Basigin(BSG) also known asextracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer(EMMPRIN) orcluster of differentiation 147(CD147) is aproteinthat in humans is encoded by theBSGgene.[5][6][7]This protein is a determinant for the Okblood group system.There are three known antigens in the Ok system; the most common being Oka(also called OK1), OK2 and OK3. Basigin has been shown to be an essential receptor on red blood cells for the human malaria parasite,Plasmodium falciparum.[8]The common isoform of basigin (basigin-2) has two immunoglobulin domains, and the extended form basigin-1 has three.[9]
Function
editBasigin is a member of theimmunoglobulin superfamily,with a structure related to the putative primordial form of the family. As members of the immunoglobulin superfamily play fundamental roles in intercellular recognition involved in various immunologic phenomena, differentiation, and development, basigin is thought also to play a role in intercellular recognition (Miyauchi et al., 1991; Kanekura et al., 1991).[10][11]
It has a variety of functions. In addition to its metalloproteinase-inducing ability, basigin also regulates several distinct functions, such asspermatogenesis,expression of themonocarboxylate transporterand the responsiveness oflymphocytes.[6] Basigin is a type Iintegral membrane receptorthat has manyligands,including thecyclophilin(CyP) proteins Cyp-A and CyP-B and certainintegrins.[12][13][14]Basigin also serves as a receptor for S100A9 and platelet glycoprotein VI, and basigin-1 acts as a receptor for the rod-derived cone viability factor.[9]It is expressed by many cell types, includingepithelial cells,endothelial cells,neural progenitor cells[15]andleukocytes.The human basigin protein contains 269 amino acids that form two heavilyglycosylatedC2 type immunoglobulin-like domainsat the N-terminal extracellular portion. A second form of basigin has also been characterized that contains one additional immunoglobulin-like domain in its extracellular portion.[6]
Interactions
editBasigin has been shown tointeractwithUbiquitin C.[16]
Basigin has been shown to form a complex withmonocarboxylate transportersin the retina of mice. Basigin appears to be required for proper placement of MCTs in the membrane. In the Basiginnull mouse,the failure of MCTs to integrate with the membrane may be directly linked to a failure of nutrient transfer in the retinal pigmented epithelium (the lactates transported by MCTs 1, 3, and 4 are essential nutrients for the developing RPE), resulting in loss of sight in the null animal.[17]
Basigin interacts with the fourthC-type lectin[circular reference]domain in the receptorEndo180[18]to form a molecularepithelial-mesenchymal transition[citation needed]suppressor complex that if disrupted results in the induction of invasive prostate epithelial cell behavior associated with poor prostate cancer survival.[19]
Modulators
editIt have been shown thatAtorvastatinsuppresses CD147 andMMP-3expression.[20][21]
Role in malaria
editIt has recently (November 2011) been found that basigin is a receptor that is essential to erythrocyte invasion by most strains ofPlasmodium falciparum,the most virulent species of theplasmodiumparasites that cause humanmalaria.It is hoped that by developing antibodies to the parasite ligand for Basigin,Rh5,a better vaccine for malaria might be found.[8]Basigin is bound by the PfRh5 protein on the surface of the malaria parasite.[citation needed]
Role in SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)
editMeplazumab,an anti-CD147 antibody, was tested in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.[22]
Some of these claims have been challenged by another group of scientists who found no evidence of a direct role for basigin in either binding the viral spike protein or promoting lung cell infection.[23]
More recent studies suggests CD147 as SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ofplateletsandmegakaryocytes,leading to hyperactivation and thrombosis, that differs from common cold coronavirusCoV-OC43.Incubation of megakaryocyte cells with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in a significant increase in the proinflammatory transcriptsLGALS3BPandS100A9.Notably, CD147 antibody-mediated blocking significantly reduced the expression ofS100A9,andS100A8on megakaryocytes following incubation with SARS-CoV-2. These data indicate that megakaryocytes and platelets actively take up SARS-CoV-2 virions, likely via anACE-2-independent mechanism.[24]
Another study states that platelets challenged with SARS-CoV-2 undergo activation, dependent on the CD147 receptor.[25]Yet SARS-CoV-2 does not replicate in human platelets, but initiates cell death.[26]
Yet another study describes high-interaction coupling of N-RBD of SARS-CoV-2 and CD147 as the main way of infectinglymphocytesallegedly leading toAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.[27]
References
edit- ^abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000172270–Ensembl,May 2017
- ^abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000023175–Ensembl,May 2017
- ^"Human PubMed Reference:".National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^"Mouse PubMed Reference:".National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^Kasinrerk W, Fiebiger E, Stefanová I, Baumruker T, Knapp W, Stockinger H (August 1992)."Human leukocyte activation antigen M6, a member of the Ig superfamily, is the species homologue of rat OX-47, mouse basigin, and chicken HT7 molecule".Journal of Immunology.149(3): 847–854.doi:10.4049/jimmunol.149.3.847.PMID1634773.S2CID24602674.
- ^abcYurchenko V, Constant S, Bukrinsky M (March 2006)."Dealing with the family: CD147 interactions with cyclophilins".Immunology.117(3): 301–309.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02316.x.PMC1782239.PMID16476049.
- ^Miyauchi T, Masuzawa Y, Muramatsu T (November 1991). "The basigin group of the immunoglobulin superfamily: complete conservation of a segment in and around transmembrane domains of human and mouse basigin and chicken HT7 antigen".Journal of Biochemistry.110(5): 770–774.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a123657.PMID1783610.
- ^abCrosnier C, Bustamante LY, Bartholdson SJ, Bei AK, Theron M, Uchikawa M, et al. (November 2011)."Basigin is a receptor essential for erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum".Nature.480(7378): 534–537.Bibcode:2011Natur.480..534C.doi:10.1038/nature10606.PMC3245779.PMID22080952.
- ^abMuramatsu T (May 2016)."Basigin (CD147), a multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein with various binding partners".Journal of Biochemistry.159(5): 481–490.doi:10.1093/jb/mvv127.PMC4846773.PMID26684586.
- ^"Entrez Gene: BSG basigin (Ok blood group)".
- ^Kanekura T, Chen X, Kanzaki T (June 2002)."Basigin (CD147) is expressed on melanoma cells and induces tumor cell invasion by stimulating production of matrix metalloproteinases by fibroblasts".International Journal of Cancer.99(4): 520–528.doi:10.1002/ijc.10390.PMID11992541.S2CID37384660.
- ^Yurchenko V, Zybarth G, O'Connor M, Dai WW, Franchin G, Hao T, et al. (June 2002)."Active site residues of cyclophilin A are crucial for its signaling activity via CD147".The Journal of Biological Chemistry.277(25): 22959–22965.doi:10.1074/jbc.M201593200.PMID11943775.
- ^Yurchenko V, O'Connor M, Dai WW, Guo H, Toole B, Sherry B, et al. (November 2001). "CD147 is a signaling receptor for cyclophilin B".Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.288(4): 786–788.doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5847.PMID11688976.
- ^Berditchevski F, Chang S, Bodorova J, Hemler ME (November 1997)."Generation of monoclonal antibodies to integrin-associated proteins. Evidence that Alpha 3beta1 complexes with EMMPRIN/basigin/OX47/M6".The Journal of Biological Chemistry.272(46): 29174–29180.doi:10.1074/jbc.272.46.29174.PMID9360995.
- ^Kanemitsu M, Tsupykov O, Potter G, Boitard M, Salmon P, Zgraggen E, et al. (November 2017). "EMMPRIN overexpression in SVZ neural progenitor cells increases their migration towards ischemic cortex".Experimental Neurology.297:14–24.doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.009.PMID28716558.S2CID4587600.
- ^Wang WJ, Li QQ, Xu JD, Cao XX, Li HX, Tang F, et al. (2008). "Interaction between CD147 and P-glycoprotein and their regulation by ubiquitination in breast cancer cells".Chemotherapy.54(4): 291–301.doi:10.1159/000151225.PMID18689982.S2CID7260048.
- ^Philp NJ, Ochrietor JD, Rudoy C, Muramatsu T, Linser PJ (March 2003)."Loss of MCT1, MCT3, and MCT4 expression in the retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina of the 5A11/basigin-null mouse".Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science.44(3): 1305–1311.doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0552.PMID12601063.
- ^"WikiGenes: MRC2 - mannose receptor C, type 2 Homo sapiens".
- ^Rodriguez-Teja M, Gronau JH, Minamidate A, Darby S, Gaughan L, Robson C, et al. (March 2015)."Survival Outcome and EMT Suppression Mediated by a Lectin Domain Interaction of Endo180 and CD147".Molecular Cancer Research.13(3): 538–547.doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-14-0344-T.PMID25381222.S2CID9946106.
- ^Yi F, Jiang L, Xu H, Dai F, Zhou L."Atorvastatin suppresses CD147 and MMP-3 expression and improves histological and neurological outcomes in an animal model of intracerebral hemorrhage"(PDF).International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine.11(9): 9301–9311.
- ^Sasidhar MV, Chevooru SK, Eickelberg O, Hartung HP, Neuhaus O (18 December 2017)."Downregulation of monocytic differentiation via modulation of CD147 by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors".PLOS ONE.12(12): e0189701.Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1289701S.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189701.PMC5734787.PMID29253870.
- ^Bian H, Zheng ZH, Wei D, Zhang Z, Kang WZ, Hao CQ, et al. (2020)."Meplazumab treats COVID-19 pneumonia: an open-labelled, concurrent controlled add-on clinical trial".bioRxiv.doi:10.1101/2020.03.21.20040691.
- ^Shilts J, Crozier TW, Greenwood EJ, Lehner PJ, Wright GJ (January 2021)."No evidence for basigin/CD147 as a direct SARS-CoV-2 spike binding receptor".Scientific Reports.11(1): 413.doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80464-1.PMC7801465.PMID33432067.
- ^Barrett TJ, Bilaloglu S, Cornwell M, Burgess HM, Virginio VW, Drenkova K, et al. (December 2021)."Platelets contribute to disease severity in COVID-19".Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis.19(12): 3139–3153.doi:10.1111/jth.15534.PMC8646651.PMID34538015.
- ^Maugeri N, De Lorenzo R, Clementi N, Antonia Diotti R, Criscuolo E, Godino C, et al. (October 2021)."Unconventional CD147-dependent platelet activation elicited by SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19".Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis.20(2): 434–448.doi:10.1111/jth.15575.PMC8646617.PMID34710269.
- ^Koupenova-Zamor M, Corkrey HA, Vitseva O, Tanriverdi K, Somasundaran M, Liu P, et al. (September 2021)."SARS-CoV-2 Initiates Programmed Cell Death in Platelets".Circulation Research.129(6): 631–646.doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319117.PMC8409903.PMID34293929.
- ^Ximeno-Rodríguez I, Blanco-delRío I, Astigarraga E, Barreda-Gómez G (June 2024)."Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome correlation with SARS-CoV-2 N genotypes".Biomedical Journal.47(3): 100650.doi:10.1016/j.bj.2023.100650.PMC11332989.PMID37604249.S2CID261042891.
Further reading
edit- Muramatsu T, Miyauchi T (July 2003). "Basigin (CD147): a multifunctional transmembrane protein involved in reproduction, neural function, inflammation and tumor invasion".Histology and Histopathology.18(3): 981–987.doi:10.14670/HH-18.981.PMID12792908.S2CID4635815.
- Yan L, Zucker S, Toole BP (February 2005)."Roles of the multifunctional glycoprotein, emmprin (basigin; CD147), in tumour progression".Thrombosis and Haemostasis.93(2): 199–204.doi:10.1160/TH04-08-0536.PMID15711733.S2CID27979932.
- Kasinrerk W, Fiebiger E, Stefanová I, Baumruker T, Knapp W, Stockinger H (August 1992)."Human leukocyte activation antigen M6, a member of the Ig superfamily, is the species homologue of rat OX-47, mouse basigin, and chicken HT7 molecule".Journal of Immunology.149(3): 847–854.doi:10.4049/jimmunol.149.3.847.PMID1634773.S2CID24602674.
- Nabeshima K, Lane WS, Biswas C (February 1991). "Partial sequencing and characterization of the tumor cell-derived collagenase stimulatory factor".Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics.285(1): 90–96.doi:10.1016/0003-9861(91)90332-D.PMID1846736.
- Biswas C, Zhang Y, DeCastro R, Guo H, Nakamura T, Kataoka H, et al. (January 1995)."The human tumor cell-derived collagenase stimulatory factor (renamed EMMPRIN) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily".Cancer Research.55(2): 434–439.PMID7812975.
- Kaname T, Miyauchi T, Kuwano A, Matsuda Y, Muramatsu T, Kajii T (1993). "Mapping basigin (BSG), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, to 19p13.3".Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics.64(3–4): 195–197.doi:10.1159/000133573.PMID8404035.
- DeCastro R, Zhang Y, Guo H, Kataoka H, Gordon MK, Toole BP, et al. (June 1996)."Human keratinocytes express EMMPRIN, an extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer".The Journal of Investigative Dermatology.106(6): 1260–1265.doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12348959.PMID8752667.
- Spring FA, Holmes CH, Simpson KL, Mawby WJ, Mattes MJ, Okubo Y, et al. (April 1997). "The Oka blood group antigen is a marker for the M6 leukocyte activation antigen, the human homolog of OX-47 antigen, basigin and neurothelin, an immunoglobulin superfamily molecule that is widely expressed in human cells and tissues".European Journal of Immunology.27(4): 891–897.doi:10.1002/eji.1830270414.PMID9130641.S2CID23072979.
- Berditchevski F, Chang S, Bodorova J, Hemler ME (November 1997)."Generation of monoclonal antibodies to integrin-associated proteins. Evidence that Alpha 3beta1 complexes with EMMPRIN/basigin/OX47/M6".The Journal of Biological Chemistry.272(46): 29174–29180.doi:10.1074/jbc.272.46.29174.PMID9360995.
- Guo H, Majmudar G, Jensen TC, Biswas C, Toole BP, Gordon MK (October 1998). "Characterization of the gene for human EMMPRIN, a tumor cell surface inducer of matrix metalloproteinases".Gene.220(1–2): 99–108.doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(98)00400-4.PMID9767135.
- Guo H, Li R, Zucker S, Toole BP (February 2000)."EMMPRIN (CD147), an inducer of matrix metalloproteinase synthesis, also binds interstitial collagenase to the tumor cell surface".Cancer Research.60(4): 888–891.PMID10706100.
- Kirk P, Wilson MC, Heddle C, Brown MH, Barclay AN, Halestrap AP (August 2000)."CD147 is tightly associated with lactate transporters MCT1 and MCT4 and facilitates their cell surface expression".The EMBO Journal.19(15): 3896–3904.doi:10.1093/emboj/19.15.3896.PMC306613.PMID10921872.
- Yurchenko V, O'Connor M, Dai WW, Guo H, Toole B, Sherry B, et al. (November 2001). "CD147 is a signaling receptor for cyclophilin B".Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.288(4): 786–788.doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5847.PMID11688976.
- Yurchenko V, Zybarth G, O'Connor M, Dai WW, Franchin G, Hao T, et al. (June 2002)."Active site residues of cyclophilin A are crucial for its signaling activity via CD147".The Journal of Biological Chemistry.277(25): 22959–22965.doi:10.1074/jbc.M201593200.PMID11943775.
- Major TC, Liang L, Lu X, Rosebury W, Bocan TM (July 2002)."Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) is induced upon monocyte differentiation and is expressed in human atheroma".Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology.22(7): 1200–1207.doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000021411.53577.1C.PMID12117738.
- Taylor PM, Woodfield RJ, Hodgkin MN, Pettitt TR, Martin A, Kerr DJ, et al. (August 2002)."Breast cancer cell-derived EMMPRIN stimulates fibroblast MMP2 release through a phospholipase A(2) and 5-lipoxygenase catalyzed pathway".Oncogene.21(37): 5765–5772.doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205702.PMID12173047.
- Thorns C, Feller AC, Merz H (2002). "EMMPRIN (CD 147) is expressed in Hodgkin's lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. An immunohistochemical study of 60 cases".Anticancer Research.22(4): 1983–1986.PMID12174874.INIST14501263NAID10020332737.
External links
edit
- HumanBSGgenome location andBSGgene details page in theUCSC Genome Browser.
- Ok blood group systematBGMUTBlood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database atNCBI,NIH
- PDBe-KBprovides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Basigin