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TheCASA/IPTN CN-235is a medium-range twin-enginedtransport aircraftthat was jointly developed byCASAofSpainandIndonesianmanufacturerIPTN.It is operated as both a regional airliner and military transport; its primary military roles includeair transportandaerial surveillance.
CN-235 | |
---|---|
General information | |
Type | Transport aircraft/maritime patrol aircraft |
National origin | Spain / Indonesia |
Manufacturer | CASA IPTN |
Status | Active service |
Primary users | Turkish Air Force |
Number built | 286[1]( IPTN 69[2]) |
History | |
Manufactured | 1983–present[3] |
Introduction date | 1 March 1988 |
First flight | 11 November 1983 |
Variants | EADS HC-144 Ocean Sentry |
Developed into | EADS CASA C-295 Indonesian Aerospace N-245 |
Development of the CN-235 formally commenced in 1980 following the formation of theAirtech Internationaljoint ventureon 17 October 1979. Its existence was publicly unveiled at the 1981Paris Airshow.On 11 November 1983, the prototype CN-235 conducted itsmaiden flight;the first production aircraft followed on 19 August 1986. On 1 March 1988, the aircraft was put into regular service. Early on, the production of each aircraft was divided, 65% being performed by IPTN while the remainder was performed by CASA. The vast majority of CN-235s have been produced for military customers, several airlines have opted to buy limited numbers for regional services as well. In addition to the standard aircraft, specialised CN-235s have been configured into armedgunshipsandmaritime patrol aircraft.
While both the development and early production of the CN-235 had been performed as a joint effort, the partnership arrangement between CASA and IPTN was only applicable to theSeries 10andSeries 100/110aircraft. Some of the later versions of the CN-235 have been developed by each company independently of the other's efforts. Accordingly, both companies have produced their own derivatives of the aircraft, such as the stretchedEADS CASA C-295and the passenger-orientatedIndonesian Aerospace N-245.Over 240 of all versions of CN-235 are in service, and the type has reportedly accumulated more than 500,000 flight hours.[1]Its largest user isTurkey,which operates 59 aircraft.[4]
Design and development
editBackground
editThe CN-235 has been conceived of during the late 1970s as a twin-turboproppowered transport capable of accommodating up to 35 passengers or various military payloads.[5]It had been observed that there was a growing global market for such transports, while there was also a need in the domestic market. The Spanish aerospace companyConstrucciones Aeronáuticas SA(CASA) was keen to seek out international collaboration to develop this concept into a working programme, and promptly approach the newly formed Indonesian companyIPTN(later known asIndonesian AerospaceorPT. Dirgantara Indonesia).[5]The company was offered an equal share in the venture along withtechnology transferopportunities from CASA, and was presented as being mutually beneficial from an economic standpoint.[5]Coincidentally, IPTN had been independently looking into possible configurations for such an aircraft prior to CASA's approach.[5]
The presented terms being agreeable, CASA and IPTN quickly formalised the programme as ajoint ventureinitiative; on 17 October 1979, they formedAirtech Internationalto design, develop, manufacture, and market the new aircraft.[5]Management comprised senior members of both companies, such as Airtech's president also being the president of IPTN, while its vice president was also the president of CASA. During November 1979, the first technical team visit from IPTN was made to CASA'sMadridfacilities, while the first joint meeting was held inBandungtwo months later.[5]During the first half of 1980, various configurations were studied, including a stretched derivative of theCASA C-212 Aviocar,multiple clean-sheetwide-body aircraftwith rectangular and circular-shaped fuselages.[5]
The selected configuration for the aircraft featured a relatively wide fuselage for its size, complete with a rear-facing ramp suitable for all-purpose transport duties.[5]Its main cabin facilitated a four-abreast single-aisle seating arrangement, which could accommodate up to 44 passengers in the most dense seating configuration. The design philosophy of "a big aircraft in a small plane" was practiced, leading to be equipped to suit various situations and operating conditions present in both industrialised and developing countries.[5]This led to the pursuit of performance attributes such as good accessibility for cargo transportation, the quick and convenient conversion between cargo and passenger transport operations, along with readiness to be equipped to perform other roles such asaerial firefighting,cropdusting,and other niche roles. Many features were specifically pursued as to ensure the aircraft's value to the Indonesian market and to capture sufficient early orders there that it would allow foreconomies of scaleto make the aircraft highly cost-competitive on the international market.[5]
During January 1980, preliminary design work commenced.[5]From 1980 to 1983, the second phase of development took place, starting with the detailed design work, tools manufacturing, component production, final assembly, and cumulating in the completion of initial prototypes. The project was publicly debuted at the 1981Paris Airshow.[5]In addition to the display of a mock-up, sales contracts were signed and amemorandum of understandingwas signed between Airtech andGeneral Electricfor the aircraft to be powered by the latter'sGeneral Electric CT7turboprop engine.[5]
Into flight
editOn 10 September 1983, the first pair of prototypes were officially rolled out simultaneously atGetafeand Bandung in ceremonies attended by bothKing Juan Carlos Iof Spain andPresident Suhartoof Indonesia. On 11 November 1983, the first CASA-built prototype performed itsmaiden flight;on 30 December 1983, the first IPTN-built prototype made its first flight.[5]Unusually, early testing had involved only minimal use ofwindtunnels,while it was also decided to only construct a pair of prototypes, decisions that constrained and protracted the later flight testing process. New testing facilities in Indonesia were established with the assistance of theGerman Aerospace Center.[5]Amongst other aspects, the CN-235 proved to have easy handling characteristics. Extensive weight and drag-minimisation efforts were undertaken, one benefit of which was that the subsequent production aircraft were reportedly 10% lighter than the prototypes.[5]
The third phase of development was to secure certification and to conduct the aircraft's first delivery to customers.[5]In support of this effort, static and fatigue testing was conducted by theSerpongLaboratory for Structural Testing. By September 1984, orders for several dozen aircraft had been secured at a reported unit cost of $6m; many of these early orders for the type had originated from local customers within the two partner company's home nations.[5]
Certification from both the Spanish and Indonesian authorities was received on 20 June 1986; the first flight of a production-standard aircraft was conducted on 19 August 1986.[5]Type certificationfrom theFederal Aviation Administration(FAA) was granted on 3 December 1986, permitting the CN-235 to be operated inNorth America.The first deliveries to customers took place during 1987.[5]On 1 March 1988, the CN-235 officially entered service.
By May 1989, there were 133 firm orders for the CN-235, 74 had been placed by military operators while 59 were attributed to civil operators; of these, 85 had been ordered by Indonesian customers while 22 were attributable to Spanish customers alone, and the remainder to international customers.[5]In comparison to international competitors, such as theDe Havilland Canada Dash 8and theATR 42,it was a slightly slower aircraft but had a relatively wide body, making it favourable for moving containerised cargos and evenjet engines,a task traditionally performed by much larger aircraft.[5]
As per the early production arrangements, roughly 65% of each aircraft was produced in Bandung, while 35% was manufactured in Getafe; this workshare arrangement was the case regardless of whether rollout occurred in Spain or Indonesia.[5]While the airframe was fully produced locally by IPTN, the engines, control and communication systems were all produced in either Europe or the United States. The lower wages present in Indonesia have been a key factor in enabling the CN-235 to be economically produced at its relatively low purchase price.[5]
Both CASA and IPTN were keen to further develop the CN-235, the original prototypes were quickly adapted to serve as flying test beds to support these efforts.[5]By 1992, multiple versions had already been developed, and more were underway. These were often produced in response to specific customer requirements, such as to perform maritime reconnaissance.[5]Development of the initial versions had been carried out jointly by the two companies.[5]Perhaps the most significant derivative of the aircraft was launched in 1995 by CASA in the form of a stretched CN-235. This aircraft would be produced as theC-295.[6]
Indonesia has sought greater autonomy fromAirbus(whom CASA has been integrated into) in the CN-235 manufacturing process; the Indonesian Ministry of Defence (MoD) has made this objective a part of the offset conditions should theAirbus A400M Atlasstrategic transport aircraft be procured for theIndonesian Air Force.[7]
Operational history
editMilitary sector
editAmongst the first customers for the CN-235 was theFrench Air and Space Force,which had ordered an initial eight aircraft by May 1989.[5]In April 2010,Hervé Morin,French Minister of Defence,announced the order of eight CN-235-300s from Spain.[8][9]By 2015, the service had expanded its fleet to 27 aircraft.[4]During mid-2020, a French CN-235 was amongst those assets deployed toMauritiusto assist in pollution control efforts after theMV Wakashio oil spill.[10]
Several sizable early orders from the Indonesian armed forces made it the largest customer for the CN-235 early on. By May 1989, theIndonesian Air Forcealone had ordered 32 aircraft while theIndonesian Navyhad ordered 18 CN-235s, six of which in a maritime surveillance configuration.[5]During December 2009, the Indonesian Navy ordered its first batch of three CN-235 MPAs; the first of these aircraft, based at Juanda Naval base inSurabaya,East Java,were declared operational in October 2013.[11]In November 2016, the Indonesian Air Force also commenced operations with the latest generation of CN-235 MPAs, equipped with winglets and new electronic support apparatus.[12]
The Spanish armed forces also placed modest early orders for the type, by May 1989, twoVIP-configured CN-235s had been ordered by theSpanish Air Force.[5]In 2000, the Future Medium Transport Aircraft II (FATAM II) program was launched, under which a batch of nine C-295s was ordered for the Spanish Air Force to take the place of eight CN-235s that were converted from a general transport configuration into maritime patrol and search-and-rescue aircraft, while between four and six CN-235s were assigned to training operations, their reassignment having noticeably depleted the service's medium transport fleet.[13]In December 2007, Spain ordered a pair of CN-235 MPA for the Guardia Civil, making it the first fixed-wing aircraft to be operated by the agency.[14]
During the early 1990s, theIrish Air Corpsbecame interested in the type, initially opting to lease a single aircraft directly from CASA in 1992.[15]Two years later, a pair of CN-235s configured for maritime surveillance operations were delivered to the Air Corps.[16]During 2021, amid theFall of Kabuland the US withdrawal fromAfghanistan,one of the CN-235s was flown to the nation to assist with the evacuation.[17]In 2022, Irish CN-235s have been deployed to provide humanitarian aid to, as well as evacuate wounded civilians from,Ukraine.[18]
In December 2002, the Colombian Navy ordered two CN-235 configured for maritime patrol and anti-drug trafficking missions. During July 2010, a third MPA-configured aircraft was delivered.[19]In April 2012, Colombia awarded a contract to Telephonics to replace the original radars of the two older CN-235s with the APS-143 OceanEye marine surveillance Radar.[20]
In April 2005,Venezuelaordered two CN-235 maritime surveillance aircraft along with ten transport planes.[21][22]However, during the following year, the transaction was halted due to the refusal of the United States government to allow the transfer of what they deemed to be US technology in the aircraft'savionics.[23]
In January 2006, Thailand came to a tentativebarteringarrangement with Indonesian Aerospace for ten aircraft, six of which were for the Ministry of Defence and the remaining four for the Ministry of Agriculture.[24]An additional aircraft was ordered on 19 September 2014.[25]
During July 2008, theMexican Navyannounced that it would purchase six CN-235s.[26]In November 2011, the first aircraft was accepted by the service; it was configured to conduct search and rescue, disaster relief, and drug interdiction missions.[27][28]During May 2012, the final of four CN-235 MPAs was delivered to the Mexican Navy.[29]
In December 2008, South Korea announced that Indonesian Aerospace's bid had triumphed over four rival submissions, and thus it would order four CN-235-110 MPAs to equip theSouth Korean Coast Guardwith; these aircraft, delivered in 2011, had a reported per unit cost of $23 million.[30][31]
On behalf of theRoyal Jordanian Air Force,a lightgunshipversion of the CN-235 was developed; it was introduced to service in May 2014.[32]Collaborators in the project included theKing Abdullah II Design and Development BureauofJordan,and the U.S. defense companyOrbital ATK.[33][6]
Turkey has become the largest operator of the CN-235,[4]by October 1998, it already had placed cumulative orders for 52 transport-configured aircraft, and would order an additional nine CN-235 MPAs by the end of the year.[34]During the 2000s, a modification programme was undertaken to equip 19Turkish Navyand coastguard aircraft with new maritime surveillance equipment supplied mainly byThales.[35]Throughout the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,CN-235 MPAs of the Turkish Navy heavily patrolled theBlack Sea,these have repeatedly detectedsea minesand aided in de-mining efforts.[36]
TheRoyal Malaysian Air Forcehas operated a fleet of CN-235 transports. During early 2020, it was announced that several Malaysian aircraft would be converted into a maritime surveillance configuration using financial assistance from the United States.[37]On 17 June 2022, the Royal Malaysian Air Force receive the first of three such modified CN235-220M MSA as part of the Malaysian Maritime Security Initiative program.[38][39]
Between 2010 and 2012, theSenegalese Air Forceacquired two CN-235s at a reported cost of $13 million. In 2013, the service declared it planned to buy two more aircraft for VIP and cargo duties, and that it was also interested in the MPA version as well.[40]During 2018, Senegal ordered two MPA-configured CN-235s, the first of which was received in 2021.[41]
On January 10, 2024,IndonesianPresidentJoko Widodooffered the CN-235 ASW ofPT Dirgantara Indonesiafor thePhilippine Navyduring his visit toManila.[42][43]
Commercial airliner
editThis sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(April 2020) |
Although the CN-235 has been initially designed as a military transport, it has also been offered to civil operators, usually as a commercial airliner. It has not achieved substantial sales in this role compared to competing 50-seat commuter aircraft such as theFokker 50,ATR 42andDe Havilland Canada DHC-8.[44]IberiaLAE, Spain'sflag carrier,emerged as an early customer, opting to purchase four CN-235s from CASA to serve on its regional routes. It, and its subsidiariesBinter CanariasandBinter Mediterraneo,operated the type between 1989 and 1997, opting to procure several largerATR 72sto replace it.[45]
Numerous Indonesian operators had placed early orders for the CN-235; by 1992, there were internal routes served by the type between most of the major cities in the country.[5]The Indonesian operatorMerpati Nusantara Airlinesemerged as the largest civilian operator of the CN-235, at one point having 15 examples in its fleet alone.[45]In April 1995, the company decided to proceed with a leasing arrangement to operate additional aircraft.[46]
During 1992,Aerolíneas Argentinas,which was a subsidiary of Iberia at that time, ordered a pair of CN-235s to be operated by its own subsidiary,Austral.[45]In August 2006, it was reported that several CASA CN-235-10 were in service with African airlines, including two operated bySafairand one withTiko Air.[47]Around 2007,Asian Spiritoperated a lone CN-235-220 in the Philippines.[citation needed]
During 2015, Indonesian Aerospace announced that they were in the early stages of developing a new variant of the CN-235, theN-245,which has been specifically designed to perform civil operations and is able to carry up to 60 passengers. Alternatively also referred to as theCN-235NG,this variant is planned to be fully launched following the completion of theIndonesian Aerospace N-219project, at one point, it was expected to be fully certified sometime in 2019. A further derivative has been envisioned, referred to as theN-270,it is a stretched version of the N-245 and is planned to be able to carry up to 70–90 passengers; the original timeframe for development was set between 2019 and 2024.[48][49]
Variants
edit- CN-235-10
- Initial production version (15 built by each company), with GE CT7-7A engines.
- CN-235-100/110
- Generally as series 10, but with GE CT7-9C engines in new composites nacelles; replaced Series 10 in 1988 from 31st production aircraft. Series 100 is Spanish-built, series 110 Indonesian-built, with improved electrical, warning and environmental systems.[50]
- CN-235-200/220
- Improved version. Structural reinforcements to cater for higher operating weights, aerodynamic improvements to wing leading-edges and rudder, reduced field length requirements and much-increased range with maximum payload. Series 200 is Spanish-built, Series 220 Indonesian-built. Series 220 still in production.
- CN-235-300
- CASA modification of 200/220 series, with theHoneywell International Corp.avionics suite. Other features include improved pressurization and provision for optional twin-nosewheel installation.
- CN-235-330 Phoenix
- Modification of Series 200/220, offered by IPTN with new Honeywell avionics, ARL-2002 EW system and 16,800 kg/37,037 lb MTOW, to theRoyal Australian Air Forceto meet Project Air 5190 tactical airlift requirement,[51]but was forced by financial constraints to withdraw in 1998.[52]
- CN-235 MPA
- Maritime patrol version with 6hardpointsto carryAM-39 Exocet-Missiles orMk.46-Torpedoes.[53]
- HC-144 Ocean Sentry
- United States Coast Guarddesignation for a planned twenty-two[54]aircraft fleet bought to replace the smallHU-25 Guardianbusiness-style jets. As of 2019[update],eighteen had been delivered.
- AC-235
- A light gunship modified with integrated weapons pylons to carryAGM-114 Hellfiremissiles and70 mm rockets;it also has a side-mounted 30 mm cannon and aSynthetic aperture radar.[55]
Operators
editMilitary operators
editBangladesh operate the CASA/IPTN CN-235 aircraft. The Bangladesh Air Force has a few CN-235 aircraft in its fleet, which are primarily used for transport, maritime patrol, and various utility roles. The CN-235 is a medium-range twin-engine transport aircraft developed by CASA (Spain) and IPTN (Indonesia), known for its versatility in both military and civilian applications.
In the Bangladesh Air Force, these aircraft serve roles such as troop transport, cargo airlift, medical evacuation, and maritime surveillance, contributing to the country's defense and logistical capabilities.
- Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Forceoperates four CN235.[56]
- TheBotswana Defence Force Air Wingoperates two CN235 aircraft.[4][57]
- TheRoyal Brunei Air Forceoperates one CN235-110M.[4][58][59]
- TheMilitary of Burkina Fasooperates one CN235.[58]
- Cameroon Air Forceordered one CN235 in June 2012,[60]delivery took place in July 2013.[61]
- TheChilean Armyoperates three CN235.[62]
- TheColombian Aerospace Forceand theColombian National Navyoperate a total of five CN235 aircraft.[4][63]
- TheEcuadorian Army[44]and Ecuadorian Navyoperate four CN235s.[4][63]
- TheFrench Air and Space Forceoperates 27 aircraft.[4][64]
- TheGabonese Air Forceoperates one CN235.[4]
- TheIndonesian Air Forceoperates the CN235 andIndonesian Navyoperates the CN235-MPA;[65]as 2018, eight CN235 in service with the air force and five CN235 in service with the navy.[4]
- TheIrish Air Corpsoperates two CN235-100 employed as maritime patrol aircraft, delivery took place in 1994.[15]
- TheRoyal Malaysian Air Forceoperates seven CN235s following the accidental loss of one aircraft in 2016.[4][66][67]
- One CN235 delivered from theUnited Arab Emiratesin May 2019.[68]
- TheMexican Navyoperates eight CN235-300MPA,[4]the first two were delivered in September 2010.[69][70]
- TheMoroccan Air Forceoperates five aircraft.[4][66]
- TheNepalese Army's Aviation Brigade signed a deal on 16 June 2017 to purchase its first CN235-220, and began negotiations in February 2018 to purchase a second fromIndonesian Aerospace.[71][72]
- ThePakistan Air Forceoperates four CN235-220 aircraft in the transport role.[4][44][73]
- ThePapua New Guinea Defence ForceAir Operations Element operate one aircraft.[4][74]
- TheRoyal Saudi Air Forceoperates four CN235-10M, two of which are used for VIP purposes.[44][75]
- TheSenegalese Air Forceoperates three aircraft.[4][76][77]
- TheRepublic of Korea Air Forceoperates twenty airframes; twelve built by CASA in Spain and eight by IPTN in Indonesia[4][44][78]
- TheKorean Coast Guardoperates four aircraft.[4]
- TheSpanish Air and Space Forceoperates eighteen aircraft.[4][79]
- TheSpanish Civil Guardoperates five aircraft for surveillance duties.[4]
- TheTurkish Army,[80]Turkish Air Force[81],Turkish Navy,[81]andTurkish Coast Guard[82]operate fifty-nine aircraft.[4]
- TheMilitary of the United Arab Emiratesoperates six aircraft.[4]
- TheUnited States Air Forceoperates thirteen aircraft.[4][83]
- TheUnited States Coast Guardoperates eighteen aircraft – seeEADS CASA HC-144 Ocean Sentry.
Former military operators
edit- Bophuthatswana Air Force(1, incorporated into South African Air Force)[78]
- TheRoyal Jordanian Air Forceoperated two AC-235 gunships, as of December 2018 they are both listed for sale.[85][86]
- TheMalagasy Air Forcereceived a single CN235 that was formerly operated by theBotswana Defence Forcein June 2019;[87]it was seized by the supplierSofemaatJohannesburgin November 2020 owing to a failure of Madagascar to keep up payments for the aircraft.[88]
- Panamanian Air Force / National Air Service(until 1995)[78]
- South African Air Force(from Bophuthatswana Air Force, retired July 2012)[citation needed]
- Yemen Air Force[89](1x CN235-300) The only aircraft of the type, registration number 2211, factory number 168988, serial number 188, was destroyed in a Saudi airstrike on 25 March 2015.[90]
Government and paramilitary operators
edit- National Guard(2x CN235)[91]
- Royal Oman Police(2x CN235-M100)
- Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima(Spanish Maritime Safety Agency) (3x CN235-MPA)
- Royal Thai Police(2x CN235-200,220)
Civil operators
edit- Inter Australairlines, a subsidiary ofAustral Líneas Aéreas,was later integrated intoAerolíneas Argentinas,one ex-Binter.
- Merpati Nusantara Airlinesonce operated fifteen CN235s
- Tiko Airhad one (C012)
- Air Namibiaoperated one from 2001 to 2006
- Safairhad two CN235s, sold in 2006 and 2008
- Binter CanariasandBinter Mediterraneo,both then subsidiaries ofIberia,operated four and five respectively from 1989 to 1997
- Prescott Support Company Inc,operating two CASA CN235
- Flight InternationalandFlight Turbo ACwith one each
- L-3 Communication Systemsacquired two aircraft
- Presidential Airways,operates one former Binter Canarias
- Air Venezuelahad two (1999–2001)
Notable accidents
editOn 18 October 1992,Merpati Nusantara Airlines(Registration PK-MNN) CN-235-10Flight 5601crashed inGarut,Indonesia, killing all 31 people on board,[92]
On 19 January 2001, aTurkish Air ForceCN-235 training mission crashed nearKayseriafter entering a spin from which recovery was not possible, killing all three people on board.[93][94]
On 16 May 2001, aTurkish Air ForceCN-235 crashed after the pilot lost control, killing all 34 people on board.[94][95]
On 18 May 2001, aTurkish NavyCN-235 crashed after the pilot lost control after reaching an altitude of just 100 feet, killing all 4 people on board.[94][96]
On 29 August 2001,Binter Mediterráneo Flight 8261(Registration EC-FBC) crash-landed atMálaga,Spain, killing four of the 47 passengers and crew aboard.[97]The aircraft was scrapped.[98]
On 11 February 2013, a CN-235 crashed into a forest 45 km south ofMonrovia,Liberia,8 km toRoberts International Airport,killing 11 people amongst themSouleymane Kelefa Diallo,Guinea armychief.[99][100][101]
On 1 August 2015 a CN-235-200M operated by theColombian Air Forcecrashed inCesarprovince,Colombiadue to engine failure, killing 11 people.[102]
On 26 February 2016, a CN-235 operated by theRoyal Malaysian Air Forcecrashed in a swamp in Kuala Selangor. Although there were no casualties amongst the occupants, a local fisherman drowned during the rescue effort.[103]
On 17 January 2018, aTurkish Air ForceCN-235 on a training mission crashed with two pilots and a technician on board nearIsparta.All on board were killed.[104]
Aircraft on display
edit- SAAF8026(cn: P3)South African Air Forceon display at theSouth African Air Force MuseumAFB Swartkop,Pretoria.This was one of three CN235 prototypes and served with theBophutatswanaAir Force before service with the SAAF.[citation needed]
Specifications (CN235)
editData fromAirbus Military[105]
General characteristics
- Crew:two, pilot and co-pilot
- Capacity:51 passengers, 35 paratroops, 18 stretchers or four HCU-6/E pallets including one on the ramp and 6,000 kg (13,100 lb)
- Length:21.40 m (70 ft 2.5 in)
- Wingspan:25.81 m (84 ft 8 in)
- Height:8.18 m (26 ft 10 in)
- Wing area:59.10 m2(636.1 sq ft)
- Aspect ratio:11.27:1
- Airfoil:NACA 653-218
- Empty weight:9,800 kg (21,605 lb)
- Max takeoff weight:16,100 kg (35,420 lb)
- Powerplant:2 ×General Electric CT7-9C3turboprops,1,305 kW (1,750 hp) each (take-off)
- Propellers:4-bladed Hamilton Sundstrand 14RF Propeller
Performance
- Cruise speed:450 km/h (286 mph, 248 kn) at 4,575 m (15,000 ft)
- Stall speed:156 km/h (97 mph, 84 kn) (flaps down)
- Range:4,355 km (2,706 mi, 2,350 nmi)
- Service ceiling:7,620 m (25,000 ft)
- Rate of climb:7.8 m/s (1,780 ft/min)
See also
editRelated development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
References
editCitations
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