Calreticulin

Not to be confused withcalretinin.

Calreticulinalso known ascalregulin,CRP55,CaBP3,calsequestrin-like protein,andendoplasmic reticulum resident protein 60(ERp60) is aproteinthat in humans is encoded by theCALRgene.

CALR
Available structures PDB Ortholog search:PDBeRCSB List of PDB id codes 3POW,2CLR,3DOW,3POS
Identifiers
Aliases	CALR,CRT, HEL-S-99n, RO, SSA, cC1qR, calreticulin
External IDs	OMIM:109091;MGI:88252;HomoloGene:37911;GeneCards:CALR;OMA:CALR - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 19 (human) Band 19p13.13 Start 12,938,578bp End 12,944,489bp
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 8 (mouse) Band 8 C3|8 41.21 cM Start 85,568,479bp End 85,573,563bp
RNA expressionpattern Bgee Human Mouse(ortholog) Top expressed in stromal cell of endometrium left lobe of thyroid gland right lobe of thyroid gland islet of Langerhans smooth muscle tissue anterior pituitary epithelium of colon rectum upper lobe of left lung mucosa of transverse colon Top expressed in gastrula tail of embryo molar pyloric antrum spermatocyte external carotid artery internal carotid artery genital tubercle epithelium of stomach calvaria More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function calcium ion binding protein folding chaperone activity carbohydrate binding hormone binding metal ion binding complement component C1q complex binding mRNA binding iron ion binding unfolded protein binding zinc ion binding integrin binding DNA binding chaperone binding peptide binding androgen receptor binding ubiquitin protein ligase binding RNA binding protein binding Cellular component cytoplasm cytosol endoplasmic reticulum lumen membrane focal adhesion extracellular region perinuclear region of cytoplasm sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen nucleus endocytic vesicle lumen cell surface endoplasmic reticulum extracellular exosome Golgi apparatus intracellular membrane-bounded organelle extracellular matrix intracellular anatomical structure integral component of lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane sarcoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum MHC class I peptide loading complex acrosomal vesicle external side of plasma membrane polysome phagocytic vesicle membrane endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane extracellular space nuclear envelope protein-containing complex endoplasmic reticulum quality control compartment collagen-containing extracellular matrix Biological process negative regulation of neuron differentiation protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum receptor-mediated endocytosis response to organic substance cellular senescence spermatogenesis positive regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis regulation of apoptotic process cellular response to organic substance positive regulation of phagocytosis negative regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway regulation of transcription, DNA-templated negative regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway cardiac muscle cell differentiation regulation of meiotic nuclear division protein maturation by protein folding positive regulation of cell cycle protein export from nucleus cellular response to lithium ion peptide antigen assembly with MHC class I protein complex antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I protein stabilization cellular calcium ion homeostasis negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of DNA replication protein folding negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated cortical actin cytoskeleton organization chaperone-mediated protein folding response to estradiol response to testosterone ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading sequestering of calcium ion positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of cell population proliferation protein localization to nucleus glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-dependent negative regulation of translation vesicle fusion with endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) membrane positive regulation of endothelial cell migration negative regulation of trophoblast cell migration Sources:Amigo/QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 811 12317 Ensembl ENSG00000179218 ENSMUSG00000003814 UniProt P27797 P14211 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_004343 NM_007591 RefSeq (protein) NP_004334 NP_031617 Location (UCSC) Chr 19: 12.94 – 12.94 Mb Chr 8: 85.57 – 85.57 Mb PubMedsearch
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Calreticulin is a multifunctional solubleproteinthat bindsCa²⁺ions(asecond messengerinsignal transduction), rendering them inactive. The Ca²⁺is bound with lowaffinity,but highcapacity,and can be released on a signal (seeinositol trisphosphate). Calreticulin is located in storage compartments associated with theendoplasmic reticulumand is considered an ER resident protein.

The term "Mobilferrin"is considered to be the same as calreticulin by some sources.

Function

Calreticulin binds to misfolded proteins and prevents them from being exported from theendoplasmic reticulumto theGolgi apparatus.

A similar quality-controlmolecular chaperone,calnexin,performs the same service for soluble proteins as does calreticulin, however it is a membrane-bound protein. Both proteins, calnexin and calreticulin, have the function of binding tooligosaccharidescontaining terminal glucose residues, thereby targeting them for degradation. Calreticulin and Calnexin's ability to bind carbohydrates associates them with thelectinprotein family. In normal cellular function, trimming of glucose residues off the core oligosaccharide added during N-linkedglycosylationis a part of protein processing. If "overseer" enzymes note that residues are misfolded, proteins within therERwill re-add glucose residues so that other calreticulin/calnexin can bind to these proteins and prevent them from proceeding to the Golgi. This leads these aberrantly folded proteins down a path whereby they are targeted for degradation.

Studies on transgenic mice reveal that calreticulin is a cardiac embryonic gene that is essential during development.

Calreticulin and calnexin are also integral in the production ofMHC class Iproteins. As newly synthesized MHC class I α-chains enter the endoplasmic reticulum, calnexin binds on to them retaining them in a partly folded state.After the β2-microglobulin binds to the peptide-loading complex (PLC), calreticulin (along withERp57) takes over the job of chaperoning the MHC class I protein while thetapasinlinks the complex to thetransporter associated with antigen processing(TAP) complex. This association prepares the MHC class I to bind an antigen for presentation on the cell surface.

Transcription regulation

Calreticulin is also found in the nucleus, suggesting that it may have a role in transcription regulation. Calreticulin binds to thesynthetic peptideKLGFFKR, which is almost identical to an amino acid sequence in theDNA-binding domainof the superfamily ofnuclear receptors.Theamino terminusof calreticulin interacts with the DNA-binding domain of theglucocorticoid receptorand prevents the receptor from binding to its specificglucocorticoid response element.Calreticulin can inhibit the binding ofandrogen receptorto its hormone-responsive DNA element and can inhibit androgen receptor andretinoic acid receptortranscriptional activities in vivo, as well as retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation. Thus, calreticulin can act as an important modulator of the regulation of gene transcription by nuclear hormone receptors.

Clinical significance

Calreticulin binds toantibodiesin certain area ofsystemic lupusandSjögrenpatients that containanti-Ro/SSA antibodies.Systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with increased autoantibody titers against calreticulin, but calreticulin is not a Ro/SS-A antigen. Earlier papers referred to calreticulin as an Ro/SS-A antigen, but this was later disproven. Increased autoantibody titer against human calreticulin is found in infants with complete congenital heart block of both theIgGandIgMclasses.

In 2013, two groups detected calreticulin mutations in a majority ofJAK2-negative/MPL-negative patients withessential thrombocythemiaandprimary myelofibrosis,which makesCALRmutations the second most common inmyeloproliferative neoplasms.All mutations (insertions or deletions) affected the last exon, generating a readingframe shiftof the resulting protein, that creates a novel terminal peptide and causes a loss of endoplasmic reticulumKDEL retention signal.

Role in cancer

Calreticulin (CRT) is expressed in many cancer cells and plays a role to promotemacrophagesto engulf hazardous cancerous cells. The reason why most of the cells are not destroyed is the presence of another molecule with signalCD47,which blocks CRT. Hence antibodies that block CD47 might be useful as a cancer treatment. In mice models ofmyeloid leukemiaandnon-Hodgkin lymphoma,anti-CD47 were effective in clearing cancer cells while normal cells were unaffected.

Interactions

Calreticulin has been shown tointeractwithPerforinandNK2 homeobox 1.

Further reading

• Del Bem LE (Feb 2011). "The evolutionary history of calreticulin and calnexin genes in green plants".Genetica.139(2): 225–9.doi:10.1007/s10709-010-9544-y.PMID21222018.S2CID9228786.
• Coppolino MG, Dedhar S (May 1998). "Calreticulin".The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology.30(5): 553–8.doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(97)00153-2.PMID9693955.
• Brucato A, Grava C, Bortolati M, Ikeda K, Milanesi O, Cimaz R, Ramoni V, Vignati G, Martinelli S, Sadou Y, Borghi A, Tincani A, Chan EK, Ruffatti A (Aug 2009)."Congenital heart block not associated with anti-Ro/La antibodies: comparison with anti-Ro/La-positive cases".The Journal of Rheumatology.36(8): 1744–8.doi:10.3899/jrheum.080737.PMC2798588.PMID19567621.
• Peng RQ, Chen YB, Ding Y, Zhang R, Zhang X, Yu XJ, Zhou ZW, Zeng YX, Zhang XS (May 2010)."Expression of calreticulin is associated with infiltration of T-cells in stage IIIB colon cancer".World Journal of Gastroenterology.16(19): 2428–34.doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i19.2428.PMC2874150.PMID20480531.
• Tarr JM, Young PJ, Morse R, Shaw DJ, Haigh R, Petrov PG, Johnson SJ, Winyard PG, Eggleton P (Sep 2010). "A mechanism of release of calreticulin from cells during apoptosis".Journal of Molecular Biology.401(5): 799–812.doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.06.064.hdl:10871/20264.PMID20624402.
• Abd Alla J, Reeck K, Langer A, Streichert T, Quitterer U (Sep 2009)."Calreticulin enhances B2 bradykinin receptor maturation and heterodimerization"(PDF).Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.387(1): 186–90.doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.011.PMID19580784.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2021-05-03.Retrieved2019-12-09.
• Caramelo JJ, Parodi AJ (Apr 2008)."Getting in and out from calnexin/calreticulin cycles".The Journal of Biological Chemistry.283(16): 10221–5.doi:10.1074/jbc.R700048200.PMC2447651.PMID18303019.
• Du XL, Yang H, Liu SG, Luo ML, Hao JJ, Zhang Y, Lin DC, Xu X, Cai Y, Zhan QM, Wang MR (Oct 2009). "Calreticulin promotes cell motility and enhances resistance to anoikis through STAT3-CTTN-Akt pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma".Oncogene.28(42): 3714–22.doi:10.1038/onc.2009.237.PMID19684620.S2CID23543648.
• Gelebart P, Opas M, Michalak M (Feb 2005). "Calreticulin, a Ca2+-binding chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum".The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology.37(2): 260–6.doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.02.030.PMID15474971.
• Qiu Y, Michalak M (Mar 2009). "Transcriptional control of the calreticulin gene in health and disease".The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology.41(3): 531–8.doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2008.06.020.PMID18765291.
• Zhu Y, Zhang W, Veerapen N, Besra G, Cresswell P (Dec 2010)."Calreticulin controls the rate of assembly of CD1d molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum".The Journal of Biological Chemistry.285(49): 38283–92.doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.170530.PMC2992262.PMID20861015.
• Talmud PJ, Drenos F, Shah S, Shah T, Palmen J, Verzilli C, Gaunt TR, Pallas J, Lovering R, Li K, Casas JP, Sofat R, Kumari M, Rodriguez S, Johnson T, Newhouse SJ, Dominiczak A, Samani NJ, Caulfield M, Sever P, Stanton A, Shields DC, Padmanabhan S, Melander O, Hastie C, Delles C, Ebrahim S, Marmot MG, Smith GD, Lawlor DA, Munroe PB, Day IN, Kivimaki M, Whittaker J, Humphries SE, Hingorani AD (Nov 2009)."Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip".American Journal of Human Genetics.85(5): 628–42.doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.014.PMC2775832.PMID19913121.
• Taner SB, Pando MJ, Roberts A, Schellekens J, Marsh SG, Malmberg KJ, Parham P, Brodsky FM (Jan 2011)."Interactions of NK cell receptor KIR3DL1*004 with chaperones and conformation-specific antibody reveal a functional folded state as well as predominant intracellular retention".Journal of Immunology.186(1): 62–72.doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903657.PMC3129036.PMID21115737.
• Tarr JM, Winyard PG, Ryan B, Harries LW, Haigh R, Viner N, Eggleton P (Oct 2010)."Extracellular calreticulin is present in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and inhibits FasL (CD95L)-mediated apoptosis of T cells"(PDF).Arthritis and Rheumatism.62(10): 2919–29.doi:10.1002/art.27602.hdl:10871/13850.PMID20533543.
• Kepp O, Gdoura A, Martins I, Panaretakis T, Schlemmer F, Tesniere A, Fimia GM, Ciccosanti F, Burgevin A, Piacentini M, Eggleton P, Young PJ, Zitvogel L, van Endert P, Kroemer G (Aug 2010). "Lysyl tRNA synthetase is required for the translocation of calreticulin to the cell surface in immunogenic death".Cell Cycle.9(15): 3072–7.doi:10.4161/cc.9.15.12459.PMID20699648.S2CID1963601.
• Sato H, Azuma Y, Higai K, Matsumoto K (Oct 2009). "Altered expression of glycoproteins on the cell surface of Jurkat cells during etoposide-induced apoptosis: shedding and intracellular translocation of glycoproteins".Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects.1790(10): 1198–205.doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.05.019.PMID19524015.
• Hong C, Qiu X, Li Y, Huang Q, Zhong Z, Zhang Y, Liu X, Sun L, Lv P, Gao XM (Oct 2010)."Functional analysis of recombinant calreticulin fragment 39-272: implications for immunobiological activities of calreticulin in health and disease".Journal of Immunology.185(8): 4561–9.doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1000536.PMID20855873.
• Alur M, Nguyen MM, Eggener SE, Jiang F, Dadras SS, Stern J, Kimm S, Roehl K, Kozlowski J, Pins M, Michalak M, Dhir R, Wang Z (Aug 2009)."Suppressive roles of calreticulin in prostate cancer growth and metastasis".The American Journal of Pathology.175(2): 882–90.doi:10.2353/ajpath.2009.080417.PMC2716982.PMID19608864.
• Bailey SD, Xie C, Do R, Montpetit A, Diaz R, Mohan V, Keavney B, Yusuf S, Gerstein HC, Engert JC, Anand S (Oct 2010)."Variation at the NFATC2 locus increases the risk of thiazolidinedione-induced edema in the Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) study".Diabetes Care.33(10): 2250–3.doi:10.2337/dc10-0452.PMC2945168.PMID20628086.
• Nabi MO, Mirabzadeh A, Feizzadeh G, Khorshid HR, Karimlou M, Yeganeh MZ, Asgharian AM, Najmabadi H, Ohadi M (Mar 2010). "Novel mutations in the calreticulin gene core promoter and coding sequence in schizoaffective disorder".American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B.153B(2): 706–9.doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31036.PMID19760677.S2CID6959934.
• Schardt JA, Eyholzer M, Timchenko NA, Mueller BU, Pabst T (Jun 2010)."Unfolded protein response suppresses CEBPA by induction of calreticulin in acute myeloid leukaemia".Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.14(6B): 1509–19.doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00870.x.PMC3829017.PMID19659458.

External links

• Calreticulinat the U.S. National Library of MedicineMedical Subject Headings(MeSH)