Wikipedia

Callitrichidae

TheCallitrichidae(also calledArctopitheciorHapalidae) are afamilyofNew World monkeys,includingmarmosets,tamarins,andlion tamarins.At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called theCallitrichinae,of the familyCebidae.

Callitrichidae[1][2]
Major extant callitrichid genera:Callithrix,Leontopithecus,Saguinus,Cebuella,Mico,Callimico.
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Parvorder: Platyrrhini
Family: Callitrichidae
Thomas,1903[3]
Type genus
Callithrix
Erxleben, 1777
Genera

See text

The range of Callitrichidae species.
Synonyms
  • CallitrichidaeNapier and Napier, 1967
  • HapalidaeWagner, 1840

This taxon was traditionally thought to be a primitive lineage, from which all the larger-bodied platyrrhines evolved.[4]However, some works argue that callitrichids are actually a dwarfed lineage.[5][6]

Ancestralstem-callitrichidslikely were "normal-sized"ceboidsthat were dwarfed through evolutionary time. This may exemplify a rare example of insular dwarfing in a mainland context, with the "islands" being formed by biogeographic barriers during arid climatic periods when forest distribution became patchy, and/or by the extensive river networks in theAmazon Basin.[5]

All callitrichids arearboreal.They are the smallest of thesimianprimates.They eat insects, fruit, and the sap or gum from trees; occasionally, they take small vertebrates. The marmosets rely quite heavily on treeexudates,with some species (e.g.Callithrix jacchusandCebuella pygmaea) consideredobligateexudativores.[7]

Callitrichids typically live in small,territorialgroups of about five or six animals. Theirsocial organizationis unique among primates, and is called a "cooperative polyandrous group". This communal breeding system involves groups of multiple males and females, but only one female is reproductively active. Females mate with more than one male and each shares the responsibility of carrying the offspring.[8]

They are the only primate group that regularly produces twins, which constitute over 80% of births in species that have been studied. Unlike other male primates, male callitrichids generally provide as much parental care as females. Parental duties may include carrying, protecting, feeding, comforting, and even engaging in play behavior with offspring. In some cases, such as in thecotton-top tamarin(Saguinus oedipus), males, particularly those that are paternal, even show a greater involvement in caregiving than females.[9]The typical social structure seems to constitute a breeding group, with several of their previous offspring living in the group and providing significant help in rearing the young.

Species and subspecies list

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Emperor tamarin(Saguinus imperator)
See also:List of platyrrhines

Taxa included in the Callitrichidae are:[10][11][12][13]

References

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  1. ^Groves, C. P.(2005).Wilson, D. E.;Reeder, D. M. (eds.).Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.129–136.ISBN0-801-88221-4.OCLC62265494.
  2. ^Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW,Strier KB(eds.).South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation.Springer. pp.23–54.ISBN978-0-387-78704-6.
  3. ^Garbino, Guilherme Siniciato Terra; Costa, Henrique C. (2015)."Some nomenclatural notes regarding authorship and dates of New World monkeys (Primates: Platyrrhini)"(PDF).Shernornia.2(3):21–27.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2022-10-09.
  4. ^Hershkovitz, P. Living New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini) with an Introduction to the Primates. University of Chicago 1977.
  5. ^abFord, S. M. (1980-01-01). "Callitrichids as phyletic dwarfs, and the place of the Callitrichidae in Platyrrhini".Primates.21(1):31–43.doi:10.1007/BF02383822.ISSN0032-8332.S2CID30520772.
  6. ^Naish, Darren.Marmosets and tamarins: dwarfed monkeys of the South American tropics.Scientific AmericanNovember 27, 2012
  7. ^Harrison, M. L.; Tardif, S. D. (1994). "Social implications of gummivory in marmosets".American Journal of Physical Anthropology.95(4):399–408.doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330950404.PMID7864061.
  8. ^Sussman, R.W. (2003). "Chapter 1: Ecology: General Principles".Primate Ecology and Social Structure.Pearson Custom Publishing. p. 29.ISBN978-0-536-74363-3.
  9. ^Cleveland and Snowdon. Social development during the first twenty weeks in the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus o. oedipus).Animal Behaviour(1984) vol. 32 (2) pp. 432-444
  10. ^Garbino, Guilherme S.T.; Martins-Junior, Antonio M.G. (2018)."Phenotypic evolution in marmoset and tamarin monkeys (Cebidae, Callitrichinae) and a revised genus-level classification".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.118:156–171.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.002.PMID28989098.
  11. ^Rylands, Anthony B.; Eckhard W. Heymann; Jessica Lynch Alfaro; Janet C. Buckner; Christian Roos; Christian Matauschek; Jean P. Boubli; Ricardo Sampaio; Russell A. Mittermeier (2016)."Taxonomic Review of the New World Tamarins (Primates: Callitrichidae)"(PDF).Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.177(4):1003–1028.doi:10.1111/zoj.12386.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2017-01-28.Retrieved2020-04-19.
  12. ^Cortés-Ortiz, Lilliana (2009). "Molecular Phylogenetics of the Callitrichidae with an Emphasis on the Marmosets and Callimico". In Ford, S.; Porter, L.; Davis, L. (eds.).The Smallest Anthropoids: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects.Boston: Springer. pp.3–24.doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0293-1_1.ISBN978-1-4419-0292-4.
  13. ^Silvestro, Daniele; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Serrano Serrano, Martha L.; Loiseau, Oriane; Rossier, Victor; Rolland, Jonathan; Zizka, Alexander; Antonelli, Alexandre; Salamin, Nicolas (2017). "Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data".bioRxiv10.1101/178111.
  14. ^Sampaio; et al. (April 2015). "Re-description and assessment of the taxonomic status ofSaguinus fuscicollis cruzlimaiHershkovitz, 1966 (Primates, Callitrichinae) ".Primates.56(2):131–144.doi:10.1007/s10329-015-0458-2.PMID25688005.S2CID11577316.
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