Camellia japonica,known ascommon camellia,[2]orJapanese camellia,is aspeciesofCamellia,aflowering plantgenus in the family Theaceae. There are thousands of cultivars ofC. japonicain cultivation, with many colors and forms of flowers. Despite its common name, it is native to China, not Japan. The cultivation ofCamellia japonicaalso started in China. Its widespread cultivation can be traced back to the Song Dynasty, when 15 varieties ofCamellia japonicawere recorded in literature. It was later introduced to Japan.[3]It grows inforests,at altitudes of around 300–1,100 metres (980–3,600 ft).[4]
| Camellia japonica | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Ericales |
| Family: | Theaceae |
| Genus: | Camellia |
| Species: | C. japonica
|
| Binomial name | |
| Camellia japonica | |
The leaves of this species are rich inanti-inflammatoryterpenoidssuch aslupeolandsqualene.[5]
Description
edit
Camellia japonicais a floweringtreeorshrub,usually 1.5–6 metres (4.9–19.7 ft) tall, but occasionally up to 11 metres (36 ft) tall. Some cultivated varieties achieve a size of 72 m2or more. The youngest branches are purplish brown, becoming grayish brown as they age.[citation needed]
The alternately arranged leathery leaves are dark green on the top side, paler on the underside, usually 5–11 centimetres (2.0–4.3 in) long by 2.5–6 centimetres (1.0–2.4 in) wide with a stalk (petiole) about 5–10 millimetres (0.2–0.4 in) long. The base of the leaf is pointed (cuneate), the margins are very finely toothed (serrulate) and the tip somewhat pointed.[4]
C. japonicaleaves are eaten by thecaterpillarsof someLepidoptera,such as theengrailed(Ectropis crepuscularia).[citation needed]
Flower
editIn the wild, flowering is between January and March. The flowers appear along the branches, particularly towards the ends, and have very short stems. They occur either alone or in pairs, and are 6–10 centimetres (2.4–3.9 in) across.[citation needed]
There are about nine greenishbracteolesandsepals.Flowers of the wild species have six or seven rose or whitepetals,each 3–4.5 centimetres (1.2–1.8 in) long by 1.5–2.5 centimetres (0.6–1.0 in) wide; the innermost petals are joined at the base for up to a third of their length. (Cultivated forms often have more petals.) The numerousstamensare 2.5–3.5 centimetres (1.0–1.4 in) long, the outer whorl being joined at the base for up to 2.5 centimetres (1.0 in). The three-lobedstyleis about 3 centimetres (1.2 in) long.[4]
The Japanese white eye bird (Zosterops japonica) pollinatesCamellia japonica.[6]
Fruit
editThefruitconsists of a globe-shaped capsule with three compartments (locules), each with one or two large brownseedswith a diameter of 1–2 centimetres (0.4–0.8 in). Fruiting occurs in September to October in the wild.[4]
Taxonomy
edit
The genusCamelliawas named after a Jesuit priest and botanist namedGeorg Kamel.[7]The specific epithetjaponicawas given to the species by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Despite its common name,Camellia japonicais indigenous to China. In the Song Dynasty, 15 varieties of it were recorded in literature. The reasonCamellia japonicagot its name was that Engelbert Kaempfer was one of the first Europeans to give a description of the plant when he first saw it in Japan.
Two varieties are distinguished in theFlora of China:C. japonicavar.japonicaandC. japonicavar.rusticana[4][8]
Camellia japonicavar.japonica
editC. japonicavar.japonicais the form named by Linnaeus, and naturally occurs in forests at altitudes of 300–1,100 metres (980–3,610 ft) in Shandong, eastern Zhe gian g in mainland China and in Taiwan, south Japan, and South Korea. The leaf has aglabrousstem (petiole) about 1 centimetre (0.4 in) long. The bracteoles and sepals are velutinous (velvety). It flowers between January and March, and fruits in between September and October.[8]It is grown as a garden plant in the form of many cultivars throughout the world.
Camellia japonicavar.rusticana
edit
Camellia japonicavar.rusticana(Honda) T. L. Mingnaturally occurs in forests in China. The leaf has a shorter petiole, about 5 millimetres (0.2 in) long, with fine hairs (pubescent) at the base. The bracteoles and sepals are smooth (glabrous) on the outside. The color of the flowers ranges from red through rose to pink, flowering in April to May. This variety is regarded by some botanical authorities to be a separate species:Camellia rusticana.[9]
In Japan it is known by the common name "yuki-tsubaki" (snow camellia) as it naturally occurs in areas of heavy snowfall at altitudes ranging from 1,100 metres (3,500 ft) down to 120 metres (400 ft) on sloping land under deciduous beech trees in the mountain regions to the north of the main island of Honshu and facing theSea of Japan.In December heavy drifts of snow come in from the north, covering the plants to a depth of up to 2.4 metres (8 ft). The bushes remain covered by snow from December till the end of March when the snow melts in early Spring and the camellias start flowering.[10]
Cultivars ofC. japonicavar.rusticanainclude: 'Nishiki-kirin', 'Nishiki-no-mine', 'Toyo-no-hikari' and 'Otome'.[citation needed]
History
editChina
edit
Camellia japonicahas appeared in paintings and porcelain in China since the 11th century. Early paintings of the plant are usually of the single red flowering type. However, a single white flowering plant is shown in the scroll of theFour Magpiesof theSong Dynasty.[11]
Australia
edit
The first records of camellias in Australia pertain to a consignment toAlexander Macleayof Sydney that arrived in 1826 and were planted in Sydney atElizabeth Bay House.[12]
In 1838 sixC. japonicaplants were imported by the botanist, horticulturist and agriculturistWilliam Macarthur.During the years that followed he brought in several hundred varieties and grew them atCamden Park Estate.[13]For many years Macarthur's nursery was one of the main sources of supply to the colony in Australia of ornamental plants, as well as fruit trees and vines.[12]
In 1845, William Macarthur wrote to the London nurserymanConrad Loddiges,acknowledging receipt of camellias and mentioning: "I have raised four or five hundred seedlings of camellia, chiefly from seeds produced by 'Anemoniflora'. As this variety never has anthers of its own, I fertilised its blossoms with pollen ofC. reticulataand Sp.maliflora."Although most of Macarthur's seedling varieties have been lost to cultivation, some are still popular today, including 'Aspasia Macarthur' (named after him).[12]
A well-known camellia nursery in Sydney was "Camellia Grove", set up in 1852 by Silas Sheather who leased land adjoining theParramatta Riveron what was originally part ofElizabeth Farm.[14]Fuller's Sydney Handbookof 1877 describes his nursery as having 59 varieties of camellias.[15]Camellia and other flowers from Sheather's nursery were sent bysteamshipdownriver to florists at Sydney Markets, tied in bunches and suspended from long pieces of wood which were hung up about the decks.[14][16]Silas Sheather developed a number of camellia cultivars, the most popular (and still commercially grown) wereC. japonica'Prince Frederick William'andC. japonica'Harriet Beecher Sheather', named after his daughter.[15][17]The area in the vicinity of Sheather's nursery was eventually made a suburb and namedCamellia,in honor of Camellia Grove nursery.[18][19]
By 1883, Shepherd and Company, the leading nurserymen in Australia at the time, listed 160 varieties ofCamellia japonica.[13]
Associate ProfessorEben Gowrie Waterhousewas a scholar, linguist, garden designer and camellia expert who brought about a worldwide revival of interest in the genus in the first half of the twentieth century.[20]The E.G. Waterhouse National Camellia Garden inSydney,Australia is named after him.[21]
Europe
editAccording to a research conducted in 1959, by Dr. Frederick Meyer, of the United States Department of Agriculture, the camellias of Campo Bello (Portugal) are the oldest known specimens in Europe, which would have been planted around 1550, that is to say, these trees are nowadays approximately 460 years old.[22]However it is said that the camellia was first brought to the West in 1692 byEngelbert Kaempfer,Chief Surgeon to the Dutch East India Company. He brought details of over 30 varieties back from Asia.[citation needed]Camellias were introduced into Europe during the 18th century and had already been cultivated in the Orient for thousands of years. Robert James of Essex, England, is thought to have brought back the first live camellia to England in 1739. On his return fromDejima,Carl Peter Thunbergmade a short trip to London where he made the acquaintance ofSir Joseph Banks.Thunberg donated toKew Botanic Gardensfour specimens ofCamellia japonica.One of these was supposedly given in 1780 to the botanical garden ofPillnitz CastlenearDresdenin Germany where it currently measures 8.9 metres (29 feet) in height and 11 metres (36 feet) in diameter.[23]
The oldest trees ofCamellia japonicain Europe can be found inCampobello(Portugal),Caserta(Italy) andPillnitz(Germany).[24]These were probably planted at the end of the 16th century.
United States
editIn the U.S., camellias were first sold in 1807 as greenhouse plants, but were soon distributed to be grown outdoors in the south.[7]
In Charleston, South Carolina, the estate garden of Magnolia-on-the-Ashley introduced hundreds of newCamellia japonicacultivars from the 19th century onwards, and its recently restored collection has been designated an International Camellia Garden of Excellence. "Debutante", a popular variety, was originally introduced by Magnolia as "Sarah C. Hastie". The name was changed to give it more marketing appeal.[citation needed]
Cross-breeding of camellias has produced many cultivars which are tolerant ofhardiness zone6 winters. These camellia varieties can grow in the milder parts of the lower Midwest (St. Louis, for example), Pacific Northwest, NYC area (NYC/NJ/CT), and even Ontario, Canada (near edge of the Great Lakes).[citation needed]
It is the official state flower of the US state ofAlabama.[25]
Cultivars
editCamellia japonicais valued for its flowers, which can be single, semi-double ordouble flowered.[7]There are more than 2,000cultivarsdeveloped fromC. japonica.The shade of the flowers can vary from red to pink to white; they sometimes have multi-coloured stripes or specks. Cultivars include 'Elegans' with large pink flowers which often have white streaks, 'Giulio Nuccio' with red to pinkish petals and yellow stamens, 'Mathotiana Alba' with pure white flowers, and the light crimson semi-double-flowered'The Czar'.[26]
C. japonica'Alba Plena' is nicknamed the "Bourbon Camellia". Captain Connor of theEast IndiamanCarnatic,[27]brought the flower to England in 1792.[28]The flowers are pure white and about 3 to 4 inches across. It blooms earlier than most cultivated camellias, in the early winter or spring, and can flower for 4 to 5 months.[29]
The zig-zag camellia orC. japonica'Unryu' has different zig-zag branching patterns. "Unryu" means "dragon in the clouds" in Japanese; the Japanese believe it looks like a dragon climbing up to the sky. Another type of rare camellia is called the fishtail camellia orC. japonica'Kingyo-tsubaki'. The tips of the leaves of this plant resemble a fish's tail.[30]
AGM cultivars
editThe following is a selection of cultivars that have gained theRoyal Horticultural Society'sAward of Garden Merit:
| Name | Height (m) | Spread (m) | Flower colour | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adelina Patti | 2.5 | 2.5 | pink/white | [31] |
| Adolphe Audusson | 8 | 8 | red | [32] |
| Akashigata | 2.5 | 2.5 | rose-pink | [33] |
| Alexander Hunter | 4.0 | 4.0 | deep crimson | [34] |
| Annie Wylam | 4.0 | 2.5 | pale pink | [35] |
| Australis | 4.0 | 2.5 | rose red | [36] |
| Berenice Boddy | 4.0 | 2.5 | pale pink | [37] |
| Bob Hope | 4.0 | 2.5 | deep red | [38] |
| Bob's Tinsie | 2.5 | 1.0 | bright red | [39] |
| Bokuhan | 1.0 | 1.0 | bright red | [40] |
| C.M. Hovey | 4.0 | 2.5 | rose pink | [41] |
| Carter's Sunburst | 4.0 | 2.5 | blush pink | [42] |
| Commander Mulroy | 2.5 | 1.5 | white | [43] |
| Drama Girl | 4.0 | 2.5 | rose pink | [44] |
| Gloire de Nantes | 2.5 | 2.5 | rose pink | [45] |
| Grand Prix | 8.0 | 8.0 | red | [46] |
| Grand Slam | 4.0 | 4.0 | red | [47] |
| Guilio Nucco | 4.0 | 2.5 | deep pink | [48] |
| Hagoromo | 4.0 | 2.5 | blush pink | [49] |
| Hakurakuten | 4.0 | 2.5 | white | [50] |
| Joseph Pfingstl | 4.0 | 4.0 | deep red | [51] |
| Jupiter | 4.0 | 2.5 | rose red | [52] |
| Lavinia Maggi | 4.0 | 4.0 | white/cerise | [53] |
| Margaret Davies | 4.0 | 2.5 | white/red | [54] |
| Mars | 4.0 | 4.0 | deep red | [55] |
| Masayoshi | 4.0 | 4.0 | red/white | [56] |
| Mercury | 2.5 | 2.5 | crimson | [57] |
| Nuccio's Jewel | 4.0 | 2.5 | white/rose | [58] |
| Sylva | 4.0 | 2.5 | crimson | [59] |
| Tricolor | 4.0 | 4.0 | white/red | [60] |
| Wilamina | 2.5 | 2.5 | pink | [61] |
For a full list of AGM camellia cultivars, seeList of Award of Garden Merit camellias
Flower form or style
editCamellia flower forms are quite varied but the main types are single, semi-double, formal double, informal double and elegans (or anemone) form.[citation needed]
Single
editSingle flowers have five to a maximum of eight petals in one row, petals loose, regular or irregular. May include petaloids; prominent display of stamens & pistils.[citation needed]
-
'Ashiya' -
'Kamo-honnnami' -
'Sekidotaroan' -
'Japanese camellia'
Semi-double
editTwo or more rows of large regular, irregular or loose outer petals (nine or more) with an uninterrupted cluster of stamens. May include petaloids; petals may overlap or be set in rows for 'hose in hose' effect.[citation needed]
-
'C.M. Wilson' -
-
'Dr. Tinsley' -
'Dr. Clifford Parks' -
'Mercury Supreme' -
'Royal Velvet' -
'Triphosa' -
'Ville De Nantes' -
'Songzi' (Pine Cone) -
'Ezo-nishiki', two 'colors' on the same plant
Irregular semi-double
editA semi-double with one or more petaloids interrupting the cluster of stamens.[citation needed]
-
'Bob Hope' -
'Drama Girl' -
'Fred Sander' -
Unidentified cultivar
Formal double
editMany rows and number of petals (sometimes more than a hundred), regularly disposed, tiered or imbricated, but no visible stamens. Usually with a central cone of tightly furled petals.[citation needed]
-
'Hikarugenji' -
'Black Lace' -
'Coquettii' -
'Dahlohnega' -
'Duchesse de Berry' -
'White by the Gate'
Elegans orm
editOne or more rows of large outer petals lying flat or undulating, with a mass of intermingled petaloids and stamens in the center. Also called "Anemone Form".[citation needed]
-
'Althaeiflora' -
'Bernhard Lauterbach' -
'Chandler's Elegance' -
'Nobilissima'
Informal double
editA mass of raised petals with petaloids (parts of the flower that have assumed the appearance of small, narrow or twisted petals). Stamens may or may not be visible. Also called "Peony Form".[citation needed]
-
'Ann Blair Brown Variegated' -
'Colombo' -
'Frankie Winn' -
'Nuccio's Jewel'
Cultivation
editCamellias should be planted in the shade in organic, somewhat acidic, semi-moist but well drained soil. If the soil is not well drained, it can cause the roots to rot.[62]
As aCamelliaspecies,C. japonicacan be used to make tea. Its processed leaves show aromatic fragrance. It contains caffeine and catechins of the same kind asC. sinensis.[63]
Diseases
editSome fungal and algal diseases include: Spot Disease, which gives the upper side of leaves a silver color and round spots, and can cause loss of leaves; Black Mold; Leaf Spot; Leaf Gall; Flower Blight, which causes flowers to become brown and fall; Root Rot; and Canker caused by the fungusGlomerella cingulata,which penetrates plants through wounds. Some insects and pests ofC. japonicaare the Fuller Rose BeetlePantomorus cervinus,themealybugsPlanococcus citriandPseudococcus longispinus,theweevilsOtiorhyncus salcatusandOtiorhyncus ovatus,and the tea scaleFiorinia theae.[citation needed]
Some physiological diseases include salt injury which results from high levels of salt in soil;chlorosiswhich is thought to be caused lack of certain elements in the soil or insufficient acidity preventing their absorption by the roots; bud drop which causes loss or decay of buds, and can be caused by over-watering, high temperatures, or pot-bound roots. Other diseases areoedemaand sunburn. Not much is known about viral diseases inC. japonica.[64]
Use by humans
editCamellias are used to make teas and medicinal tinctures, see the overview ofCamellia Use.
In culture and art
edit
Camellias are seen as lucky symbols for theChinese New Yearand spring and were even used as offerings to the gods during the Chinese New Year. It is also thought that Chinese women would never wear a Camellia in their hair because it opened much later after the bud formed. This was thought to signify that she would not have a son for a long time.[11]
The following is a poem written by English evangelical Protestant writerCharlotte Elizabeth Tonnain 1834:[65]
THE WHITE CAMELLIA JAPONICA.
Thou beauteous child of purity and grace,
What element could yield so fair a birth?
Defilement bore me — my abiding place
Was mid the foul clods of polluted earth.
But light looked on me from a holier sphere,
To draw me heavenward — then I rose and shone;
And can I vainly to thine eye appear,
Thou dust-born gazer? make the type thine own.
From thy dark dwelling look thou forth, and see
The purer beams that brings a lovelier change for thee.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^Wheeler, L., Su, M. & Rivers, M.C. (2015).Camellia japonica.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T62054114A62054131.https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T62054114A62054131.enArchived2023-11-09 at theWayback Machine.Retrieved 22 October 2018.
- ^English Names for Korean Native Plants(PDF).Pocheon:Korea National Arboretum.2015. p. 385.ISBN978-89-97450-98-5.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 25 May 2017.Retrieved4 January2017– viaKorea Forest Service.
- ^Botanica. The Illustrated AZ of over 10000 garden plants and how to cultivate them,p 176-177. Könemann, 2004.ISBN3-8331-1253-0
- ^abcdeMin, Tianlu; Bartholomew, Bruce.Camellia japonica.Archivedfrom the original on 2014-08-19.Retrieved2011-11-18.,inWu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan, eds. (1994),Flora of China,Beijing; St. Louis: Science Press; Missouri Botanical Garden,archivedfrom the original on 2012-05-01,retrieved2011-10-01
- ^Majumder, Soumya; Ghosh, Arindam; Bhattacharya, Malay (August 2020)."Natural anti-inflammatory terpenoids in Camellia japonica leaf and probable biosynthesis pathways of the metabolome".Bulletin of the National Research Centre.44(1): 141.doi:10.1186/s42269-020-00397-7.ISSN2522-8307.
- ^Roubik, Sakai, and Abang A. Hamid Karim.Pollination ecology and the rain forest.New York: Springer Science + Business Media. 2005. 135.ISBN0-387-21309-0
- ^abcCothran, James R.Gardens and historic plants of the antebellum South.South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. 2003. pages 166-167.ISBN1-57003-501-6
- ^ab"Camellia"(PDF).Flora of China.12:367–412. 2007.Archived(PDF)from the original on 2014-08-19.Retrieved2014-08-17.
- ^"Camellia rusticana".The Plant List.Archivedfrom the original on 2 November 2020.Retrieved17 August2014.
- ^Waterhouse, Eben Gowrie (August 1963)."Camellia rusticana - The" Snow-camellia "of Japan"(PDF).The Camellia Bulletin.16(4): 8. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2014-08-19.Retrieved2014-08-17.
- ^abValder, Peter. The Garden Plants of China. Oregon: Timber Press, 1999.ISBN0-88192-470-9
- ^abcTate, Ken."The History of Camellias In Australia".Camellias Australia. Archived fromthe originalon 2014-08-19.Retrieved19 August2014.
- ^abHazelwood, Walter G. (1955)."Camellias in Australia"(PDF).American Camellia Yearbook:64–72.
- ^abBarker, Geoff (14 May 2014)."The Parramatta River 1848 to 1861 – Personal Observations by W S Campbell".Parramatta Heritage Centre. Archived fromthe originalon 19 August 2014.Retrieved17 August2014.
- ^abSpencer, Roger, ed. (1995).Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia: Flowering Plants Vol. 2.UNSW Press. p. 324.ISBN9780868403038.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-11-09.Retrieved2020-11-09.
- ^"Horticulture Farming Etc".The Sydney Morning Herald.May 29, 1878. p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on 2 November 2020.Retrieved17 August2014.
- ^"President's report".The Granville Guardian.18(3): 1. April 2011.
- ^The Book of Sydney Suburbs,Compiled by Frances Pollen, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in AustraliaISBN0-207-14495-8
- ^McClymont, John (2009)."Camellia".Sydney Journal.2(1): 84.doi:10.5130/sj.v2i1.1191.
- ^O'Neil, W.M. "Waterhouse, Eben Gowrie (1881–1977)".Eben Gowrie Waterhouse.Australian National University.Archivedfrom the original on 19 September 2016.Retrieved19 September2016– via Australian Dictionary of Biography.
- ^"E.G. Waterhouse National Camellia Gardens, Caringbah South - Sutherland Shire Council".sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au.Archived fromthe originalon 23 September 2020.
- ^Jorge Garrido: "Portuguese Camellias, History&Beauty" Agro-Manual Publicaçoes, Lda, February 2014. Page: 1
- ^"Die Pillnitzer Kamelie (Camellia japonica L.)"(in German). Staatliche Schlösser, Burgen und Gärten Sachsen. 2011.Archivedfrom the original on 3 February 2017.Retrieved26 December2011.
- ^P. Vela, J. L. Couselo, C. Salinero, M. González, M. J. Sainz: "Morpho-botanic and molecular characterization of the oldest camellia trees in Europe". In:International Camellia Journal,No. 41, 2009, pp. 51-57
- ^"51 Alabama Facts".Meet The USA. 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-07-03.Retrieved2022-07-03.
- ^Nico Vermeulen.The Complete Encyclopedia of Container Plants,pp. 65-66. Rebo International, Netherlands, 1998.ISBN90-366-1584-4
- ^"Camellia japonica Alba Plena".internationalcamellia.org.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-07-12.Retrieved2021-07-12.
- ^Booth, William B. History and Description of the Species of Camellia and Thea. Published by s.n., 1829. Original from Harvard University. Digitized Jun 4, 2007.
- ^The Magazine of horticulture, botany, and all useful discoveries and improvements in rural affairs. Published by Hovey., 1836. v. 2. Original from Harvard University. Digitized May 11, 2007.
- ^Kirton, Meredith.Dig: Modern Australian Gardening.Murdoch Books, 2004. 399.ISBN1-74045-365-4
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Adelina Patti'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Adolphe Audusson'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Akashigata'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Alexander Hunter'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Annie Wylam'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Australis'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Berenice Boddy'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Bob Hope'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Bob's Tinsie'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Bokuhan'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'C. M. Hovey'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Carter's Sunburst'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Commander Mulroy'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Drama Girl'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Gloire de Nantes'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Grand Prix'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Grand Slam'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Guilio Nucco'".Archivedfrom the original on 20 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Hagoromo'".Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Hakurakuten'".Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Joseph Pfingstl'".Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Jupiter'".Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Lavinia Maggi'".Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Margaret Davies'".Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Mars'".Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Masayoshi'".Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Mercury'".Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Nuccio's Jewel'".Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Sylva'".Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Tricolor'".Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
- ^"RHS Plant Selector -Camellia japonica'Wilamina'".Archivedfrom the original on 22 February 2020.Retrieved19 February2020.
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