CGIAR(formerly theConsultative Group for International Agricultural Research) is a global partnership that unitesinternational organizationsengaged in research about food security.[1]CGIAR research aims to reduce rural poverty, increase food security, improve human health and nutrition, and sustainable management of natural resources.[2][3]
 | |
| Formation | 1971 |
|---|---|
| Type | Partnership of funders and international agricultural research centers;Intergovernmental Organization |
| Purpose | To reduce poverty and hunger, improve human health and nutrition, and enhance ecosystem resilience through high-quality international agricultural research, partnership and leadership. |
| Location |
|
Key people | Juergen Voegele, Chair CGIAR System Council;Lindiwe Majele Sibanda,Chair CGIAR System Board |
| Website | cgiar |
Formerly called | Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research |
CGIAR research is carried out at 15 centers that collaborate with partners from national and regional research institutes, civil society organizations, academia, development organizations, and the private sector.[4][5]These research centers are around the globe, with most in theGlobal SouthandVavilov Centersof agricultural crop genetic diversity.[6]CGIAR has an annual research portfolio of just over US$900 million with more than 9,000 staff working in 89 countries.[7]
Funding is provided by national governments, multilateral funding and development agencies and leading private foundations. Representatives of CGIAR Funders and developing countries meet as the CGIAR System Council to keep under review the strategy, mission, impact and continued relevancy of the CGIAR System in a rapidly changing landscape of agricultural research for development.[8]
Goals
editCGIAR works to help meet the global targets laid out in theSustainable Development Goalswith an emphasis on five areas of impact:
- Nutrition, Health, and Food Security
- Poverty Reduction, Livelihoods, and Jobs
- Gender Equality, Youth, and Social Inclusion
- Climate Adaptation and Mitigation
- Environmental Health and Biodiversity
Vision and mission
editCGIAR's vision is: A world with sustainable and resilient food, land, and water systems that deliver diverse, healthy, safe, sufficient, and affordable diets, and ensure improved livelihoods and greater social equality, within planetary and regional environmental boundaries.[9]
CGIAR's mission is to deliver science and innovation that advance transformation of food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis.[10]
"One CGIAR" reform
editThe concept of a unified and integrated "One CGIAR" was approved by the CGIAR System Council (November 2019) to adapt to rapidly changing global conditions, while also making the CGIAR system more relevant and effective. The fragmented nature of CGIAR's governance and institutions had limited the System's ability to both respond to increasingly interconnected challenges and to consistently deliver best practice and effectively scaled, research solutions needed to maximise impact. One CGIAR includes a unified governance and management through a reconstituted System Management Board and a new Executive Management Team.[11][12]
Research Portfolio
editCGIAR's Research Portfolio consists of Initiatives are major, prioritized areas of investment that bring capacity from within and beyond CGIAR to bear on well-defined, major challenges. Thirty-two Initiatives meet a common set of requirements, articulated in System Council documentation and evaluable through the Independent Science for Development Council quality of research for development criteria.
The Research Portfolio is organized by the three Action Areas detailed in the CGIAR 2030 Research and Innovation Strategy: Systems Transformation, Resilient Agrifood Systems, and Genetic Innovation. Each Initiative is placed under a primary Action Area, yet most Initiatives involve collaboration across more than one Action Area.[10]
History
editEarly years (1971-1990)
edit
CGIAR arose in response to the widespread concern in the mid-20th century that rapid increases in human populations would soon lead to widespreadfamine.Starting in 1943, theRockefeller Foundationand theMexican governmentlaid the seeds for theGreen Revolutionwhen they established the Office of Special Studies, which resulted in the establishment of theInternational Rice Research Institute(IRRI) in 1960 andInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT) in 1963 with support from theRockefeller FoundationandFord Foundation.These centers work toward developing high-yielding, disease-resistant varieties that dramatically increased production of these staple cereals, and turned India, for example, from a country regularly facing starvation in the 1960s to a net exporter of cereals by the late-1970s.[13]
But it was clear that the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations alone could not fund all the agricultural research and development efforts needed to feed the world's population.[14]
In 1969, thePearson Commission on International Developmenturged the international community to undertake "intensive international effort" to support "research specializing in food supplies and tropical agriculture".[15]
In 1970, the Rockefeller Foundation proposed a worldwide network of agricultural research centers under a permanent secretariat.[14]This was further supported and developed by theWorld Bank,FAO and UNDP. The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) was established on 19 May 1971, to coordinate international agricultural research efforts aimed at reducing poverty and achievingfood securityin developing countries.[16]
Australian economistSir John Crawfordwas appointed as the inaugural chair of the Technical Advisory Committee.[17]
CGIAR originally supported four centers: CIMMYT, IRRI, theInternational Center for Tropical Agriculture(CIAT) and theInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture(IITA). The initial focus on the staple cereals—rice, wheat and maize—widened during the 1970s to include cassava, chickpea, sorghum, potato, millets and other food crops, and encompassed livestock, farming systems, the conservation ofgenetic resources,plant nutrition, water management, policy research, and services to national agricultural research centers in developing countries.[18]
By 1983, there were 13 research centers around the world under its umbrella.[19]
Expansion and consolidation (1991-2000)
editBy the 1990s the number of centers supported by CGIAR had grown to 18. Mergers between the two livestock centers theInternational Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases(ILRAD) and theInternational Livestock Centre for Africa(ILCA)) and the absorption of work on bananas and plantains into the program of theInternational Plant Genetic Resources Institute(IPGRI; nowBioversity International) reduced the number to 16. Later another center (ISNAR) was absorbed[clarification needed],reducing the total number of supported centers to 15.[20][21]
The reduction in the number of supported centers was not enough to address problems facing the group. These included the logistics of funders and the group alike in dealing with a large number of centers. This led to the creation of three classes of centers, divided into high, medium, and low impact delivery.[citation needed]
At the same time, a number of aid recipient countries like China, India, and Malaysia created their own development agencies and developed cadres of agricultural scientists. Private donors and industries also contributed, while research institutions in the rich world turned their attention to problems of the poor. CGIAR, however, failed to embrace these changes in any effective way.[citation needed]
CGIAR reforms (2001-2007)
editSeeking to increase its efficiency and build on its previous successes, CGIAR embarked on a program of reform in 2001. Key among the changes implemented was the adoption of Challenge Programs as a means of harnessing the strengths of the diverse centers to address major global or regional issues. Three Challenge Programs were established within the supported research centers and a fourth to FARA, a research forum in Africa:
- Water and Food, aimed at producing more food using less water;[22](IncludingBasin Focal Projects)
- HarvestPlus, to improve the micronutrient content of staple foods;[23]and
- Generation, aimed at increasing the use ofcrop genetic resourcesto create a new generation of plants that meet farmers and consumers needs.[24]
A new CGIAR (2008-2021)
editIn 2008, CGIAR embarked on a change process to improve the engagement between all stakeholders in international agricultural research for development—donors, researchers and beneficiaries—and to refocus the efforts of the centers on major global development challenges.[25][26]A key objective was to integrate the work of the centers and their partners, avoiding fragmentation and duplication of effort.
CGIAR components during this time included the CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, the CGIAR Fund,[27]the CGIAR Independent Science and Partnership Council (ISPC)[28]and partners. Research was guided by the CGIAR Strategy and Results Framework.[29]The CGIAR Consortium united the centers supported by CGIAR; it coordinated limited research activities of about 15 research projects (see list below) among the centers and provided donors with a single contact point to centers. The CGIAR Fund aimed to harmonize the efforts of donors to contribute to agricultural research for development, increased the funding available by reducing or eliminating duplication of effort among the centers and promoted greater financial stability. The CGIAR ISPC, appointed by the CGIAR Fund Council, provided advice to the funders of CGIAR, particularly in ensuring that CGIAR's research programs are aligned with the Strategy and Results Framework. It provided a bridge between the funders and the CGIAR Consortium. The hope was that the Strategy and Results Framework would provide the strategic direction for the centers and CGIAR Research Programs, ensuring that they focus on delivering measurable results that contribute to achieving CGIAR objectives. However the research programs were designed prior to the Framework being ready, so now some refitting had to take place to get the programs inline with it.[30]
CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers
editTheCGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centerswas established in April 2010 to coordinate and support the work of the 15 international agricultural research centers supported by CGIAR.[31]It played a central role in formulating the CGIAR Strategy and Results Framework (SRF)[32]that guided the work of CGIAR-supported centers on CGIAR funded research and developing CGIAR Research Programs under the SRF. The work of the CGIAR Consortium was governed by the Consortium Board, a 10-member panel that had fiduciary responsibility for CGIAR Research Programs, including monitoring and evaluation and reporting progress to donors.[33]CGIAR Research Programs were approved and funded by the CGIAR Fund[34]on a contractual basis through performance agreements.[35]
Agri-Food Systems CGIAR Research Programs
editAgri-Food Systems CGIAR Research Programs were multi-center, multi-partner initiatives built on three core principles: impact on CGIAR's four system-level objectives; making the most of the centers' strengths; and strong and effective partnerships.
The following research programs comprised the CGIAR Research Portfolio of 2017-2021 (lead centers shown in brackets):
- FISH - Fish Agri-Food Systems[36](WorldFish)[37]
- FTA - Forests, Trees, and Agroforestry[38](CIFOR)
- Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals[39](ICRISAT)
- WHEAT[40]- Global Alliance for Improving Food Security and the Livelihoods of the Resource-poor in the Developing World (CIMMYT)
- Livestock[41](ILRI)
- Maize[42](CIMMYT)
- Rice[43](IRRI)
- RTB-Roots, Tubers and Bananas[44](CIP)[45]
Global Integrating Programs
Cross-cutting Global Integrating Programs framed to work closely with the Agri-Food Systems Programs within relevant agro-ecological systems. Four programs formed part of the 2017-2021 Portfolio.
- CCAFS - Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security[46](CIAT)[47]
- A4NH - Agriculture for Nutrition and Health[48](IFPRI)
- PIM[49]- Policies, Institutions, & Markets (IFPRI)
- WLE -Water, Land and Ecosystems[50](IWMI)
Former programs
- GRiSP - AGlobal Rice Science Partnership(IRRI)[51]
- Aquatic Agricultural Systems[52]- Harnessing the Development Potential of Aquatic Agricultural Systems[52]for the Poor and Vulnerable (WorldFish)
- More Meat, Milk and Fish[53]by and for the poor (ILRI)[54]
- Dryland Systems[55]
- Humidtropics
- Grain Legumes[56](ICRISAT)
A new strategy and results framework was approved in 2015 and the portfolio of research programs revised. The systems programs dryland systems, aquatic agricultural systems, and Humidtropics ceased to be standalone programs, even though they were seen as what was new to the reformed CGIAR, but were not given a real chance to take off and prosper, mainly due to funding reductions, but also because of a refocus on commodity value chains. These commodity programs were renamed to, for example, RTB Systems Program or Rice Systems Program. Some work of the earlier systems programs were incorporated, but most was lost.
Research platforms
editCGIAR supported four research platforms from 2017 to 2021:
Impacts
edit
The impacts of CGIAR research have been extensively assessed.[62]Investments in CGIAR research generate returns of 10 times the amount invested.[18]
Much of the impact of the CGIAR centers has come from crop genetic improvement. This includes the high-yielding wheat and rice varieties that were the foundation of the Green Revolution. An assessment of the impact of crop breeding efforts at CGIAR centers between 1965 and 1998 showed CGIAR involvement in 65 percent of the area planted to 10 crops addressed by CGIAR, specifically wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, millet, barley, lentils, beans, cassava, and potatoes. Of this, 60 percent was sown with varieties with CGIAR ancestry (more than 90 percent in the case of lentils, beans, and cassava), and half of those varieties came from crosses made at a CGIAR center.[63][64]The monetary value of CGIAR's investment in crop improvement is considerable, running into the billions of dollars.[65]
The centers have also contributed to such fields as improving the nutritional value of staple crops; pest and disease control through breeding resistant varieties; integrated pest management and biological control (e.g., control of the cassavamealybugin sub-Saharan Africa through release of a predatory wasp); improvements in livestock and fish production systems; genetic resources characterization and conservation; improved natural resource management; and contributions to improved policies in numerous areas, including forestry, fertilizer, milk marketing, and genetic resources conservation and use.[62]
Further impacts of CGIAR include:
- Increased resilience, income and yield for 4.75 million farmers in India working across 3.7 million hectares by scaling CGIAR-developed natural resource management practices.[66]
- Improved nutrition for 20 million people in low-income countries through increased access to critical nutrients viamicronutrient-fortified cropswith higher content ofvitamin A,iron, and zinc.[67]
- Increased rice yield by 0.6 to 1.8 ton per hectare and profitability by up to US$200 per hectare through use of a smart mobile crop management tool called "RiceAdvice" used in 13 countries in sub-Saharan Africa.[68]
- For an annual investment of roughly US$30 million, the benefits gained from wheat research are in the range of US$2.2 billion to US$3.1 billion each year, from 1994 to 2014. For every $1 invested in wheat breeding, $73 to $103 were returned in direct benefits. Almost half the world's wheat land is sown to varieties that come from research by CGIAR scientists and their global network of partners.[69]
- The introduction of no-tillage systems in the rice-wheat systems in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, for example, generated economic benefits of about US$165 million between 1990 and 2010 from an investment of only US$3.5 million.[62]
- A 2010 study projected that increased adoption of CGIAR-developed drought-tolerant maize varieties could increase harvests in 13 African countries by 10-34 percent, which could generate up to US$1.5 billion in benefits for producers and consumers.[70]
- CGIAR has spent 20 percent of its expenditure on strengthening the capacity of national partners through formal and informal training and have trained over 80,000 professionals around the world.[62]
Research Centers
edit- Active centers and their headquarters locations
- Centers no longer active
| Inactive CGIAR Centers | Headquarters | Change |
|---|---|---|
| International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases(ILRAD) | Nairobi, Kenya
|
1994: merged with ILCA to become ILRI |
| International Livestock Centre for Africa(ILCA) | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
|
1994: merged with ILRAD to become ILRI |
| International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain(INIBAP) | Montpellier, France
|
1994: became a programme of Bioversity International |
| International Service for National Agricultural Research(ISNAR) | The Hague, Netherlands
|
2004: dissolved, main programmes moved to IFPRI |
References
edit- ^Lee, Uma (17 March 2021)."Moving towards" One CGIAR "".rural21.Retrieved2 February2023.
- ^"CGIAR launches initiative to build food security policy in 6 countries".Devex.17 May 2022.Retrieved29 May2023.
- ^"CIP in the CGIAR".International Potato Center.Retrieved29 May2023.
- ^Rice, Africa."CGIAR".Consortium.cgiar.org.Archived fromthe originalon 28 July 2012.Retrieved18 July2012.
- ^Gates, Bill."You've probably never heard of CGIAR, but they are essential to feeding our future".gatesnotes.Retrieved2 February2023.
- ^Kloppenburg, Jr., Jack Ralph (2004) First the Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology, 1492-2000, Second Edition, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
- ^"Funders".CGIAR.Retrieved14 December2022.
- ^"The CGIAR at 40 and Beyond: Impacts that Matter for the Poor and the Planet"(PDF).CGIAR cgspace.Retrieved21 June2019.
- ^"Strategy".CGIAR.Retrieved29 May2023.
- ^abCGIAR 2030 Research and Innovation Strategy(PDF).CGIAR. 2020. p. 17.
- ^Yemi Akinbamijo and Claudia Sadoff (8 April 2022)."Transforming Africa's food systems is a joint enterprise".CNBC Africa.Retrieved29 December2022.
- ^"[Commentary] A renewed CGIAR can better support South Asia to determine its food future".Mongabay-India.13 December 2022.Retrieved29 December2022.
- ^Baum, Warren.Partners against hunger: consultative group on international agricultural research (CGIAR)(Report).World Bank.Retrieved14 December2022.
- ^abBarbara Shubinski and Barry Goldberg (6 January 2022)."The Birth of International Agricultural Research Institutes in the Mid-20th Century".Rockefeller Archive Center.Retrieved17 December2022.
- ^Byerlee, Derek; Lynam, John K. (2020). "The development of the international center model for agricultural research: A prehistory of the CGIAR".World Development.135.Elsevier BV: 105080.doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105080.ISSN0305-750X.S2CID225007416.
- ^World Bank(1 June 1971).CGIAR First Meeting, Washington, D.C., May 19, 1971: Summary of Proceedings(Report).
- ^"Sir John Crawford".TheCrawford Fund.Retrieved24 July2021.
- ^ab"SoAR Report Finds International Agricultural Research Investment Generates 10 to 1 Return".SoAR.Retrieved13 December2022.
- ^Establishment of CGIAR - see Mark Dowie,American Foundations: An Investigative History,Cambridge, Massachusetts:MIT Press,2001, (p.114)
- ^"History of CGIAR".CGIAR.Archived fromthe originalon 31 May 2012.Retrieved18 July2012.
- ^Anderson, Jock; Dalrymple, Dana (1999).The World Bank, the Grant Program, and the CGIAR: A Retrospective Review(Report). OED Working Paper Series. Vol. 1.World BankOperations Evaluation Department. pp. xi+98. 31967.Retrieved28 December2022.
- ^"Research for Development > Water and Food Challenge Programme".Department for International Development(DFID). 14 November 2008.Retrieved18 July2012.
- ^"HarvestPlus / International / S&T Organisations / Home - Knowledge for Development".Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU (CTA)Knowledge.Archived fromthe originalon 25 March 2012.Retrieved18 July2012.
- ^Bruskiewich, Richard; Senger, Martin; Davenport, Guy; Ruiz, Manuel; Rouard, Mathieu; Hazekamp, Tom; Takeya, Masaru; Doi, Koji; Satoh, Kouji; Costa, Marcos; Simon, Reinhard; Balaji, Jayashree; Akintunde, Akinnola; Mauleon, Ramil; Wanchana, Samart; Shah, Trushar; Anacleto, Mylah; Portugal, Arllet; Ulat, Victor; Thongjuea, Supat; Braak, Kyle; Ritter, Sebastian; Dereeper, Alexis; Skofic, Milko; Rojas, Edwin; Martins, Natalia; Pappas, Georgios; Alamban, Ryan; Almodiel, Roque; Barboza, Lord; Detras, Jeffrey; Manansala, Kevin; Mendoza, Michael; Morales, Jeffrey; Peralta, Barry; Valerio, Rowena; Zhang, Yi; Gregorio, Sergio; Hermocilla, Joseph; Echavez, Michael; Yap, Jan; Farmer, Andrew; Schiltz, Gary; Lee, Jennifer; Casstevens, Terry; Jaiswal, Pankaj; Meintjes, Ayton; Wilkinson, Mark; Good, Benjamin; Wagner, James; Morris, Jane; Marshall, David; Collins, Anthony; Kikuchi, Shoshi; Metz, Thomas; McLaren, Graham; van Hintum, Theo (22 September 2007)."The Generation Challenge Programme Platform: Semantic Standards and Workbench for Crop Science".International Journal of Plant Genomics.2008.Hindawi Publishing:369601.doi:10.1155/2008/369601.PMC2375972.PMID18483570.S2CID6980767.
- ^Yojana Sharma."A revolution to combat world hunger".Science and Development Network(Scidev).Retrieved18 July2012.
- ^"Browsing by Subject" CGIAR newsletters "".CGIAR.Archived fromthe originalon 14 April 2012.Retrieved18 July2012.
- ^"CGIAR Fund".CGIAR.Archived fromthe originalon 5 September 2011.Retrieved30 August2011.
- ^"Independent Science & Partnership Council: ISPC home".CGIAR Science Council.Retrieved18 July2012.
- ^"Strategy and Results Framework brochure"(PDF).Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 31 March 2012.Retrieved30 August2011.
- ^"Strategy and Results Framework"(PDF).CGIAR Consortium.Retrieved21 June2019.
- ^"Research".Cgiar.org.Retrieved21 June2019.
- ^"Our strategic research framework".CGIAR Consortium.Archived fromthe originalon 28 September 2011.Retrieved31 August2011.
- ^"The Consortium Board".CGIAR Consortium.Archived fromthe originalon 30 September 2011.Retrieved31 August2011.
- ^"CGIAR Fund".Archived fromthe originalon 11 July 2012.Retrieved30 August2011.
- ^"How the Fund Works | CGIAR Fund".Archived fromthe originalon 1 November 2011.Retrieved31 August2011.
- ^"FISH CRP".CGIAR Research Program on FISH.Retrieved24 October2021.
- ^"WorldFish".WorldFish.Archivedfrom the original on 4 November 2002.Retrieved24 October2021.
- ^"Home".Forests, Trees and Agroforestry.Retrieved21 June2019.
- ^"GLDC".Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals.Retrieved21 November2021.
- ^"CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT".CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT.Retrieved21 June2019.
- ^"CGIAR Research Program on Livestock".CGIAR Research Program on Livestock.Retrieved21 November2021.
- ^"This is Maize CRP".CGIAR Research Program on MAIZE.Retrieved21 November2021.
- ^"Home".RICE: CGIAR Research Program on Rice Agri-Food Systems.Retrieved21 November2021.
- ^"Home".CGIAR Roots, Tubers, and Bananas Program (RTB-CGIAR).Retrieved21 June2019.
- ^"CIP".International Potato Center(CIP).Retrieved21 June2019.
- ^"CCAFS: CGIAR research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security".CGIAR research program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.Retrieved21 June2019.
- ^"HOME".International Center for Tropical Agriculture(CIAT).Retrieved21 June2019.
- ^"Agriculture for Nutrition and Health".CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health.Retrieved21 June2019.
- ^"Policies, Institutions and Markets - CGIAR Research Program".CGIAR Policies, Institutions and Markets.Retrieved21 June2019.
- ^"Water, Land and Ecosystems".CGIAR Water, Land and Ecosystems.Retrieved21 June2019.
- ^"European Commission: CORDIS: Go local: Member States Newsroom".European CommissionCORDIS.12 November 2010.Retrieved18 July2012.
- ^ab"Home | Aquatic Agricultural Systems".CGIAR Aquatic Agricultural Systems.Archived fromthe originalon 11 February 2013.
- ^"CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish - More meat, milk and fish by and for the poor".8 February 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 8 February 2013.Retrieved21 June2019.
- ^"International Livestock Research Institute".International Livestock Research Institute.Retrieved21 June2019.
- ^"CGIAR Research Program on Dryland Systems / CGIAR".Archived fromthe originalon 7 July 2012.
- ^"CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes / CGIAR".Archived fromthe originalon 23 January 2013.Retrieved23 January2013.
- ^"Excellenceinbreeding".CGIAR Excellence in Breeding.Retrieved6 October2021.
- ^"CGIAR Genebank Platform".CGIAR Genebank Platform.Retrieved6 October2021.
- ^"CGIAR Platform for Big Data in Agriculture".CGIAR Platform for Big Data in Agriculture.10 December 2020.Retrieved6 October2021.
- ^Arnaud, Elizabeth; Laporte, Marie-Angélique; Kim, Soonho; Aubert, Céline; Leonelli, Sabina; Miro, Berta; Cooper, Laurel; Jaiswal, Pankaj; Kruseman, Gideon; Shrestha, Rosemary; Buttigieg, Pier Luigi; Mungall, Christopher J.; Pietragalla, Julian; Agbona, Afolabi; Muliro, Jacqueline; Detras, Jeffrey; Hualla, Vilma; Rathore, Abhishek; Das, Roma Rani; Dieng, Ibnou; Bauchet, Guillaume; Menda, Naama; Pommier, Cyril; Shaw, Felix; Lyon, David; Mwanzia, Leroy; Juarez, Henry; Bonaiuti, Enrico; Chiputwa, Brian; Obileye, Olatunbosun; Auzoux, Sandrine; Yeumo, Esther Dzalé; Mueller, Lukas A.; Silverstein, Kevin; Lafargue, Alexandra; Antezana, Erick; Devare, Medha; King, Brian (2020)."The Ontologies Community of Practice: A CGIAR Initiative for Big Data in Agrifood Systems".Patterns.1(7).Cell Press:100105.doi:10.1016/j.patter.2020.100105.ISSN2666-3899.PMC7660444.PMID33205138.
- ^"Home page".CGIAR Gender Platform.Retrieved21 November2021.
- ^abcdRenkow, Mitch; Byerlee, Derek (October 2010)."The impacts of CGIAR research: A review of recent evidence".Food Policy.35(5):391–402.doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.04.006.
- ^Evenson, R. E. (2003). "Modern variety production: A synthesis".Crop variety improvement and its effect on productivity: The impact of international agricultural research.pp.427–445.doi:10.1079/9780851995496.0427.ISBN978-0-85199-549-6.
- ^Evenson, R. E. (2003). "Production impacts of crop genetic improvement".Crop variety improvement and its effect on productivity: The impact of international agricultural research.pp.447–471.doi:10.1079/9780851995496.0447.ISBN978-0-85199-549-6.
- ^Raitzer, David A.; Kelley, Timothy G. (March 2008). "Benefit–cost meta-analysis of investment in the International Agricultural Research Centers of the CGIAR".Agricultural Systems.96(1–3):108–123.doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2007.06.004.hdl:10947/197.
- ^Investing in climate change adaptation and agricultural innovation is essential for our future(PDF).Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. 2021. p. 10.
- ^"Global research partnership for a food-secure future - CGIAR".eda.admin.ch.Retrieved30 December2022.
- ^"Rice Advice".The Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture.27 February 2018.Retrieved30 December2022.
- ^"Global wheat breeding returns billions in benefits but stable financing remains elusive".blogs.worldbank.org.Retrieved30 December2022.
- ^CGIAR Fund (31 March 2011)."40 Findings on the Impacts of CGIAR Research: 1971-2011":2.
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal=(help)
Further reading
edit- Byerlee, Derek; Edmeades, Greg O. (31 August 2021).Fifty years of maize research in the CGIAR: diversity, change, and ultimate success.CIMMYT(International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center).hdl:10883/21633.