Wikipedia

Queen Camilla

(Redirected fromCamilla, Duchess of Cornwall)
For other uses, seeQueen Camilla (disambiguation).
"Camilla Parker Bowles" redirects here. For the former wife of Richard Parker Bowles, seeCamilla Wood, Countess of Halifax.

Camilla(bornCamilla Rosemary Shand,laterParker Bowles,17 July 1947) isQueen of the United Kingdomand the 14 otherCommonwealth realmsas the wife ofKing Charles III.[note 1]

Camilla
Camilla aged 72
Formal portrait, 2019
Queen consort of the United Kingdom
and otherCommonwealth realms[note 1]
Tenure8 September 2022 – present
Coronation6 May 2023
BornCamilla Rosemary Shand
(1947-07-17)17 July 1947(age 77)
King's College Hospital,London, England
Spouses
​
​
(m.1973;div.1995)​
​
(m.2005)​
Issue
HouseWindsor(by marriage)
FatherBruce Shand
MotherRosalind Cubitt
SignatureCamilla's signature
Education

Camilla was raised inEast SussexandSouth Kensingtonin England and educated in England, Switzerland, and France. In 1973, she marriedBritish ArmyofficerAndrew Parker Bowles;they divorced in 1995. Camilla and Charles were romantically involved periodically, both before and during each of their first marriages. Their relationship was highly publicised in the media and attracted worldwide scrutiny. In 2005,Camilla married Charlesin theWindsor Guildhall,which was followed by a televisedAnglicanblessing atSt George's ChapelinWindsor Castle.From their marriage until Charles's accession, she was known as theDuchess of Cornwall.On 8 September 2022, Charles became king upon thedeath of his mother,Queen Elizabeth II,with Camilla asqueen consort.Charles and Camilla's coronationtook place atWestminster Abbeyon 6 May 2023.

Camilla carries out public engagements representing the monarch and is the patron of numerous charities and organisations. Since 1994, she has campaigned to raise awareness ofosteoporosis,which has earned her several honours and awards. She has also campaigned to raise awareness of issues such as rape, sexual abuse, illiteracy, animal welfare and poverty.

Early life and education

Camilla Rosemary Shand was born on 17 July 1947 atKing's College Hospital,London.[1][a]Her family split their time between theircountry house—18th-centuryThe Laines[2]inPlumpton, East Sussex[3]—and theirLondon houseinSouth Kensington.[4]Her parents wereBritish Armyofficer-turned-businessman MajorBruce Shandand his wife,Rosalind,daughter ofRoland Cubitt, 3rd Baron Ashcombe.Camilla has a younger sister,Annabel Elliot,and had a younger brother,Mark Shand.[5]One of her maternal great-grandmothers,Alice Keppel,was a mistress ofKing Edward VII.[6][7]

Rosalind was a charity worker[8]who during the 1960s and 1970s volunteered at theChailey Heritage Foundation(which helps young children with disabilities) near their Sussex home. Bruce had various business interests after retiring from the army. He was most notably a partner in Block, Grey and Block, a firm ofwine merchantsinSouth Audley Street,Mayfair,later joining Ellis, Son and Vidler ofHastingsand London.[9]

On 1 November 1947, Shand was baptised at St. Peter's Church,Firle,East Sussex.[10]

During her childhood, Shand became an avid reader through the influence of her father, who read to her frequently.[11]She grew up with dogs and cats,[12]and, at a young age, learnt how to ride by joiningPony Clubcamps, going on to win rosettes at communitygymkhanas.[4][13]According to her, childhood "was perfect in every way".[3]BiographerGyles Brandrethdescribes her background and childhood:

Camilla is often described as having had an "Enid Blytonsort of childhood ". In fact, it was much grander than that. Camilla, as a little girl, may have had some personality traits ofGeorge,the tomboy girl among theFamous Five,but Enid Blyton's children were essentially middle-class children and the Shands, without question, belonged to the upper class. The Shands had position and they had help—help in the house, help in the garden, help with children. They weregentry.They opened their garden for the localConservative PartyAssociation summer fête. Enough said.[12]

When she was five, Shand was sent to Dumbrells, aco-educational schoolinDitchlingvillage.[12]From the age of 10, she attendedQueen's Gate Schoolnear her London home. Her classmates at Queen's Gate knew her as "Milla"; her fellow pupils included the singerTwinkle(Lynn Ripley), who described her as a girl of "inner strength" exuding "magnetism and confidence".[14]One of the teachers at the school, the writerPenelope Fitzgerald,who taught French, remembered Shand as "bright and lively". Shand left Queen's Gate with one O-level in 1964; her parents did not make her stay long enough for A-levels.[15]Aged 16, she attended the Mont Fertile finishing school inTolochenaz,Switzerland.[16]After completing her course there, she studied French and French literature at theBritish Institute in Parisfor six months.[16][17][18]

On 25 March 1965, Shand was adebutantein London,[19]one of 311 that year. After moving from home, she shared a small flat inKensingtonwith her friend Jane Wyndham, niece of decoratorNancy Lancaster.She later moved into a larger flat inBelgravia,which she shared with her landladyLady Moyra Campbell,the daughter of the4th Duke of Abercorn,and later with Virginia Carington, daughter of the6th Baron Carrington.[20]Virginia was married to Shand's uncleLord Ashcombefrom 1973 until 1979,[21]and in 2005 became a special aide to Camilla andCharles.[22]Shand worked as a secretary for a variety of firms in theWest End,and as a receptionist for the decorating firmSibyl Colefax & John Fowlerin Mayfair.[23]She was reportedly fired from the job after "she came in late, having been to a dance".[24]

Shand continued to ride, and frequently attended equestrian activities.[25]She also had a passion for painting, which eventually led to her private tutoring with an artist, although most of her work "ended up in the bin".[26]Other interests were fishing, horticulture and gardening.[27][28]

Marriages and children

First marriage

In the late 1960s, Shand metAndrew Parker Bowles,then a Guards officer – alieutenantin theBlues and Royalsthrough his younger brother, Simon, who worked for her father's wine firm in Mayfair.[29]After an on-and-off relationship for years, Parker Bowles and Shand's engagement was announced inThe Timesin 1973.[30]Sally Bedell Smithclaimed that the announcement was sent out by the pair's parents without their knowledge, which forced Parker Bowles to propose.[31]They married on 4 July 1973 in aRoman Catholicceremony at theGuards' Chapel, Wellington Barracks,in London.[32]Shand was 25 years old and Parker Bowles 33. Her wedding dress was designed by British fashion houseBellville Sassoon,[32]and the bridesmaids included Parker Bowles's goddaughterLady Emma Herbert.[33]It was considered the "society wedding of the year"[34]with 800 guests.[32]Royal guests present at the ceremony and reception includedQueen Elizabeth II's daughter,Anne;the Queen's sister,Margaret;andQueen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[34]

Bolehyde Manorin Allington, Wiltshire

The couple made their home inWiltshire,purchasingBolehyde ManorinAllingtonand laterMiddlewick HouseinCorsham.[35][36]They had two children:Tom(born 18 December 1974)[37]andLaura(born 1 January 1978).[38]Tom is a godson of King Charles III.[37]Both children were brought up in their father's Roman Catholic faith, particularly during the lifetime of their paternal grandmother,Ann Parker Bowles;Camilla remained an Anglican and did not convert to Roman Catholicism.[39]Laura attended a Catholic girls' school, but married in an Anglican church; Tom did not attendAmpleforth Collegeas his father had, butEton—and was married outside the Catholic Church. Tom, like his father, isin remainderto theEarldom of Macclesfield.[40]

In December 1994, after 21 years of marriage, the couple issued divorce proceedings on the grounds they had been living separately for years. In July of that year, Camilla's mother, Rosalind, had died fromosteoporosis,and her father later described this as a "difficult time for her".[41]Their petition was heard and granted in January 1995 at the High Court Family Division in London.[42]The divorce was finalised on 3 March 1995.[43]A year later, Andrew married Rosemary Pitman (who died in 2010).[44][45]

Relationship with Charles

Shand reportedly met Prince Charles in mid-1971.[46]Andrew Parker Bowles had ended his relationship with Shand in 1970 and was courting Princess Anne.[47]Though Shand and Charles belonged to the same social circle and occasionally attended the same events, they had not formally met. Gyles Brandreth states that they did not first meet at apolomatch, as has been commonly believed.[48][49]Instead, they first met at the home of their friend Lucía Santa Cruz, who formally introduced them.[25][50]They became close friends and eventually began a romantic relationship, which was well known within their social circle.[51]As a couple, they regularly met at polo matches at Smith's Lawn inWindsor Great Park,where Charles often played polo.[52]They also became part of a set atAnnabel'sinBerkeley Square.[46]As the relationship grew more serious, Charles met Shand's family in Plumpton, and he introduced her to some members of his family.[53]The relationship was put on hold after Charles travelled overseas to join theRoyal Navyin early 1973, and ended abruptly afterward.[1][54]

There have been different explanations for why the relationship ended.Robert Laceywrote in his 2008 bookRoyal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth IIthat Charles met Shand too early, and he had not asked her to wait for him when he went overseas for military duties.[55]Sarah Bradfordwrote in her 2007 bookDianathat a member of the close circle of his great-uncleLord Mountbattenclaimed Mountbatten arranged for Charles to be taken overseas to end the relationship with Shand, to make way for an engagement between Charles and his granddaughterAmanda Knatchbull.[56]Some sources suggest Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother did not approve of Shand because she wanted Charles to marry one of theSpencer familygranddaughters of her close friendLady Fermoy.[57]Other sources suggest Shand did not want to marry Charles but instead Andrew Parker Bowles, having had an on-and-off relationship with him since the late 1960s[58]—or that Charles had decided he would not marry until he was 30.[59]

The majority of royal biographers agree that Charles would not have been allowed to marry Shand had he sought permission to do so. According to Charles's cousin and godmotherPatricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma,some palace courtiers at that time deemed Shand unsuitable as a prospective consort. In 2005, she stated, "With hindsight, you can say that Charles should have married Camilla when he first had the chance. They were ideally suited, we know that now. But it wasn't possible." [...][60]"it wouldn't have been possible, not then."[61]Nevertheless, they remained friends.[62][63]In August 1979,Lord Mountbatten was assassinatedby theProvisional Irish Republican Army.Charles was grief-stricken by his death, and reportedly relied heavily on Camilla Parker Bowles for solace. During this period, rumours began circulating, among close friends of the Parker Bowleses and in polo-playing communities, that Camilla and Charles had rekindled their intimate relationship.[64]A source close to Parker Bowles confirmed that by 1980 they had indeed rekindled as lovers.[65]There are also claims by royal staff that it occurred earlier.[66]Parker Bowles's husband, Andrew, reportedly approved of the affair,[67]while he had numerous lovers throughout their marriage.[68]Nevertheless, Charles soon began a relationship withLady Diana Spencer,whom he married in 1981.[69]

The affair became public knowledge in the press a decade later, with the publication ofDiana: Her True Storyin 1992,[70]followed by the "Camillagate" (also known as "Tampongate"[71]) tape scandal in 1993,[72]when an intimate telephone conversation between Parker Bowles and Charles was secretly recorded, and the transcripts were published in thetabloid press.[73][74]The book and tape immediately damaged Charles's public image,[75]and the media vilified Parker Bowles.[76]In 1994, Charles finally spoke about his relationship with Parker Bowles inCharles: The Private Man, the Public RolewithJonathan Dimbleby.He told Dimbleby in the interview, "Mrs. Parker Bowles is a great friend of mine... a friend for a very long time. She will continue to be a friend for a very long time."[77]He later admitted in the interview that their relationship was rekindled after his marriage had "irretrievably broken down" in 1986.[78]

Image rehabilitation

Following both of their divorces, Charles declared his relationship with Parker Bowles was "non-negotiable".[79]Charles was aware that the relationship was receiving a lot of negative publicity, and appointedMark Bolland—whom he had employed in 1995 to refurbish his own image‍—to enhance Parker Bowles's public profile.[80]In July 1997, she was involved in a head-on car accident while driving toHighgrove House,though neither she nor the other driver sustained any major injuries.[81]Parker Bowles occasionally became Charles's unofficial companion at events. In 1999, they made their first public appearance together at theRitz London Hotel,where they attended a birthday party for her sister; about 200 photographers and reporters from around the world were there to witness them together.[82]In 2000, she accompanied Charles to Scotland for a number of official engagements, and in 2001, she became president of theRoyal Osteoporosis Society(ROS), which introduced her to the public.[83]

Parker Bowles later met Queen Elizabeth II, for the first time since Parker Bowles and Charles's relationship was made public, at the 60th birthday party of the former Greek kingConstantine IIin 2000. This meeting was seen as an apparent seal of approval by the Queen on her son's relationship with Parker Bowles.[84][85]After a series of appearances at public and private venues, the Queen invited Parker Bowles to herGolden Jubileecelebrations in 2002. She sat in theroyal boxbehind the Queen for one of the concerts at Buckingham Palace.[86]Charles reportedly paid privately for two full-time security staff for her protection.[87]Although Parker Bowles maintained her residence,Ray Mill House,which she purchased in 1995, nearLacockin Wiltshire,[88]she then moved intoClarence House,Charles's household and official residence since 2003.[89][90]In 2004, she accompanied Charles on almost all of his official events, including a high-profile visit together to the annualhighland gamesin Scotland.[91]The media speculated on when they would announce their engagement, and as time went by, polls conducted in the United Kingdom showed overall support for the marriage.[92]

Despite this image rehabilitation, Parker Bowles received backlash from supporters of Diana who wrote to national newspapers to air their views, especially after Parker Bowles and Charles's wedding plans were announced.[93]This sentiment was later parodied byinternet trollson Facebook andTikTokthrough fakefanpagesand accounts dedicated to Diana.[94]In 2023,The Independentnamed Camilla the most influential woman of 2023 in its "Influence List" and her name appeared on the list again in 2024.[95][96]

Second marriage

Further information:Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker BowlesandWedding dress of Camilla Parker Bowles

On 10 February 2005, Clarence House publicised the engagement of Camilla Parker Bowles and the Prince of Wales. As an engagement ring, Charles gave Parker Bowles a diamond ring believed to have been given to his grandmother when she gave birth to Charles's mother.[97]The ring comprised a square-cut diamond with three diamondbaguetteson each side.[98]As the futuresupreme governor of the Church of England,the prospect of Charles marrying a divorcée was seen as controversial, but with the consent of the Queen,[99]the government,[100]and the Church of England, the couple were able to wed. The Queen andTony Blair,along with Archbishop of CanterburyRowan Williams,offered their best wishes in statements to the media.[101]In the two months following the announcement of their engagement, Clarence House received 25,000 letters with "95 or 99 per cent being supportive"; 908hate mailletters were also received, with the more threatening and personal ones sent to the police for investigation.[102]

The marriage was to have been on 8 April 2005, in acivil ceremonyatWindsor Castle,with a subsequent religious service of blessing[103]atSt George's Chapel.However, to conduct a civil marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the venue to obtain a licence for civil marriages, which it did not have. A condition of such a licence is that the licensed venue must be available for a period of one year to anyone wishing to be married there, and as the royal family did not wish to make Windsor Castle available to the public for civil marriages, the venue was changed to the town hall atWindsor Guildhall.[104]On 4 April, the marriage was delayed by one day to allow the Prince of Wales and some of the invited dignitaries to attend thefuneral of Pope John Paul II.[105]

On 9 April 2005, the marriage ceremony was held. The parents of Charles and Camilla did not attend;[106]instead, Camilla's son Tom and Charles's sonPrince Williamacted as witnesses to the union.[107]The Queen and theDuke of Edinburghdid attend the service of blessing. Afterwards, the Queen held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle.[108]Performers included theSt George's Chapel Choir,thePhilharmonia Orchestra,and Welsh composerAlun Hoddinott.[109]As a wedding gift, The Marinsky Theatre Trust inSt. Petersburgbrought a Belarusianmezzo-sopranosinger,Ekaterina Semenchuk,to the United Kingdom to perform a special song for the couple.[110]Following the wedding, the couple travelled to Charles's country home in Scotland,Birkhall,[111]and carried out their first public duties together during their honeymoon.[112]

Duchess of Cornwall

In Brazil, 2009

After becomingDuchess of Cornwall,Camilla automatically acquired rank as the second highest woman in theBritish order of precedence(after Queen Elizabeth II), and as typically fifth or sixth in theorders of precedenceof her other realms, following the Queen, the relevantviceroy,the Duke of Edinburgh, and the Prince of Wales. It was revealed that the Queen altered the royal order of precedence for private occasions, placing the Duchess fourth, after the Queen, Princess Anne andPrincess Alexandra.[113]Within two years of the marriage, the Queen extended Camilla visible tokens of membership in the royal family: she lent Camilla theGreville Tiara,which previously belonged to the Queen Mother,[114]and granted her thebadgeof theRoyal Family Order of Elizabeth II.[115]

After their wedding, Clarence House, Charles's official residence, also became Camilla's. The couple also stay at Birkhall for holiday events, andHighgrove Housein Gloucestershire for family gatherings. In 2008, they took up residence atLlwynywermod,Wales, where they stay on their visit to Wales every year in the summer and for other occasions.[116]To spend time alone with her children and grandchildren, Camilla still maintains Ray Mill House, in which she resided from 1995 to 2003.[117]

With Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Charles in the1902 State Landau,2012

According to an undated statement from Clarence House, Camilla used to be asmokerbut has not smoked for many years.[118]Though no details were publicly released, it was confirmed in March 2007 that she had undergone ahysterectomy.[119]In April 2010, she fractured her left leg while hill walking in Scotland.[120]In November 2010, Camilla and Charles were indirectly involved instudent protestswhen their car was attacked by protesters.[121]Clarence House later released a statement on the incident: "A car carrying Prince Charles and the Duchess of Cornwall was attacked by protesters, but the couple were unharmed."[122]In 2011, they were named asindividualswhose confidential information was reportedly targeted or actually acquired in conjunction with thenews media phone hacking scandal.[123]

On 9 April 2012, Camilla and Charles's seventh wedding anniversary, the Queen appointed Camilla to theRoyal Victorian Order.[124]In 2015, Charles commissioned a pub to be named after Camilla, situated atPoundburyvillage. The pub opened in 2016 and is named the Duchess of Cornwall Inn.[125]On 9 June 2016, the Queen appointed the Duchess as a member of theBritish Privy Council.[126]On 1 January 2022, she made Camilla aRoyal Lady of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.[127]On 14 February 2022, Camilla tested positive forCOVID-19,four days after Charles had also contracted it, and beganself-isolating.[128]She and Charles received their first doses of aCOVID-19 vaccinein February 2021.[129]She completed 3,886 engagements between 2005 and 2022.[130]

Foreign and domestic trips

Charles and Camilla with George W. and Laura Bush at the White House, November 2005

Camilla's first solo engagement as Duchess of Cornwall was a visit toSouthampton General Hospital;[131]she attended theTrooping the Colourfor the first time in June 2005, making her appearance on the balcony ofBuckingham Palaceafterwards. She made herinauguraloverseas tour in November 2005,[132]when she visited the United States,[132]and metGeorge W.andLaura Bushat the White House.[133]Afterward, Camilla and Charles visitedNew Orleansto see theaftermath of Hurricane Katrinaand met some of the residents whose lives were affected by the hurricane.[134]In March 2006, the couple visited Egypt, Saudi Arabia and India.[135]In 2007, Camilla conducted thenaming ceremoniesforHMSAstuteand the newCunardcruise ship,MSQueen Victoria.[136]In November 2007, she toured with the Prince of Wales on a four-day visit to Turkey.[137]In 2008, she and Charles toured theCaribbean,Japan, Brunei and Indonesia.[138]In 2009, they toured Chile, Brazil, Ecuador,[139]Italy and Germany. Their visit to theHoly Seein Italy included a meeting withPope Benedict XVI.[140]They later visited Canada. In early 2010, they visited Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland.[141]Camilla was unable to carry out her engagements on their tour of Eastern Europe after developing atrapped nervein her back.[120]In October 2010, she accompanied Charles to Delhi, India, for the opening of the2010 Commonwealth Games.[142]

At the official opening of the Fourth Assembly at theSeneddinCardiff,Wales, 7 June 2011

In March 2011, Camilla and Charles visited Portugal, Spain, and Morocco,[143]visiting the heads of state of each country.[144]In June 2011, the Duchess alone represented the British royal family at the125th Wimbledon Tennis Championships.[145]In August 2011, she accompanied Charles toTottenhamto visit the aftermath of theLondon riots.[146]The couple later went to visit with Tottenham residents in February 2012, meeting with local shop owners six months after the riots to see how they were doing.[147]In London on 11 September 2011, the Duchess attended the 10th anniversary memorial service of the 9/11 attacks, along withDavid Cameronand the Prince of Wales.[148]In November 2011, Camilla travelled with Charles to tour the Commonwealth andArab States of the Persian Gulf.They toured South Africa and Tanzania and met with those countries' respective presidents,Jacob ZumaandJakaya Kikwete.[149]

In March 2012, the couple visited Norway, Sweden and Denmark to markElizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.[150]In May 2012, they undertook a four-day trip to Canada as part of the jubilee celebrations.[151]In November 2012, they visited Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea for a two-week jubilee tour.[152]During the Australian tour, they attended the2012 Melbourne Cup,where Camilla presented the Melbourne cup to the winner of the race.[153]In 2013, the couple went on a tour to Jordan, meeting withKing Abdullah IIandQueen Rania.They visitedSyrian refugee campsof thecivil war.[154]Camilla attended theState Opening of Parliamentfor the first time in May 2013,[155]and the same month, she travelled to Paris on her first solo trip outside the United Kingdom.[18]That same year, she and Charles attended theinauguration of Willem-Alexander,King of the Netherlands, as well as the preceding celebrations in honour of the departingQueen Beatrix.[156][157]

Camilla, June 2022

In June 2014, Camilla and Charles attended the 70th anniversary commemorations ofD-Dayin Normandy, France,[158]and in November of that year, they embarked on a nine-day tour to Mexico and Colombia.[159]In May 2015, they visited Northern Ireland and undertook their first joint trip to the Republic of Ireland.[160]In April 2018, they toured Australia and attended the opening of the2018 Commonwealth Games.[161]They also toured the West African countries of The Gambia, Ghana and Nigeria in November 2018.[162]In March 2019, Charles and Camilla went on an official tour to Cuba, making them the first British royalty to visit the country; the tour was part of offers to strengthen UK–Cuban ties.[163]In March 2021, the couple went on their first official foreign visit since the start of theCOVID-19 pandemicand visited Greece at the invitation of the Greek government to celebrate the bicentennial ofGreek independence.[164]In March 2022, they visited the Republic of Ireland to commemorateElizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee.[165]In May 2022, the couple undertook athree-day trip to Canadaas part of the jubilee celebrations.[166]

Queen consort

On her coronation day

Camilla becamequeen consorton 8 September 2022 upon her husband's accession as Charles III, following thedeath of Elizabeth II.[167]On 10 September, she attended theAccession Councilwhere Charles was formallyproclaimed kingand she served as a witness together with her stepson William.[168]

Following the accession, Camilla announced that she was replacing the traditional role oflady-in-waitingwith a new role ofqueen's companion,which would be a more occasional and less formal role, assisting her at official engagements but not in replying to letters or day-to-day planning.[169]On 13 February 2023, Buckingham Palace announced that Camilla had tested positive for COVID-19, which forced her to postpone a number of public engagements.[170]

Camilla was crowned alongside Charleson 6 May 2023 atWestminster Abbey,London.[171] On 16 June 2023, Buckingham Palace announced that Charles had appointed Camilla to theOrder of the Thistle.[172]On 5 July, she accompanied Charles to anational service of thanksgivingatSt Giles' Cathedralwhere theHonours of Scotlandwere presented to him.[173]In the same month, it was announced that unlike the previous consort,Prince Philip,Camilla would not receive a Parliamentaryannuityand her activities would be funded through theSovereign Grantinstead.[174]

With Charles at the 80thD-Dayanniversary in France, June 2024

Camilla and Charles have engaged in three state visits and received three. In March 2023, she accompanied Charles for a state visit to Germany, which was his first foreign visit as monarch.[175]In September and October 2023, the King and Queen undertookstate visits to FranceandKenya,[176][177]and in November, Camilla appeared at Charles's side athis first State Opening of Parliament as Sovereign.[178]

Due to the King's cancer diagnosis in 2024, the Queen deputised for him in his absence at theCommonwealth Dayservice at Westminster Abbey and at theRoyal MaundyatWorcester Cathedral,[179][180]making her the first consort to hand out the ceremonial coins at the latter event.[181]In June, she and Charles travelled to Normandy to attend the 80th anniversary commemorations ofD-Day.[182]In October, she accompanied Charles on atour of AustraliaandSamoa.[183]In the following month she cancelled several of her public engagements due to a chest infection.[184]

Charity work

Patronages

Camilla is thepatronor president of over 100 charities and organisations.[185][b] She is the honorarycommodore-in-chiefof theRoyal Navy Medical Service.In this role, she visitedthe training-ship HMSExcellentin January 2012, to award medals to naval medical teams returning from service in Afghanistan.[197]She is also an honorary member of other patronages and in February 2012, she was elected abencherofGray's Inn.[198]In February 2013, she was appointed Chancellor of theUniversity of Aberdeen,a role which is ceremonial and involves conferring graduates with their degrees.[199]She took up the office in June 2013. She is the first female chancellor of the University of Aberdeen and the only member of the royal family to hold the post since it was created in 1860.[200]

At Barn Croft Primary School for a Commonwealth Big Lunch event, 2018. Camilla has been the initiative's patron since 2013.[201]

In 2015, Camilla's presidency of theWomen of the World Festival,an annual festival that celebrates the achievements of women and girls as well as looking at the obstacles they face across the world, notably domestic violence,[202]was announced.[203]In 2018 and 2020, she became the vice-patron of theRoyal Commonwealth Societyand theRoyal Academy of Dance,respectively, of which Queen Elizabeth II was a patron.[204]In March 2022, as president of theRoyal Voluntary Service,Camilla launched the organisation's Platinum Champions Awards to honour 70 volunteers nominated by the public for their efforts in improving lives in their communities.[205]In the same month, the Queen made Camilla patron of London'sNational Theatre,a role previously held by Camilla's stepdaughter-in-lawMeghan, Duchess of Sussex.[206]In January 2024, Camilla became the first royal patron of the Anne Frank Trust UK.[207]

In May 2024, after a major review of royal patronages and charity presidencies, Camilla took on 15 new patronages,[208]includingArmy Benevolent Fund,Royal Academy of Dance,Royal Voluntary Service,Royal Literary Fund,[209]Royal Foundation of St Katharine,[210]andQueen's Nursing Institute.[211]

Osteoporosis

In 1994, Camilla became a member of theNational Osteoporosis Societyafter her mother died from the disease that year. Her maternal grandmother also died from the disease in 1986. She became patron of the charity in 1997 and was appointed president in 2001 in a highly publicised event, accompanied by Charles.[212]In 2002, she launched a mini book,A Skeleton Guide to a Healthy You, Vitamins and Minerals,which aims to help women protect themselves from the disease.[213]The following month, she attended the Roundtable of International Women Leaders to Examine Barriers to Reimbursement for Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis conference along with 13 eminent women from around the world. The event was organised by theInternational Osteoporosis Foundationand hosted byQueen Rania of Jordanand during it, she made her first public speech. The international conference, which took place inLisbon,Portugal, brought together worldwide public figures to focus on osteoporosis treatment and called for government assistance around the world.[214]In 2004, she attended another conference inDublin,organised by the Irish Osteoporosis Society. The following year, she visited the United StatesNational Institutes of Healthin Maryland to give a presentation on osteoporosis to high-profile health figures.[215]

NIH directorElias Zerhouniwelcomes Charles and Camilla to the NIH for a discussion on osteoporosis with Surgeon GeneralRichard Carmonaand other health officials, November 2005

In 2006, Camilla launched the Big Bone walk campaign, leading 90 children and people with osteoporosis for a 10-mile walk and climb aroundLoch Muickat theBalmoral Estatein Scotland to raise money for the charity.[216]The campaign raised £200,000, and continues almost every year as one of the fundraisers for the charity.[217]In 2011, she appeared in the BBC Radio dramaThe Archers,playing herself,[218]to raise the profile of the disease, and in 2013 teamed up with the television seriesStrictly Come Dancingto raise funds for the National Osteoporosis Society.[219]By 2006, she had spoken at more than 60 functions on the disease in the United Kingdom and around the world and had also opened bone scanning units and osteoporosis centres to help people with the disease.[212]Almost every year, Camilla attends and partakes inWorld Osteoporosis Day,by attending events around the United Kingdom on 20 October.[220]She continues to attend conferences around the world, and meets with health experts to further discuss the disease.[221]

For her work on raising awareness of osteoporosis around the world, Camilla was honoured with an Ethel LeFrak award in 2005 from an American charity[222]and received the Kohn Foundation Award in 2007 from the National Osteoporosis Society.[223]In July 2007, Camilla opened the Duchess of Cornwall Centre for Osteoporosis at theRoyal Cornwall Hospital,Truro.[224]In the same year,King's College Londonawarded her anhonorary fellowshipfor raising the profile of osteoporosis.[225]In 2009, the National Osteoporosis Society created The Duchess of Cornwall's Award (later renamedThe Queen's Award for Osteoporosis), which recognises achievements in the field of osteoporosis.[226]In 2016, she received an honorary doctorate from theUniversity of Southamptonin recognition of her efforts in raising awareness about osteoporosis.[227]In 2019, the National Osteoporosis Society was renamed as the Royal Osteoporosis Society.[228]

Victims of rape and sexual abuse

After visiting ninerape crisis centresin 2009 and hearing accounts from survivors, Camilla began raising awareness and advocating ways to help victims ofrape and sexual abuseto overcome and move past their trauma.[229]She often speaks to victims at a rape crisis centre inCroydonand visits other centres to meet staff and victims, around the United Kingdom and during overseas tours.[230][231]In 2010, alongside themayor of London,Boris Johnson,she opened a centre inEaling,West London, for rape victims. The centre later expanded to other areas includingHillingdon,Fulham,Hounslow,andHammersmith.[232]In 2011, Camilla opened the Oakwood Place Essex Sexual Assault Referral Centre at Brentwood Community Hospital inEssex.[233]She is patron of theWiltshire Bobby Van Trust,[234]which provides home security for victims of crime and domestic abuse, and ofSafeLives,a charity that campaigns against domestic abuse and violence.[235]

In 2013, Camilla held a meeting at Clarence House which brought together rape victims and rape support groups. Director of Public ProsecutionsKeir Starmerand Home SecretaryTheresa May(both future prime ministers) were guests at the occasion. At the occasion, she introduced a plan to help the victims: about 750 wash-bags, created by her Clarence House staff and packed with luxury toiletries, were distributed to victims at the centres. Camilla thought of the gesture after she visited a centre inDerbyshireand asked victims what they would like to help them feel at ease after the trauma and forensic examinations. According to Clarence House, the event was the first meeting of high-profile figures to focus exclusively on rape and sexual abuse subjects.[231][236]In the same year, Camilla travelled to Northern Ireland and opened The Rowan, a sexual assault and referral centre atAntrim Area Hospital[237]which was the first centre to provide help and comfort to rape and sexual abuse victims in Northern Ireland.[238]In March 2016, during a tour to theWestern Balkanswith her husband, Camilla visitedUNICEFprogrammes in Montenegro and while there, she discussed child sexual abuse and was shown an exclusive preview of a new app designed to protect children from online sexual abuse.[239]The following year, she partnered with retail and pharmacy chainBootsto create a line of wash-bags which will be given to sexual assault referral centres around the United Kingdom.[240]To date, it has donated over 50,000 wash bags filled with toiletries, which are offered at SARCs after a forensic examination.[241]

In May 2020, Camilla supported SafeLives's 'Reach In' campaign, which encourages people to look out for people around them that might be suffering from domestic violence.[242]In July 2020, she guest-editedThe Emma Barnett ShowonBBC Radio 5 Live,which featured conversations on domestic violence.[243]In September 2021, Camilla was named as patron of the Mirabel Centre, Nigeria's first sexual assault referral centre.[244]In October 2021, she gave a speech at the launch ofShameless,a project endorsed by the Women of the World Foundation andBirkbeck, University of Londonlooking to educate people on sexual violence. She expressed her shock at themurder of Sarah Everardand urged both men and women to break down the "culture of silence"surrounding sexual assault.[245]

In February 2022, the Duchess and Theresa May supported a campaign initiated by the NHS England to encourage survivors of sexual and domestic abuse to come forward for help.[246]The campaign also highlighted the support offered at sexual assault referral centres (SARCs) in England.[246]The campaign was released on the first day of Sexual Abuse and Sexual Violence Awareness Week.[246]She also visited the Haven Paddington, a sexual assault referral centre inWest Londonand Thames Valley Partnership, a charity for domestic abuse survivors inAylesbury.[247]In November 2022, Camilla hosted her first reception at Buckingham Palace after becoming queen to raise awareness of violence against women and girls during the UN's annual 16 Days of Activism against Gender-Based Violence campaign. She was joined bySophie, Countess of Wessex,Queen Rania of Jordan,Queen Mathilde of Belgium,Crown Princess Mary of Denmarkand the first lady of Ukraine,Olena Zelenska.[248]Her work with survivors of domestic abuse and campaigners working to raise awareness on the issues was covered in theITVdocumentaryHer Majesty The Queen: Behind Closed Doorsin November 2024.[249]

Literacy

WithPeter McLaughlin,then headmaster ofThe Doon Schoolwhich she visited in November 2013 on her India tour[250]

Being an avid reader, Camilla is an advocate forliteracy.She is the patron of theNational Literacy Trustand other literacy charities. She often visits schools, libraries and children's organisations to read to young children. Additionally, she partakes in literacy celebrations, includingInternational Literacy DayandWorld Book Day.[251]In 2011, she donated money to support theEvening Standard's literacy campaign,[252]and replaced the Duke of Edinburgh as patron ofBookTrust.[253]Camilla has also launched and continues to launch campaigns and programmes to promote literacy.[254]On spreading literacy, she stated in 2013 during a speech at an event for the National Literacy Trust that "I firmly believe in the importance of igniting a passion for reading in the next generation. I was lucky enough to have a father who was a fervent bibliophile and a brilliant storyteller too. In a world where the written word competes with so many other calls on our attention, we need more Literacy Heroes to keep inspiring young people to find the pleasure and power of reading for themselves."[255]

Camilla has been patron of the Queen's Commonwealth Essay Competition since 2014. The initiative, which is run by the Royal Commonwealth Society, asks young writers from across the Commonwealth to write essays on a specified theme, with Camilla launching the competition annually.[256]Since 2015, she has been involved with 500 Words, a competition launched byBBC Radio 2for children to write and share their stories[257]and was announced as the competition's honorary judge in 2018.[258]Since 2019, she has supportedGyles Brandreth's initiative Poetry Together, which aims to bring younger and older generations together through poetry recitation.[259]

In January 2021, Camilla launched the Duchess of Cornwall's Reading Room online club for readers, writers and literary communities to connect and share their interests and projects.[260]In January 2022, she joined members of the Reading Room initiative to promote planting books inphoneboxlibraries around the United Kingdom.[261]In February 2023, the Reading Room initiative was relaunched as a charity under the name the Queen's Reading Room.[262]The inaugural Queen's Reading Room Festival was held atHampton Court Palaceon 11 June, withJudi Dench,Richard E. Grant,Robert Harris,Kate Mosseand other celebrities as guests.[263]The festival has become an annual event.[264]

In October 2021, Camilla was announced as patron of Silver Stories, a charity that links young people to the elderly by encouraging them to read stories over telephone.[265]In May 2022, she became patron ofBook Aid International,a role previously held by Prince Philip from 1966 until his death in 2021.[266]In July 2022 and ahead of her 75th birthday, she launched her Birthday Books Project, with the aim of providing wellbeing and happiness-themed mini libraries at 75 primary schools from disadvantaged areas in the United Kingdom.[267]In May 2023, as patron of the National Literacy Trust, Camilla opened the first Coronation library at Shirehampton Primary School in Bristol, and 50 Coronation libraries will be created for children in communities with low levels of literacy across the United Kingdom in 2023 and 2024.[268]In September 2023, she launched a new UK-France literary prize withBrigitte Macron,the Entente Littéraire Prize at theBibliothèque nationale de France(BnF) in Paris. The Entente Littéraire Prize will recognise Young Adult (YA) Fiction and allow UK and French citizens to share joint literary experiences, reinforcing cultural ties whilst celebrating the joys of reading.[269][270]In January 2024, twenty new manuscripts by different authors were added to the miniature library ofQueen Mary's Dolls' Houseas part of the Modern-Day Miniature Library project headed by Camilla to reflect Britain's modern literature.[271]

Other areas

Camilla is a supporter ofanimal welfareand patron of many animal welfare charities, includingBattersea Dogs & Cats Homeand president ofBrooke.[272]She often visits other animal shelters to show her support and to see how the animals are cared for. Camilla, who had owned twoJack Russell Terriersnamed Rosie and Tosca,[273]adopted two rescue puppies of the same breed named Beth and Bluebell from Battersea Dogs and Cats Home in 2011 and 2012, respectively.[274][275]Also in 2012, she opened twoveterinaryfacilities at theUniversity of Bristol's School of Veterinary Sciences at Langford inSomerset,which provide treatment for sick animals.[276]In 2015, she worked with department storeFortnum & Masonto sell 250 jars of honey produced by bees in her private garden in Wiltshire; the jars, priced at £20, sold out in two weeks[277]and the proceeds were donated to the Medical Detection Dogs charity, of which she is a patron.[278]Since then, she sends a limited edition of honey every year to Fortnum & Mason, with proceeds donated to her other charities.[279]

Camilla supports organisations around the world working to combat poverty andhomelessness.She is the patron ofEmmaus UK,and in 2013, during her solo trip to Paris, she went to see the work done by the charity in that city. Every year around Christmas, she visitsEmmaus communitiesacross the United Kingdom.[18]In a similar vein, she is a staunch supporter ofcredit unions,[280]which she states are a "real force for change in the financial landscape, serve the people, not profit" and "provide a friendly financial community where members mutually benefit from advice, as well as savings accounts and loans."[281]She annually hosts disabled and terminally ill children from her patronagesHelen & Douglas Houseand Roald Dahl's Marvellous Children's Charity for lunch at Clarence House, where they also decorate theChristmas tree.[282]She also supportshealthy-eating,anti-FGM,[283]arts andheritagerelated organisations and programmes.[189]

In March 2022 and amid theRussian invasion of Ukraine,Camilla made a "substantial" donation to theDaily Mail's refugee campaign.[284]In February 2023, she and Charles donated to theDisasters Emergency Committee(DEC) which was helping victims of the2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes.[285]

Fashion and style

Camilla toppedRichard Blackwell's list of "Ten Worst-Dressed Women" in 1994, and her name appeared on it again in 1995, 2001 and 2006.[286]In the years after her marriage, she has developed her own style and tried outfits and ensembles by notable fashion designers.[287][288]She is said to prefer "signature tea and shirt dress styles" and favours "tones of nude, white and navy" and "round necklines".[287]She has also been praised for her jewellery collections.[287]In 2018,Tatlernamed her on its list of Britain's best dressed people, praising her for her hat choices which have given "millinery a good name".[289]Charles and Camilla toppedTatler's Social Power Index for 2022 and 2023.[290]In 2024, the magazine included her on its list of the most glamorous European royals.[291]

In 2022, Camilla took part in her first solo magazine shoot forBritishVogue,appearing in the July 2022 issue.[292]The shoot took place at Clarence House, and the outfits were chosen from her own wardrobe.[292]In 2023, she was named among BritishVogue's "The Vogue 25", which annually celebrates influential women pushing British society forwards.[293]In response to an enquiry byPeople for the Ethical Treatment of Animals,Buckingham Palace stated in May 2024 that Camilla would no longer "procure any new fur garments".[294]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Main article:List of titles and honours of Queen Camilla

Titles and styles

Camilla's royal cyphers as queen (left)[295]and Duchess of Cornwall (right)

Upon marrying Charles, Camilla was styled "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall". In Scotland, she was known as "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Rothesay".[296]Legally, Camilla wasPrincess of Walesbut adopted the feminine form of her husband's highest-ranking subsidiary title, Duke of Cornwall, in a concession to the low public opinion of her.[297]In 2021, upon thedeath of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh,Charles inherited his father's titles,[298]and Camilla thus became also formallyDuchess of Edinburghuntil Charles's accession the following year.[299]

Clarence Housestated on the occasion of Charles and Camilla's wedding in 2005 that, upon his accession, she intended to be known asprincess consortrather than as queen.[300]Like the initial title of duchess, this promise reflected public disapproval.[167]There is no legal or historical precedent for such a title, however, and Camilla was to be queen undercommon lawanyway.[301]The rising public acceptance of her allowed the 2005 announcement to be quietly shelved.[167]In her 2022Accession Daymessage, Elizabeth II stated that it was her "sincere wish" for Camilla to be known as queen consort upon Charles's accession to the throne.[302]

Camilla duly became queen consort upon Charles's accession on 8 September 2022. She was initially styled as "Her Majesty The Queen Consort" to distinguish her from the recently deceased Queen Elizabeth II.[303][304]Since her coronation on 6 May 2023, she has been styled "Her Majesty The Queen", consistent with past queens consort.[305]

Honours

Camilla is a Royal Lady of theMost Noble Order of the Garter,[306]Extra Lady of theMost Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle,[307]Dame Grand Cross of theRoyal Victorian Order,[308]Grand Master and First and Principal Dame Grand Cross of theMost Excellent Order of the British Empire,[309]recipient of theRoyal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II,[310]recipient of theRoyal Family Order of King Charles III,[311]and a member of thePrivy Council of the United Kingdom.[312]

Arms

Coat of arms of Queen Camilla
Notes
On Camilla's 58th birthday in 2005, Clarence House announced that she had been granted by Queen Elizabeth II acoat of armsfor her own personal use. It was reported that Queen Elizabeth II, Charles, and Camilla all took a "keen interest" in the arms' creation, and they were prepared byPeter Gwynn-Jones,Garter Principal King of Arms.[313][314]A new grant of arms was made in 2023 after Charles's accession as king.[315]Camilla's coat of armsimpaletheroyal armsto the dexter, with her father's own arms to the sinister.[315]
Adopted
21 February 2023 (first granted 14 July 2005)[315]
Coronet
Tudor Crown[315]
Escutcheon
Within the Garter Our Royal Arms [Quarterly, I and IVGules, three lions passant guardant in pale Or langued and armed Azure.IIOr a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules.IIIAzure a harp Or stringed Argent] impaling the Arms of Shand [Azure a Boar's Head erased behind the ears Argent armed and langued Or on a Chief engrailed Argent between two Mullets Gules a Cross crosslet fitchy Sable] surmounted by Our Crown[314][315]
Supporters
To the dexter A Lion Guardant Or Crowned proper and to the sinister A Boar Azure armed and unguled Or langued Gules and gorged with a Coronet composed of Crosses formy and Fleurs-de-lys attached thereto a Chain reflexed over the back and ending in a Ring all Or[315]
Orders
The ribbon of theOrder of the Garter:[315]Honi soit qui mal y pense('Shame be to him who thinks evil of it')
Banner
A banner of Camilla's arms combined with theRoyal Standard
Symbolism
The arms contain symbolism from Camilla's paternal arms: those of the Shands of Craig from Aberdeenshire. The boar's head might indicate a connection to the prominentGordon familyof Aberdeenshire, whose arms also contain a boar's head. The mullets (stars) probably stem from marriage alliances with families that used mullets in their arms: potentially the Aberdeenshire family of Blackhall or the family of Reid of Pitfoddells.[316]The cross is used to difference the family arms and is specific to Camilla's father, MajorBruce Shand.Camilla's blue boar supporter echoes Major Shand's crest ( "a boar statant Azure armed and langued Gules his dexter forefoot resting on a mullet Gules" ).[317]
Previous versions
Initial versions of her arms as Duchess of Cornwall were depicted without the Order of the Garter, to which she was appointed in 2022. Between 2012 and 2022, her arms featured theRoyal Victorian Ordercirclet, with the insignia ofGCVOappended.[318]

Ancestry

Camilla's ancestry is predominantly English. She also hasDutch,Scottish,Colonial American,French andFrench–Canadianancestors.[319]

Camilla is descended from Dutch emigrantArnold Joost van Keppel,who was createdEarl of AlbemarlebyKing William IIIin 1696.[320]ThroughAnne van Keppel, Countess of Albemarleand a granddaughter ofKing Charles II,Camilla's bloodline is descended from the Houses ofStuartandBourbon.[319][321] Camilla's Scottish lineage descends fromKing Robert IIIthrough his daughter Mary, who was the mother of Sir WilliamEdmonstoneof Duntreath, an ancestor of her maternal great-great-grandfather,Sir William Edmonstone, 4th Baronet.[322]Her paternal ancestors, an upper-class family, emigrated to England from Scotland.[323]

Camilla's French lineage derives partially through her maternal great-great-grandmother, Sophia Mary MacNab ofHamilton, Ontario,daughter of SirAllan MacNab,who was prime minister of the Province of Canada before Confederation.[324]Sophia's sonGeorge Keppeland King Edward VII's mistressAlice Keppelwere Camilla's maternal great-grandparents.[325]

ThroughHenry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle,Camilla and Charles areninth cousins once removed.[326]

Waxwork of Charles and Camilla atMadame Tussauds,London

Emerald FennellandOlivia Williamshave portrayed Camilla during various stages of her life on theNetflixseriesThe Crown.[327][328]Fennell's performance in the 2020 fourth season earned her a nomination for thePrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.[329]Haydn Gwynneplayed Camilla in the sitcomThe Windsors.[330]

In 2024, to celebrate Queen Camilla’s role as President of The WOW Foundation and the work of the foundation in empowering girls and women,Barbiecreated a one-of-a-kind Barbie doll in her likeness.[331]

Bibliography

Books

  • Foreword to:Kotecha, Ameer (2022).The Platinum Jubilee Cookbook.Jon Croft Editions.ISBN9780993354069.

Authored articles and letters

Guest-editor

  • "HRH The Duchess of Cornwall: Guest Editor".Country Life.13 July 2022.

See also

Notes

  1. ^abThe 14 other realms areAntigua and Barbuda,Australia,the Bahamas,Belize,Canada,Grenada,Jamaica,New Zealand,Papua New Guinea,Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia,Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,theSolomon Islands,andTuvalu.
  1. ^Some sources report that she was born inPlumpton,but it seems that this is a confusion of her childhood home with her birthplace.
  2. ^These organisations include thePoppy Factory,[186]Barnardo's,[187]St Catherine's School, Bramley,[188]Animal Care Trust,[189]TheRoyal College of Podiatry,[190]Battersea Dogs & Cats Home,[191]British Forces Broadcasting Service,[192]British Equestrian Federation,[189]Dundurn Castle,[189]New Queen's Hall Orchestra,[189]St John's Smith Square,[189]London Chamber Orchestra,[189]Elmhurst School for Dance (nowElmhurst Ballet School),[189]Trinity Hospice,[189]Georgian Theatre Royal,[189]Arthritis Research UK,[189]The Girls' Friendly Society,[189]Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre,[189]Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases,[189]Plumpton CollegeCharitable Foundation,[189]Children's Hospice South West,[193]Elephant Family(joint president with the King),[194]Friends of theRoyal Academy of Arts,[195]Maggie's Cancer Caring Centres,[189]Cornwall Air AmbulanceTrust,[189]Wiltshire Air Ambulance,[189]and the P. G. Wodehouse Society of the Netherlands.[196]

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Works cited

Further reading

British royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Philip of Greece and Denmark
as consort 		Queen consort of the United Kingdom
2022–present 		Incumbent
Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
Preceded by Ladies
HM The Queen 		Followed by
Academic offices
Preceded by Chancellorof theUniversity of Aberdeen
2013–present 		Incumbent
Honorary titles
Preceded by Colonel-in-ChiefofThe Rifles
2020–present 		Incumbent
Vacant
Title last held by
The Duke of York 		Colonel of theGrenadier Guards
2022–present
Vacant
Title last held by
The Duke of Edinburgh 		Grand Master of the Order of the British Empire
2024–present
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