1. ^Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (2007).Uganda.Bradt Travel Guides. p. 10.ISBN978-1-84162-182-1.At its peak in the 17th century, Bunyoro covered an area of roughly 80,000km2south and west of the Nile and Lake Victoria.
  2. ^Stokes, Jamie (2009).Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1.Infobase Publishing. pp. 506–509.
  3. ^"AfriWetu Ep16 - Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom - African Civilisation Series by AfriWetu".
  4. ^Facts about the Kingdom,https:// scribd /doc/35682709/2010-01-21-Bunyoro-Kitara-Kingdom-General-Information
  5. ^"Culture and Traditions".Kabalega Foundation.Retrieved2024-02-04.
  6. ^"Royal Orders - Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom (Rep. Uganda) - The most powerful Kingdom in East Africa!".bunyoro-kitara.org.Retrieved2022-02-22.
  7. ^"Empire of Kitara: One of the oldest African Empires that existed since 900 AD to date".Theafricanhistory.2 May 2021.
  8. ^Davies, J. N. P. (January 1959)."The development of scientific medicine in the African Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara".Medical History.3(1): 47–57.doi:10.1017/s0025727300024248.PMC1034446.PMID13632207.
  9. ^Cesarean Section – A Brief History(2008). National Library of Medicine, part 2
  10. ^Mwambutsya, Ndebesa, "Pre-capitalist Social Formation: The Case of the Banyankole of Southwestern Uganda.Archived2008-03-01 at theWayback Machine"Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review6, no. 2; 7, no. 1 (June 1990 and January 1991): 78-95
  11. ^Uzoigwe, GN (1973). "Succession and Civil War in Bunyoro - Kitara".The International Journal of African Historical Studies.6(1): 49–71.doi:10.2307/216973.JSTOR216973.
  12. ^Beattie, John (1971).The Nyoro State.Clarendon Press. p. 51-52.ISBN978-0-19-823171-4.
  13. ^Crisis & Decline in Bunyoro: Population & Environment in Western Uganda 1860-1955.British Institute in Eastern Africa. 2006. p. 13.ISBN978-0-85255-432-6.
  14. ^Crisis & Decline in Bunyoro: Population & Environment in Western Uganda 1860-1955.British Institute in Eastern Africa. 2006. p. 13.ISBN978-0-85255-432-6.
  15. ^Briggs, Philip (2007).Uganda, 5th: The Bradt Travel Guide.Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 11–14.
  16. ^abDoyle, Shane (2006).Crisis & decline in Bunyoro: population & environment in western Uganda 1860-1955.London Oxford Kampala Athens, Ohio: British Institute in Eastern Africa in association with James Currey Fountain Publishers Ohio University Press.ISBN978-0-8214-1634-1.
  17. ^https://kituochakatiba.org/sites/default/files/legal-resources/THE%20BUNYORO%20AGREEMENT%201933.pdfThe Bunyoro Agreement 1933
  18. ^Doyle, Shane (2000)."Population Decline and Delayed Recovery in Bunyoro, 1860-1960".The Journal of African History.41(3): 429–458.doi:10.1017/S0021853700007751.ISSN0021-8537.JSTOR183476.S2CID162522723.
  19. ^"Uganda Constitution of 1967".Archived fromthe originalon 2010-09-03.Retrieved2010-10-05.
  20. ^Traditional Rulers (Restitution of Assets and Properties) Act 1993[1]Archived2011-07-28 at theWayback Machine
  21. ^[2]Archived2009-12-18 at theWayback Machine1997 projections. No current number exists
  22. ^Uzoigwe, G. N. (1972)."Precolonial Markets in Bunyoro-Kitara".Comparative Studies in Society and History.14(4): 422–455.doi:10.1017/S0010417500006794.ISSN0010-4175.JSTOR178036.S2CID145160791.
  23. ^"Banyoro | Encyclopedia".encyclopedia.Retrieved2024-02-04.
  24. ^Fieldwork of Empire, 1840-1900: Intercultural Dynamics in the Production of British Expeditionary Literature.Routledge. 20 March 2019.ISBN978-0-429-55829-0.
  25. ^A History of Bunyoro-Kitara.p. 20.
  26. ^Beattie, John (1971).The Nyoro State.Clarendon Press. p. 24-25.ISBN978-0-19-823171-4.
  27. ^Fieldwork of Empire, 1840-1900: Intercultural Dynamics in the Production of British Expeditionary Literature.Routledge. 20 March 2019.ISBN978-0-429-55829-0.
  28. ^"Empire of Kitara: One of the oldest African Empires that existed since 900 AD to date".Theafricanhistory.2 May 2021.
  29. ^abDavies, J. N. P. (January 1959)."The Development of 'Scientific' Medicine in the African Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara".Medical History.3(1): 47–57.doi:10.1017/s0025727300024248.PMC1034446.PMID13632207.ProQuest1301876103.
  30. ^Shane Doyle (2006).Crisis & Decline in Bunyoro: Population & Environment in Western Uganda 1860–1955.James Currey Publishers. p. 32.ISBN978-0-85255-431-9.
  31. ^Cesarean Section – A Brief History(2008). National Library of Medicine, part 2
  32. ^Cite error: The named referenceThompson1965was invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).
  33. ^Butler, J.A.; Slate, A.J.; Todd, D.B.; Airton, D.; Hardman, M.; Hickey, N.A.; Scott, K.; Venkatraman, P.D. (July 2021)."A traditional UgandanFicus natalensisbark cloth exhibits antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus"(PDF).Journal of Applied Microbiology.131(1): 2–10.doi:10.1111/jam.14945.PMID33247525.S2CID227191862.
  34. ^Katwe Salt in the African Great Lakes Regional Economy, 1750s-1950s.
  35. ^Fieldwork of Empire, 1840-1900: Intercultural Dynamics in the Production of British Expeditionary Literature.Routledge. 20 March 2019.ISBN978-0-429-55829-0.
  36. ^Casualty of Empire: Britain's Unpaid Debt to an African Kingdom.Ituri Publications. 2007. p. 9.ISBN978-0-9536430-7-3.
  37. ^Fieldwork of Empire, 1840-1900: Intercultural Dynamics in the Production of British Expeditionary Literature.Routledge. 20 March 2019.ISBN978-0-429-55829-0.
  38. ^An Economic History of Kenya and Uganda, 1800-1970.Springer. January 1975. p. 116-117.ISBN978-1-349-02442-1.
  39. ^Casualty of Empire: Britain's Unpaid Debt to an African Kingdom.Ituri Publications. 2007. p. 8.ISBN978-0-9536430-7-3.
  40. ^Doyle, Shane (2003). "The Language of Flowers: Knowledge, Power and Ecology in Precolonial Bunyoro".History in Africa.30:107–116.doi:10.1017/S0361541300003168.JSTOR3172084.S2CID153346091.
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Wikisourcehas the text of the1911Encyclopædia Britannicaarticle "Unyoro".
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