Wikipedia

Calabarzon

For the historical region, seeSouthern Tagalog.

Calabarzon(officially stylized inall caps;[3]English:/ˌkɑːləbɑːrˈzɒn/;Tagalog:[kalɐbaɾˈsɔn]), sometimes referred to asSouthern Tagalog[4](Tagalog:Timog Katagalugan[5]) and designated asRegion IV‑A,[a]is anadministrative regionin the Philippines. It is situated southeast ofMetro Manilaand is bordered byManila Bayand theSouth China Seato the west,Lamon Bayand theBicol Regionto the east,Tayabas Bayand theSibuyan Seato the south, andCentral Luzonto the north. Comprising fiveprovinces—Cavite,Laguna,Batangas,Rizal,andQuezon(hence theacronym)—and onehighly urbanized city,Lucena,it is the most populous region in the Philippines, according to the2020 census(PSA), with over 16.1 million inhabitants.[6]It is also the country's second most densely populated region, after theNational Capital Region.[6]Calambain Laguna serves as the regional center, whileAntipoloin Rizal is the most populous city in the region.

Calabarzon
Southern Tagalog
Region
Clockwise (from the top):Aguinaldo ShrineinCavite,Taal VolcanoinBatangas,Hinulugang TaktakinRizal,Malagonlong BridgeinQuezon,andPagsanjan FallsinLaguna
Motto:
Calabarzon sa Habang Panahon!(Calabarzon Forever!)
Location in the Philippines
Location in the Philippines
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates:14°00′N121°30′E/ 14°N 121.5°E/14; 121.5
CountryPhilippines
Island groupLuzon
Regional centerCalamba
Largest cityAntipolo
Area
• Total
16,873.31 km2(6,514.82 sq mi)
Highest elevation
(Mount Banahaw)
2,170 m (7,120 ft)
Population
(2020 census)[1]
• Total
16,195,042
• Density960/km2(2,500/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8(PST)
ISO 3166 codePH-40
Provinces
5
Independent cities
1
Component cities
21
Municipalities120
Barangays4,019
Cong. districts19
Languages
GDP(2023)₱3.44 trillion
$61.77 billion[2]
Growth rateIncrease(5.2%)[2]
HDIIncrease0.796 (High)
HDI rank2nd in the Philippines(2019)

Before its creation as a separate region, Calabarzon, along with theMimaroparegion, the province ofAurora,and parts of Metro Manila, comprised the historical region known asSouthern Tagaloguntil they wereseparatedin 2002 through Executive Order No. 103.[3]

The history of the area now known as Calabarzon dates back toearly historic times.[7]Local historians[8]believe that three of the 10th century place-names mentioned in the Philippines' earliest known written document, theLaguna Copperplate Inscription,pertain to regions or polities (bayan) along the shores of Laguna de Bay;[9]and someFilipino-Chinesescholars believe the 10th century trading polity known asMa-imay actually have been the predecessor of the present day town ofBay, Laguna.[10]Since the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines, the region has served as home to some of the most important Philippine historical figures, including the Philippinenational hero,José Rizal,who was born in Calamba.

Etymology

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The name of the region is an acronym of its five component provinces:Cavite,Laguna,Batangas,RizalandQuezon.

History

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On June 5, 1901, a convention was called on whether or not the province ofManilashould annex thedistrict of Morong,which was found to be unable to be self-sufficient as a province. Eventually, on June 11,Act No. 137of theFirst Philippine Commissionabolished Morong and created a new province, named after the Philippines' national hero, Jose Rizal, who, coincidentally, was a native of Laguna. The new province comprised 29 municipalities, 17 from Manila and 12 from Morong. In 1902,Macario Sakay,a veteranKatipunanmember, established theTagalog Republicin the mountains of Rizal. Ultimately, Sakay's Tagalog Republic ended in 1906 when he and his men were betrayed under the guise of holding a national assembly aimed at the self-determination of the Filipino people.[11]

On September 7, 1946, theThird Philippine RepublicenactedRepublic Act No. 14,which renamed the province of Tayabas toQuezon,in honor ofManuel Quezon,[12]the secondPresident of the Philippinesand elected governor of Tayabas in 1906 and congressman of 1st district of Tayabas in 1907 and a native ofBaler(now part ofAurora), formerly one of the towns of Quezon Province. In 1951, the northern part of Quezon became the sub-province Aurora, named after Quezon'swife,also a native of Baler.[13]One obvious reason for creating the sub-province was the area's isolation from the rest of Quezon Province: there were no direct links to the rest of the province and much of the terrain was mountainous and heavily forested, which made the area relatively isolated, and its distance from Quezon's capital Lucena.[14]

On September 24, 1972, PresidentFerdinand MarcosenactedPresidential Decree No. 1,which organized the provinces into 11 regions as part of Marcos' Integrated Reorganization Plan.[15]The IRP created Region IV, known as theSouthern Tagalogregion, and was the largest region in the Philippines. At this time, Region IV consisted of Batangas, Cavite, Laguna,Marinduque,Oriental Mindoro,Occidental Mindoro,Quezon, Rizal,Romblon,andPalawan.In 1979, Aurora formally became a province independent of Quezon and was also included in Region IV.[citation needed]

On May 17, 2002, PresidentGloria Macapagal ArroyosignedExecutive Order No. 103,which reorganized the Southern Tagalog region. Due to its size, Region IV was split into two separate regions, Region IV-A (Calabarzon) and Region IV-B (Mimaropa). Aurora was transferred to Region III,Central Luzon,the province's geographic location;[3]the total separation of Aurora from Quezon & transfer of Aurora to Central Luzon were the fulfillment of the wishes of the residents of the original Municipalities of Baler and Casiguran to be truly independent from the Quezon Province for the first time & the result of original formation of Pampanga since the Spanish occupation.[16]Many residents and government leaders of Aurora objected to the change, as Aurora maintains strong historical and cultural connections to the rest of Southern Tagalog, particularly Quezon Province, thus also of the memory of Manuel Quezon, and with that, Aurora residents self-identified with Quezon; but Aurora's transfer to Central Luzon means that geographically, the province is more accessible by land fromNueva Ecijaand of course,San Fernando, Pampanga,the regional capital of Central Luzon.[17]The next year, Arroyo signedExecutive Order No. 246,which declaredCalambaas the regional center of the region.[18]On the other hand, Lucena is home to most of the branches of governmental agencies, businesses, banks and service facilities in the region.

Geography

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Main article:Geography of the Philippines
See also:Cavite § Geography,Laguna § Geography,Batangas § Geography,Rizal (province) § Geography,andQuezon § Geography

The region is the 12th largest region in the Philippines, with an area of 16,873.31 km2(6,514.82 sq mi). The region itself is relatively flat, but also consists of coastal areas and highlands.[19]It is bordered byManila Bayin the west,Metro Manila,Bulacan,andAurorain the north,Lamon BayandBicolin the east, and theIsla Verde Passagein the south. Each province in the region is composed of different environments, ranging from low coastal areas to rugged mountainous ones.

Cavite is characterized by rolling hinterlands punctured by hills, with a shoreline borderingManila Bayand a rugged portion bordering Batangas nearMount Pico de Loro.Tagaytayis located in Cavite, borderingAlfonso,Silang,Calamba,andSanta Rosa.Mount Sungayis the highest peak in the province and can be found in Tagaytay. There are nine islands in Cavite, most notable of which is the island ofCorregidor.Historically a site of great strategic importance, Corregidor is found at the mouth of Manila Bay and is under the jurisdiction ofCavite City.

Laguna has rugged terrain, with narrow plains near the shores ofLaguna de Bayand mountainous ranges further inland. Laguna de Bay is the largest lake in the Philippines, and is named after the town ofBay.Laguna is also home toMount Makiling,adormant volcanonearLos Bañosreputed for its mystical properties. There are also a lot ofhot springsnear the Makiling area, especially inSan Pablo.Another famous landmark in Laguna are thePagsanjan Falls,inCavinti.The water from the Pagsanjan Falls comes from theBumbungan River.Mount Banahawborders Laguna and Quezon, and is similarly considered to be aholy mountainlike Makiling.

Aerial view of the Taal Volcano

The Batangas area is mostly elevated, with small low flat lands and scattered mountain areas. Batangas is also home to theTaal Volcano,acomplex volcanoand one of the 16Decade Volcanoes.The Taal Volcano is situated withinTaal Lake,making Taal a third-order island, and possibly one of the largest in the world. Other islands in Batangas areVerde Island,near the Isla Verde Passage, andFortune IslandinNasugbu.Batangas borders Cavite via Mount Pico de Loro, known for the views that could be found in its summit.Mount MacolodandMount Batulaocan also be found in Batangas.

Rizal is situated north of Laguna de Bay, and consists of a mixture of valleys and mountain ranges, with flat low-lying areas in the western portion of the province near Manila. The eastern portion of Rizal has hills and ridges which form part of theSierra Madrerange.Talim Island,the largest island in Laguna de Bay, is under the jurisdiction of the province of Rizal.

Quezon province is mountainous, with few plains and swamps, and the tail-end of the Sierra Madre running through it. Quezon is a narrow province, with theTayabas Isthmuscomprising the southern part of the province and connecting it to theBicol Peninsula.The southern part also consists of theBondoc Peninsula,sandwiched between theTayabas BayandRagay Gulf.

Further information:Mount Maburgos

The largest islands in Quezon are theAlabatandPolilloislands, which are both located inLamon Bay,connecting toCalauag Bayof the town ofCalauag.Laguna shares a border with Quezon via Mount Banahaw.

Administrative divisions

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Provinces

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Political map of Calabarzon

Calabarzon comprises five provinces, 1highly urbanizedcity, 21componentcities and 4,019 barangays.

ProvinceorHUC Capital Population(2020)[20] Area[21] Density Cities Muni. Barangay
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Batangas Batangas City 18.0% 2,908,494 3,115.05 1,202.73 930 2,400 5 29 1,078
Cavite Imus 26.8% 4,344,829 1,526.28 589.30 2,800 7,300 8 15 829
Laguna Santa Cruz 20.9% 3,382,193 1,928.23 744.49 1,800 4,700 6 24 681
Quezon Lucena† 12.0% 1,950,459 8,743.84 3,376.02 220 570 1 39 1,209
Rizal Antipolo 20.6% 3,330,143 1,182.65 456.62 2,800 7,300 1 13 189
Lucena † — 1.7% 278,924 80.21 30.97 3,500 9,100 1 — 33
Total 16,195,042 16,576.26 6,400.13 980 2,500 21 122 4,019

†Lucena is ahighly urbanized city;figures are excluded from Quezon province.

Governors and vice governors

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Governors and vice governors in Calabarzon
Province Governor Vice governor
Name Map Image Name Party Image Name Party

Cavite 		Athena Tolentino NUP Shernan Jaro NUP

Laguna 		Ramil Hernandez Lakas–CMD Katherine Agapay PFP

Batangas 		Hermilando Mandanas PDP–Laban Mark Leviste PDP–Laban

Rizal 		Nina Ynares NPC Reynaldo H. San Juan Jr. PFP

Quezon 		Angelina Tan Anacleto A. Alcala III NPC

Cities

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View of the City of Calamba, Laguna

Calabarzon has 22cities(21componentcities and 1highly urbanizedcity ofLucena) in total, making it the region with the most cities amongst the Luzon regions.Antipolois the most populous city in the region, as well as the 6th most populous city of the whole Philippines, while Bacoor and San Pedro is the most densely populated cities in the whole region. A large section of Calabarzon is considered part of theGreater Manila Area;whileBatangas Cityis the center of theBatangas metropolitan area.The region has agross regional productof₱1.65 trillion (at current prices), which accounts for 17% of the nationalGDP.[22]

On August 7, 2000, the municipality ofLos Baños, Laguna,was declared as a "Special Science and Nature City of the Philippines"[23][24]through Presidential Proclamation No. 349[25]in recognition of its importance as a center for science and technology, being home to many prestigious educational, environmental and research institutions. This proclamation does not convert the municipality to a city or give it corporate powers that are accorded to other cities.

  • †Regional center
City Population(2020)[20] Area[26] Density City class Income class Province
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Antipolo[b] 887,399 306.10 118.19 2,900 7,500 Component 1st Rizal
Bacoor[c] 664,625 46.17 17.83 14,000 36,000 Component 1st Cavite
Batangas City 351,437 282.96 109.25 1,200 3,100 Component 1st Batangas
Biñan 407,437 43.50 16.80 9,400 24,000 Component 1st Laguna
Cabuyao 355,330 43.40 16.76 8,200 21,000 Component 1st Laguna
Calaca 87,361 114.58 44.24 760 2,000 Component N/A Batangas
†Calamba 539,671 149.50 57.72 3,600 9,300 Component 1st Laguna
Carmona 106,256 29.68 11.46 3,600 9,300 Component N/A Cavite
Cavite City 100,674 10.89 4.20 9,200 24,000 Component 4th Cavite
Dasmariñas 703,141 90.13 34.80 7,800 20,000 Component 1st Cavite
General Trias 450,583 90.01 34.75 5,000 13,000 Component 1st Cavite
Imus 496,794 53.15 20.52 9,300 24,000 Component 1st Cavite
Lipa 372,931 209.40 80.85 1,800 4,700 Component 1st Batangas
Lucena 278,924 80.21 30.97 3,500 9,100 Highly Urbanized 1st Quezon
San Pablo 285,348 197.56 76.28 1,400 3,600 Component 1st Laguna
San Pedro 326,001 24.05 9.29 14,000 36,000 Component 1st Laguna
Santa Rosa 414,812 54.84 21.17 7,600 20,000 Component 1st Laguna
Santo Tomas 218,500 95.41 36.84 5,900 15,000 Component 1st Batangas
Tagaytay 85,330 65.00 25.10 1,300 3,400 Component 2nd Cavite
Tanauan 193,936 107.16 41.37 1,800 4,700 Component 1st Batangas
Tayabas 112,658 230.95 89.17 490 1,300 Component 6th Quezon
Trece Martires 210,503 39.10 15.10 5,400 14,000 Component 4th Cavite

Notes

  1. ^Calabarzon (Region IV-A) andMimaropa(formerly Region IV-B) were created from the division of theSouthern Tagalogregion (Region IV). The designation "Region IV-B" was officially dropped in 2016 through Republic Act No. 10879. However, the law does not include any provision affecting the status of "Region IV-A", thereby maintaining thestatus quoin Calabarzon. For a brief period, Region IV-A also served as the designation for Southern Tagalog when it was a sub-region of Metro Manila.
  2. ^Antipolowas declared a "highly-urbanized city" by President Benigno Aquino; such proclamation however still needs to be ratified in a plebiscite.[27]
  3. ^Bacoorwas declared a "highly urbanized city" by President Rodrigo Duterte; such proclamation however still needs to be ratified in a plebiscite.

Demographics

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Population census of Calabarzon
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903739,776—
1918962,856+1.77%
19391,388,269+1.76%
19481,592,493+1.54%
19602,316,173+3.17%
YearPop.±% p.a.
19703,356,327+3.77%
19753,904,174+3.08%
19804,603,435+3.35%
19906,349,452+3.27%
19957,750,204+3.81%
YearPop.±% p.a.
20009,320,629+4.03%
200711,757,755+3.26%
201012,609,803+2.58%
201514,414,774+2.58%
202016,195,042+2.32%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[28][1]
See also:Demographics of the Philippines

Calabarzon has a population of 16.1 million people, the largest of all the regions of the Philippines.[20]The population growth rate between 2000 and 2010 of 3.07% decreased from the growth rate between 1990 and 2000 of 3.91%, a trend which coincided with the rest of the nation. Life expectancy in Calabarzon is 68.9 years for men and 75.2 years for women. There are an estimated 356,000Overseas Filipino Workersoriginating from Calabarzon.[29]

A vast majority of people living in Calabarzon areTagalogs.It is estimated that around 5.8 million Tagalogs live in Region IV-A.[30]Taal,in particular, is considered the "Heartland of Tagalog Culture" and is currently the "center" of the Tagalog culture and people. Calabarzon is also home to a sizable number of people withChineseandSpanishancestry on account of Chinese immigration and Spanish colonization, respectively.

Languages

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Because of the large majority of Tagalog natives, the majority of people living in Calabarzon speak the Tagalog language.Filipino,being a version of Tagalog, is predominant in the region, which is spoken as a lingua franca of Tagalog speakers of different dialects.Englishis also used in Calabarzon. In Cavite,Chavacano,acreole language,was once commonly spoken; however, its usage is now in steep decline, and it is now only spoken by a handful of elderly residents in the province. The other native language spoken in Calabarzon isHatang Kayi, also named as Sinauna,aCentral Luzon languagespoken inTanay, RizalandGeneral Nakar,Quezon; this is related to Kapampangan andSambalic languages.Other native languages spoken in the region are theManide languagein east Quezon and a small portion in north Quezon, theUmiray Dumaget languagein north Quezon and a small area in central Quezon, and theInagta Alabat languageonAlabat Island.Languages not native in the region are also spoken by minority residents, includingBicolano,Butuanon,Cebuano,variousCordilleran languages,Cuyunon,Hiligaynon,Ilocano(especially in Quezon bordering Aurora),Karay-a,Kapampangan,Lumad (indigenous tribal languages in Mindanao),Surigaonon,Waray,Maguindanaon,MaranaoandTausug.

Religion

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The large majority of the population of Calabarzon are part of a Christian denomination, with theCatholic Churchforming the largest proportion with its adherents accounting for 89% of the regional population. It is then followed up by theIglesia ni Cristo(3.06%),Philippine Independent Church(0.066%) and theJesus is Lord Church(0.4%). A smallMuslimpopulation also exists, accounting for 0.4% of the regional population.[31]

Population by religious affiliation in CALABARZON (2020)
Affiliation Number Percentage
Roman Catholic[a] 14,390,095
89.1%
Iglesia ni Cristo 494,599
3.06%
Philippine Independent Church 107,210
0.66%
Islam 80,057
0.50%
Jesus is Lord Church 65,036
0.4%
Church of Christ 63,664
0.39%
Seventh-day Adventist 58,949
0.37%
Bible Baptist Church 52,301
0.32%
Christian Missions in the Philippines 45,166
0.28%
Jehovah's Witnesses 45,122
0.28%
Other religious affiliations 737,571
4.57%
None 3,338
0.02%
Not reported 805
0%
Total 16,139,770
100%
Source:Philippine Statistics Authority[31]
  1. ^excludingCatholic Charismaticnumbering 13,287 persons (0.08%)

Economy

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Poverty Incidence of Calabarzon

10
20
30
40
50
2000
48.39
2003
18.40
2006
10.27
2009
11.92
2012
10.92
2015
12.46
2018
7.15
2021
7.20

Source:Philippine Statistics Authority[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]

Pililla Wind Farm inRizal

Calabarzon is the second largest contributor to the national GDP, accounting for 17% of the gross domestic product. The region boasts a 2.1% inflation rate, lower than the national average of 3%. The region has a 9.2% unemployment rate which is higher than the national average of 7%. Calabarzon, much like the rest of the country, is caught in the middle of being an industrial and an agricultural economy.

Due to the region's proximity toMetro Manila,a large amount of urbanization has taken place over the years. Cavite and Laguna in particular are sites of manufacturing and high-tech industries, with companies likeIntelandPanasonicsetting up plants in the region. Santa Rosa, Laguna, is home to a host of semi-conductor and automotive companies such asAmkorandToyota,whileGeneral Triasis home to Cavite's largest economic development zone, the PEC Industrial Park.[citation needed]

The region still has a large agricultural base. As of 2002, the region had 282,700 farms, covering 588,500 hectares (1,454,000 acres), or 36.3% of the region's total land area.[40]Cavite alone has almost 70,500 hectares (174,000 acres) of agricultural land. Laguna is home to theInternational Rice Research Institute,which can be found within theUniversity of the Philippines Los Baños,whose main goal is to find sustainable ways to help rice farmers. Batangas, meanwhile, is home to a large pineapple and coconut industry, which is used to makebarong tagalogsandlambanog.Quezon is the country's leader in coconut products such ascoconut oilandcopra.Quezon's towns such asTayabas City,MaubanandInfantaare also known producers of commercialized nativeliqueurssuch aslambanogand tuba. Rizal is known for its piggeries. Region IV-A's agricultural base, however, is slowly decreasing. Due to their proximity to large bodies of water, Laguna and Batangas also have sizable fishing industries.Taal Lakeis a large source of fresh water fishes for the country.

Tourism

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Main article:Tourism in the Philippines
Rizal Shrinein Calamba, Laguna

Due to the region's history and natural resources, tourism plays a major role in the regional economy.CaviteandLagunaare homes to various historical sites, such as theRizal ShrineinCalamba,[41]and theAguinaldo ShrineinKawit.[42][43][44]San Pablois famous for itsseven lakes,[45]Pagsanjanfor its majestic waterfalls and bothTaal Lakeand the historicTaaltown inBatangas.Tayabasis known as the City of Festivals, Rest and Recreation Destination of Quezon and famous forlambanog.

The Minor Basilica of Saint Michael Archangel is the religious testaments of the Tayabenses and declared as National Cultural Treasures of the Philippines, the Casa Comunidad de Tayabas, the former office of the then President Manuel Luis Quezon and the place where Hermano Pule was sentenced to death, and the Malagonlong Bridge and the 9 other century-old Spanish arch type and National Cultural Treasure bridges. Local festivals include the Taytsinoy Festival, Mayohan Festival, Pa'yas Festival Hagisan Festival, Baliskog Festival, Angel Festival, Aguyod Festival and the Turumba Festival every Holy Week.

Lucbanis most famous for its annualPahiyas Festivalor locally known as Pahiyas, an event not only visited by local tourists but also by international tourists as well. Devotees and pilgrims also visit Lucban'sKamay ni Hesus Shrine,which has a 50-foot statue of the Ascending Christ on top of a hill.[46]Batangas is also famous for its scenic beaches inNasugbuandCalatagan.Antipolo is another major tourist spot, found in Rizal. The region is also home to a multitude ofbaroquechurches.

Infrastructure

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Roads and bridges

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Being an industrialized region, Calabarzon is dotted with expressways and highways to serve the people traveling to factories and industries, as well as to accommodate traffic that comes to and from Metro Manila, as it is located just east and south of the region. ThePan-Philippine Highwayis an important road that crosses through Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, and Quezon, serving as a gateway to the southern parts of Luzon.

TheSouth Luzon ExpresswayandSouthern Tagalog Arterial Roadlink the port of Batangas to Metro Manila, while theCavite–Laguna ExpresswayandManila–Cavite Expressway(also known as CAVITEX) seamlessly link industrial towns and cities that dot around Cavite and Laguna. All the aforementioned expressways also help accommodate the inter-modal traffic between Calabarzon and Metro Manila, serving as a faster, more viable alternative compared to primary highways that directly cross municipal and city centers.

The Laguna Lake Highway, a joint project of DPWH NCR and Region IV-A, is the widening/rehabilitation at Taytay, Rizal segment, a 3.34-kilometer road.

Currently, there are two more bridges being built - Barkadahan Bridge and Napindan Bridge - which will provide additional 2 lanes crossing over Manggahan Floodway and Pasig River, respectively.[47]

Notable people

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Batangas

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Main article:Batangas § Notable people

Cavite

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Main article:Batangas § Notable people

Laguna

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Main article:Laguna (province) § Notable people

Quezon (including Lucena)

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Main article:Quezon § Notable people
Main article:Lucena § Notable personalities

Rizal

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Main article:Rizal (province) § Notable personalities

References

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  1. ^abCensus of Population (2015)."Region IV-A (Calabarzon)".Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay.Philippine Statistics Authority.RetrievedJune 20,2016.
  2. ^ab"2021 to 2023 Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP)".openstat.psa.gov.ph.Philippine Statistics Authority.RetrievedApril 26,2024.
  3. ^abc"Executive Order No. 1 – Dividing Region IV Into Region IV-A and Region IV-B, Transferring the Province of Aurora to Region III and for Other Purposes".Official Gazette (Philippines).Office of the President of the Philippines.May 17, 2002.RetrievedMay 10,2023.
  4. ^Sources usingCalabarzonandSouthern Tagaloginterchangeably:
    • Nepomuceno, Priam (January 18, 2021)."3 NPA fronts in Southern Tagalog dismantled".Philippine News Agency.RetrievedMay 10,2023.The military has dismantled three New People's Army (NPA) guerrilla fronts in theSouthern Tagalogregion... The dismantling of these fronts has put an end to the NPA's terroristic activities in most parts of Region 4-A (Calabarzon).
    • "Malacañang vows probe on deaths of activists in Calabarzon".CNN Philippines.March 8, 2021. Archived fromthe originalon December 28, 2022.RetrievedMay 10,2023.Malacañang assured the public an investigation is underway on the deaths of activists in theSouthern Tagalogregion... In his briefing on Monday, Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque said the government is obligated to probe the killings, which happened during simultaneous police operations inCalabarzonover the weekend.
    • "Moderate to heavy rains expected in Metro Manila, Calabarzon".ABS-CBN News.October 22, 2022.RetrievedMay 10,2023.Moderate to heavy rains are expected over Metro Manila andsouthern Tagalogdue to the effect of shearline and trough of a low pressure area (LPA)... In its 11 p.m. weather advisory, PAGASA said moderate to heavy with at times intense rains may persist over Metro Manila andCalabarzon.
  5. ^Andal, Rudy (August 2, 2018)."Libong OFWs dumagsa sa DOLE"[Thousands of OFWs flock to DOLE].Pilipino Star Ngayon(in Tagalog).RetrievedMay 10,2023.
  6. ^abCensus of Population (2020).Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region.Philippine Statistics Authority.RetrievedJuly 8,2021.
  7. ^Scott, William Henry(1994).Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society.Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.ISBN971-550-135-4.
  8. ^Tiongson, Jaime F. (November 29, 2006)."Pailah is Pila, Laguna".Archived fromthe originalon July 7, 2012.RetrievedNovember 18,2011.
  9. ^Dery, Luis Camara (2001).A History of the Inarticulate.Quezon City: New Day Publishers.ISBN971-10-1069-0.
  10. ^Go, Bon Juan (2005)."Ma'I in Chinese Records - Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle".Philippine Studies.53(1). Ateneo de Manila Press:119–138.Archivedfrom the original on October 21, 2013.
  11. ^Star: The mark of Sakay: The vilified hero of our war with America,retrieved March 9, 2013
  12. ^An Act to Change the Name of the Province of Tayabas to Quezon(Republic Act 14). September 7, 1946.RetrievedApril 12,2017.
  13. ^An Act Creating the Subprovince of Aurora, Which Shall Comprise the Municipalities of Baler, Casiguran, Dipaculao and Maria Aurora, Province of Quezon(Republic Act 648). June 14, 1951.RetrievedApril 12,2017.
  14. ^"Baler for All Time".aurora.ph.
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