Wikipedia

Cape Horn

This article is about the southern headland of South America. For other uses, seeCape Horn (disambiguation).

Cape Horn(Spanish:Cabo de Hornos,pronounced[ˈkaβoðeˈoɾnos]) is the southernmostheadlandof theTierra del Fuegoarchipelagoof southernChile,and is located on the smallHornos Island.Although not the most southerly point ofSouth America(which isÁguila Islet), Cape Horn marks the northern boundary of theDrake Passageand marks where the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans meet.

Cape Horn
Naming
Native nameCabo de Hornos(Spanish)
Geography
Cape Horn is located in Chile
Cape Horn
Cape Horn
Location of Cape Horn in continental Chile
CountryChile
RegionMagallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region
SubregionAntártica Chilena Province
Map
Cape Horn is the southernmost headland of theTierra del Fuegoarchipelagoof southernChile,and is located on the smallHornos Island.It marks both the northern boundary of theDrake Passageand where the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans meet.

Cape Horn was identified by mariners and first rounded in 1616 by the DutchmenWillem SchoutenandJacob Le Maire,who named itKaap Hoornⓘafter the city ofHoornin theNetherlands.For decades, Cape Horn was a major milestone on theclipper route,by whichsailing shipscarried trade around the world. The waters around Cape Horn are particularly hazardous, owing to strong winds, large waves, strong currents andicebergs.

The need for boats and ships to round Cape Horn was greatly reduced by the opening of thePanama Canalin August 1914. Sailing around Cape Horn is still widely regarded as one of the major challenges inyachting.Thus, a few recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of acircumnavigationof the globe. Almost all of these choose routes through the channels to the north of the Cape (many take a detour through the islands and anchor to wait for fair weather to visit Horn Island, or sail around it to replicate a rounding of this historic point). Several prominent oceanyacht races,notably theVolvo Ocean Race,Velux 5 Oceans Race,and the soloVendée GlobeandGolden Globe Race,sail around the world via the Horn. Speed records for round-the-world sailing are recognized for following this route.

The islands around Cape Horn betweenSouth AmericaandAntarctica

Geography and ecology

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See also:Magellanic moorland
Cape Horn, seen from the Chilean Navy station location. The small lighthouse can be seen as a white spot close to the horizon.

Cape Horn is located onHornos Islandin theHermite Islandsgroup, at the southern end of theTierra del Fuegoarchipelago.[1][2]It marks the north edge of theDrake Passage,thestraitbetween South America and Antarctica.[3][4]It is located inCabo de Hornos National Park.

The cape lies within Chilean territorial waters, and the Chilean Navy maintains a station on Hoorn Island, consisting of a residence, utility building, chapel, and lighthouse.[5]A short distance from the main station is a memorial, including a large sculpture made by Chilean sculptorJosé Balcellsfeaturing the silhouette of analbatross,in remembrance of the sailors who died while attempting to "round the Horn". It was erected in 1992 through the initiative of the Chilean Section of the Cape Horn Captains Brotherhood.[6]Due to severe winds characteristic of the region, the sculpture was blown over in 2014. A 2019 research expedition found the world's southernmost tree growing, aMagellan's beechmostly bent to the ground, on a northeast-facing slope at the island's southeast corner.[7]Cape Horn is the southern limit of the range of theMagellanic penguin.[8]

Climate

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The climate in the region is generally cool, owing to the southern latitude. There are no weather stations in the group of islands including Cape Horn; but a study in 1882–1883, found an annual rainfall of 1,357 millimetres (53.4 inches), with an average annual temperature of 5.2 °C (41.4 °F). Winds were reported to average 30 kilometres per hour (8.33 m/s; 18.64 mph), (5Bf), with squalls of over 100 kilometres per hour (27.78 m/s; 62.14 mph), (10 Bf) occurring in all seasons.[9]There are 278 days of rainfall. (70 days snow) and 2,000 millimetres (79 inches) of annual rainfall.[10] Cloud coverage is generally extensive, with averages from 5.2 eighths in May and July to 6.4 eighths in December and January.[11][unreliable source?]Precipitation is high throughout the year: the weather station on the nearbyDiego Ramírez Islands,109 kilometres (68 miles) south-west in theSea of Hoces,shows the greatest rainfall in March, averaging 137.4 millimetres (5.41 in); while October, which has the least rainfall, still averages 93.7 millimetres (3.69 in).[12][unreliable source?]Wind conditions are generally severe, particularly in winter. In summer, the wind at Cape Horn isgaleforce up to 5 percent of the time, with generally good visibility; however, in winter, gale-force winds occur up to 30 percent of the time, often with poor visibility.[13]

Many stories are told of hazardous journeys "around the Horn", most describing fierce storms.Charles Darwinwrote: "One sight of such a coast is enough to make a landsman dream for a week about shipwrecks, peril and death."[14]

Being the southernmost point of land outside of Antarctica, the region experiences barely 7 hours of daylight during the June solstice, with Cape Horn itself having 6 hours and 57 minutes. The region experiences around17+1⁄2hours of daylight during the December solstice, and experiences onlynautical twilightfrom civil dusk to civil dawn.[15]White nightsoccur during the week around the December solstice.

Cape Horn yields asubpolar oceanic climate(Cfc), with abundant precipitation—much of which falls as sleet and snow.

Climate data for Diego Ramírez Islands (Isla Gonzalo)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.7
(58.5) 		14.4
(57.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		9.8
(49.6) 		6.4
(43.5) 		4.2
(39.6) 		3.7
(38.7) 		5.3
(41.5) 		7.9
(46.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.7
(49.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0) 		7.5
(45.5) 		6.6
(43.9) 		5.6
(42.1) 		4.5
(40.1) 		3.7
(38.7) 		3.2
(37.8) 		3.2
(37.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		4.7
(40.5) 		5.5
(41.9) 		6.5
(43.7) 		5.2
(41.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.5
(43.7) 		6.2
(43.2) 		5.0
(41.0) 		3.2
(37.8) 		1.0
(33.8) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		1.0
(33.8) 		2.6
(36.7) 		4.4
(39.9) 		5.7
(42.3) 		2.7
(36.9)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 126.0
(4.96) 		135.3
(5.33) 		137.4
(5.41) 		134.4
(5.29) 		107.4
(4.23) 		109.4
(4.31) 		107.6
(4.24) 		97.7
(3.85) 		100.0
(3.94) 		93.7
(3.69) 		99.3
(3.91) 		119.3
(4.70) 		1,367.5
(53.84)
Source: Meteorología Interactiva[16]

Political

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Southern tip of South America, showing Cape Horn

Cape Horn is part of theCommuneofCabo de Hornos,whose capital isPuerto Williams;this in turn is part ofAntártica Chilena Province,whose capital is also Puerto Williams. The area is part of theMagallanes y la Antártica Chilena Regionof Chile.[17]Puerto Toro,a few miles south of Puerto Williams, is the closest town to the cape.

Modern navigation

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Many modern tankers are too wide to fit through the Panama Canal, as are a few passenger ships and several aircraft carriers. But there are no regular commercial routes around the Horn, and modern ships carrying cargo are rarely seen. However, a number ofcruise shipsroutinely round the Horn when traveling from one ocean to the other.[18]These often stop in Ushuaia orPunta Arenasas well as Port Stanley. Some of the small passenger vessels shuttling between Ushuaia and theAntarctic Peninsulawill pass the Horn too, time and weather permitting.

Sailing routes

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A number of potential sailing routes may be followed around the tip of South America. TheStrait of Magellan,between the mainland and Tierra del Fuego, is a major—although narrow—passage, which was in use for trade well before the Horn was discovered. TheBeagle Channel(named for the ship of Charles Darwin's expedition), between Tierra del Fuego andIsla Navarino,offers a potential, though difficult route. Other passages may be taken around the Wollaston and Hermite Islands to the north of Cape Horn.[19][unreliable source?]

All of these, however, are notorious for treacherouswilliwawwinds, which can strike a vessel with little or no warning;[20][unreliable source?]given the narrowness of these routes, vessels have a significant risk of being driven onto the rocks. The open waters of the Drake Passage, south of Cape Horn, provide by far the widest route, at about 800 kilometres (500 miles) wide; this passage offers ample sea room for maneuvering as winds change, and is the route used by most ships and sailboats, despite the possibility of extreme wave conditions.[21][unreliable source?]

"Rounding" vs "Doubling" the Horn

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Rounding Cape Horn can be done on a day trip by helicopter or more arduously by charter power boat or sailboat, or by cruise ship. "Doubling the Horn" is traditionally understood to involve sailing from a point above50 degrees Southin the Pacific around the Horn to a point above 50 degrees South in the Atlantic, and then sailing back against the prevailing westerly winds to a point above the 50th parallel south again back in the Pacific—a considerably more difficult and time-consuming endeavor having a minimum length of 930 miles (1,500 km) for each leg.[22]The 50th parallel south on both coasts of South America represent a set of benchmark latitudes of a Horn run,[23]and is a region of the ocean that according toHerman Melville,"takes the conceit out of fresh-water sailors, and steeps in a still saltier brine the saltiest".[24]

Shipping hazards

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View from an unidentified sailing ship during a storm at Cape Horn, between 1885 and 1954

Several factors combine to make the passage around Cape Horn one of the most hazardous shipping routes in the world: the fierce sailing conditions prevalent in the Southern Ocean generally; the geography of the passage south of the Horn; and the extreme southern latitude of the Horn, at56° south(for comparison,Cape Agulhasat the southern tip of Africa is at35° south;Stewart Island/Rakiuraat the south end ofNew Zealandis47° south;Edinburgh56° north).

Theprevailing windsin latitudes below 40° south can blow from west to east around the world almost uninterrupted by land, giving rise to the "roaring forties"and the even more wild" furious fifties "and" screaming sixties ". These winds are hazardous enough that ships traveling east would tend to stay in the northern part of the forties (i.e. not far below 40° south latitude); however, rounding Cape Horn requires ships to press south to 56° south latitude, well into the zone of fiercest winds.[25]These winds are exacerbated at the Horn by the funneling effect of theAndesand theAntarctic Peninsula,which channel the winds into the relatively narrow Drake Passage.

The strong winds of the Southern Ocean give rise to correspondingly large waves; these waves can attain great height as they roll around the Southern Ocean, free of any interruption from land. South of the Horn, however, these waves encounter an area of shallow water, which has the effect of making the waves shorter and steeper, greatly increasing the hazard to ships. If the strong eastward current through the Drake Passage encounters an opposing westerly wind, this can have the effect of further building up the waves.[26]In addition to these "normal" waves, the area west of the Horn is particularly notorious forrogue waves,which can attain heights of up to 30 metres (98 feet).[27]

The prevailing winds and currents create particular problems for vessels trying to round the Horn against them, i.e. from east to west. This was a particularly serious problem for traditional sailing ships, which could make very little headway against the wind at the best of times;[28]modern sailing boats are significantly more efficient to windward and can more reliably make a westward passage of the Horn, as they do in theGlobal Challengerace.

Ice is a hazard to sailors venturing far below 40° south. Although the ice limit dips south around the horn,icebergsare a significant hazard for vessels in the area. In the South Pacific in February (summer in Southern Hemisphere), icebergs are generally confined to below 50° south; but in August the iceberg hazard can extend north of 40° south. Even in February, the Horn is well below the latitude of the iceberg limit.[29]These hazards have made the Horn notorious as perhaps the most dangerous ship passage in the world; many ships have been wrecked, and many sailors have died attempting to round the Cape.

Lighthouses

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Twolighthousesare located near or in Cape Horn. The one located in the Chilean Navy Station is the more accessible and visited, and is commonly referred to astheCape Horn lighthouse.However, the Chilean Navy station, including the lighthouse (ARLSCHI-030,55°57′49″S67°13′14″W/ 55.96361°S 67.22056°W/-55.96361; -67.22056(CHI-030)) and the memorial, are not located on Cape Horn (which is difficult to access either by land or sea), but on another land point about one mile east-northeast.[30]

On Cape Horn proper is a smaller 4-metre (13-foot) fiberglass light tower, with a focal plane of 40 metres (130 feet) and a range of about 21 kilometres (13 miles). This is the authentic Cape Horn lighthouse (ARLSCHI-006,55°58′38″S67°15′46″W/ 55.97722°S 67.26278°W/-55.97722; -67.26278(CHI-006)), and as such the world's southernmost traditional lighthouse.[30]A few minoraids to navigationare located farther south, including one in theDiego Ramírez Islandsand several in Antarctica.

Recreational and sport sailing

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Approaching Cape Horn from the south-west.
Cape Horn from aboard the sailboat "Tari II", photographed byIngo Kühl,october 25, 2009

Despite the opening of theSuezand Panama Canals, the Horn remains part of the fastest sailing route around the world, and so the growth in recreational long-distance sailing has brought about a revival of sailing via the Horn. Owing to the remoteness of the location and the hazards there, a rounding of Cape Horn is widely considered to be the yachting equivalent of climbing Mount Everest, and so many sailors seek it for its own sake.[31][32][unreliable source?][33]

Joshua Slocumwas the firstsingle-handedyachtsman to successfully pass this way (in 1895) although in the end, extreme weather forced him to use some of the inshore routes between the channels and islands and it is believed he did not actually pass outside the Horn proper. If one had to go by strict definitions, the first small boat to sail around outside Cape Horn was the Irish 42-foot (13-metre)yachtSaoirse,sailed byConor O'Brienwith three friends, who rounded it during a circumnavigation of the world between 1923 and 1925.[1]In 1934, the NorwegianAl Hansenwas the first to round Cape Horn single-handed from east to west—the "wrong way" —in his boatMary Jane,but was subsequently wrecked on the coast of Chile.[34]The first person to successfully circumnavigate the world single-handed via Cape Horn was ArgentinianVito Dumas,who made the voyage in 1942 in his 33-foot (10-metre)ketchLehg II;a number of other sailors have since followed him,[35][unreliable source?]includingWebb Chilesaboard "EGREGIOUS"who in December 1975 rounded Cape Horn single-handed. On March 31, 2010, 16-year-oldAbby Sunderlandbecame the youngest person to single-handedly sail around Cape Horn in her attempt to circumnavigate the globe. In 1987 The British Cape Horn Expedition, headed byNigel H. Seymour,rounded Cape Horn in the world's first ever 'sailing kayaks', called 'Kaymaran'; two seagoing kayaks which could link together with two sails mountable in any of the four sailing positions between the two kayaks.

Today, there are several major yacht races held regularly along the old clipper route via Cape Horn. The first of these was theSunday Times Golden Globe Race,which was a single-handed race; this inspired the present-dayAround Alonerace, which circumnavigates with stops, and theVendée Globe,which is non-stop. Both of these are single-handed races, and are held every four years. TheVolvo Ocean Raceis a crewed race with stops which sails the clipper route every four years. Its origins lie in theWhitbread Round the World Racefirst competed in 1973–74. TheJules Verne Trophyis a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by any type of yacht, with no restrictions on the size of the crew (no assistance, non-stop). Finally, theGlobal Challengerace goes around the world the "wrong way", from east to west, which involves rounding Cape Horn against the prevailing winds and currents.

The Horn remains a major hazard for recreational sailors, however. A classic case is that ofMiles and Beryl Smeeton,who attempted to round the Horn in their yachtTzu Hang.Hit by a rogue wave when approaching the Horn, the boatpitchpoled(i.e. somersaulted end-over-end). They survived, and were able to make repairs inTalcahuano,Chile, and later attempted the passage again, only to be rolled over and dismasted for a second time by another rogue wave, which again they miraculously survived.[36]

History

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Discovery by Europeans

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Voyage ofWillem SchoutenandJacob le Mairein 1615/16

In 1526 the Spanish vessel theSan Lesmescommanded byFrancisco de Hoces,member of theLoaísa expedition,was blown south by a gale in front of the Atlantic end ofMagellan Straitand reached Cape Horn, passing through 56° S where "they thought to see Land's End."[citation needed]Since the discovery, the sea separating South America fromAntarcticabears the name of its discoverer in Spanish sources. It appears asMar de Hoces(Sea of Hoces) in most Spanish-language maps. In English charts however it is named theDrake Passage.

In September 1578, SirFrancis Drake,in the course ofhis circumnavigationof the world, passed through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean. Before he could continue his voyage north his ships encountered a storm, and were blown well to the south ofTierra del Fuego.The expanse of open water they encountered led Drake to guess that far from being another continent, as previously believed, Tierra del Fuego was an island with open sea to its south. This discovery went unused for some time, as ships continued to use the known passage through the Strait of Magellan.[37]

By the early 17th century theDutch East India Companywas given a monopoly on all Dutch trade via the Straits of Magellan and theCape of Good Hope,the only known sea routes at the time to theFar East.To search for an alternate route and one to the unknownTerra Australis,Isaac Le Maire,[38]a wealthy Amsterdam merchant andWillem Schouten,a ship's master of Hoorn, contributed in equal shares to the enterprise, with additional financial support from merchants of Hoorn.[39]Jacob Le Maire,Isaac's son, went on the journey as "chiefe Marchant and principall factor," in charge of trading aspects of the endeavour. The two ships that departed Holland at the beginning of June 1615 were theEendracht[40]of 360 tons with Schouten and Le Maire aboard, and theHoornof 110 tons, of which Schouten's brother Johan was master. It wasEendrachtthen, with the crew of the recently wreckedHoornaboard,[41]that passed through theLe Maire Straitand Schouten and Le Maire made their great discovery:

"In the evening 25 January 1616 the winde was South West, and that night wee went South with great waves or billowes out of the southwest, and very blew water, whereby wee judged, and held for certaine that... it was the great South Sea, whereat we were exceeding glad to thinke that wee had discovered a way, which until that time, was unknowne to men, as afterward wee found it to be true."[42]
"... on 29 January 1616 we saw land againe lying north west and north northwest from us, which was the land that lay South from the straights of Magelan which reacheth Southward, all high hillie lande covered over with snow, ending with a sharpe point which wee called Cape Horne [Kaap Hoorn]..."[21][42]

At the time it was discovered, the Horn was believed to be the southernmost point of Tierra del Fuego; the unpredictable violence of weather and sea conditions in the Drake Passage made exploration difficult, and it was only in 1624 that the Horn was discovered to be an island. It is a telling testament to the difficulty of conditions there that Antarctica, only 650 kilometres (400 miles) away across the Drake Passage, was discovered only as recently as 1820, despite the passage having been used as a major shipping route for 200 years.[1]

Historic trade route

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The clipper route followed by ships sailing between the United Kingdom and Australia/ New Zealand passed around Cape Horn
Cape Horn as seen during theUnited States Exploring Expedition,depicted in watercolor byAlfred Thomas Agate

From the 18th to the early 20th centuries, Cape Horn was a part of the clipper routes which carried much of the world's trade.Sailing shipssailed round the Horn carrying wool, grain, and gold from Australia back to Europe;[43]these included thewindjammersin the heyday of theGreat Grain Raceof the 1930s. Much trade was carried around the Horn between Europe and the Far East; and trade and passenger ships travelled between the coasts of the United States via the Horn.[44][45]The Horn exacted a heavy toll from shipping, however, owing to the extremely hazardous combination of conditions there.

The only facilities in the vicinity able to service or supply a ship, or provide medical care, were in theFalkland Islands.The businesses there were so notorious for price-gouging that damaged ships were sometimes abandoned atPort Stanley.

While most companies switched to steamers and later used thePanama Canal,German steel-hulled sailing ships like theFlying P-Linerswere designed since the 1890s to withstand the weather conditions around the Horn, as they specialized in the South American nitrate trade and later the Australiangrain trade.None of them were lost travelling around the Horn, but some, like the mightyPreußen,were victims of collisions in the busy English Channel.

Traditionally, a sailor who had rounded the Horn was entitled to wear a gold loop earring—in the left ear, the one which had faced the Horn in a typical eastbound passage—and to dine with one foot on the table; a sailor who had also rounded theCape of Good Hopecould place both feet on the table.[46][47]

One particular historic attempt to round the Horn, that ofHMSBountyin 1788, has been immortalized in history due to the subsequentMutiny on the Bounty.This abortive Horn voyage has been portrayed (with varying historical accuracy) in three major motion pictures about CaptainWilliam Bligh's mission to transport breadfruit plants from Tahiti to Jamaica. The Bounty made only 85 miles of headway in 31 days of east-to-west sailing, before giving up by reversing course and going around Africa. Although the 1984 movie portrayed another decision to go round the Horn as a precipitating factor in the mutiny (this time west-to-east after collecting the breadfruits in the South Pacific), in fact that was never contemplated out of concern for the effect of the low temperatures near the Horn on the plants.[48]

Thetranscontinental railroadsin North America, as well as thePanama Canalthat opened in 1914 in Central America, led to the gradual decrease in use of the Horn for trade. Assteamshipsreplaced sailing ships, Flying P-LinerPamirbecame the last commercial sailing ship to round Cape Horn laden with cargo, carrying grain fromPort Victoria,Australia, toFalmouth,England, in 1949.

Literature and culture

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Cape Horn has been an icon of sailing culture for centuries; it has featured insea shanties[49][unreliable source?]and in many books about sailing. One of the classic accounts of a working ship in the age of sail isTwo Years Before the Mast,byRichard Henry Dana Jr.,in which the author describes an arduous trip from Boston to California via Cape Horn:

Just before eight o'clock (then about sundown, in that latitude) the cry of "All hands ahoy!" was sounded down the fore scuttle and the after hatchway, and hurrying upon deck, we found a large black cloud rolling on toward us from the south-west, and blackening the whole heavens. "Here comes Cape Horn!" said the chief mate; and we had hardly time to haul down and clew up, before it was upon us. In a few moments, a heavier sea was raised than I had ever seen before, and as it was directly ahead, the little brig, which was no better than a bathing machine, plunged into it, and all the forward part of her was under water; the sea pouring in through the bow-ports and hawse-hole and over the knightheads, threatening to wash everything overboard. In the lee scuppers it was up to a man's waist. We sprang aloft and double reefed the topsails, and furled all the other sails, and made all snug. But this would not do; the brig was laboring and straining against the head sea, and the gale was growing worse and worse. At the same time sleet and hail were driving with all fury against us. We clewed down, and hauled out the reef-tackles again, and close-reefed the fore-topsail, and furled the main, and hove her to on the starboard tack. Here was an end to our fine prospects....

After nine more days of headwinds and unabated storms, Dana reported that his ship, the "Pilgrim" finally cleared the turbulent waters of Cape Horn and turned northwards.[50]

Charles Darwin,inThe Voyage of the Beagle,ajournalof the five-year expedition upon which he basedThe Origin of Species,described his 1832 encounter with the Horn:

... we closed in with the Barnevelts, and running past Cape Deceit with its stony peaks, about three o'clock doubled the weather-beaten Cape Horn. The evening was calm and bright, and we enjoyed a fine view of the surrounding isles. Cape Horn, however, demanded his tribute, and before night sent us a gale of wind directly in our teeth. We stood out to sea, and on the second day again made the land, when we saw on our weather-bow this notorious promontory in its proper form—veiled in a mist, and its dim outline surrounded by a storm of wind and water. Great black clouds were rolling across the heavens, and squalls of rain, with hail, swept by us with such extreme violence, that the Captain determined to run into Wigwam Cove. This is a snug little harbour, not far from Cape Horn; and here, at Christmas-eve, we anchored in smooth water.[51]

William Jones, writing of his experience in 1905 as a fifteen-year-old apprentice on one of the last commercial sailing ships, noted the contrast between his ship, which would take two months and the lives of three sailors to round the Horn, and birds adapted to the region:

An albatross appears out of the murk, to examine us in our plight. The gale is of hurricane force, but the bird sails serenely and unhurriedly through the air, within a few feet of the ship's rail, on the windward side. Then it turns into the eye of the wind, and disappears in the murk —westward —without any discernible effort in its aerial gliding, while we are still drifting to leeward, incapable of emulating its brilliant defiance of the gusts.[52]

Alan Villiers,a modern-day expert in traditional sailing ships, wrote many books about traditional sailing, includingBy way of Cape Horn.[53]More recent sailors have taken on the Horn singly, such asVito Dumas,who wroteAlone Through The Roaring Fortiesbased on his round-the-world voyage;[54]or with small crews.

Bernard Moitessiermade two significant voyages round the Horn; once with his wife Françoise, described inCape Horn: The Logical Route,[55]and once single-handed. His bookThe Long Waytells the story of this latter voyage, and of a peaceful night-time passage of the Horn: "The little cloud underneath the moon has moved to the right. I look... there it is, so close, less than 10 miles (16 km) away and right under the moon. And nothing remains but the sky and the moon playing with the Horn. I look. I can hardly believe it. So small and so huge. A hillock, pale and tender in the moonlight; a colossal rock, hard as diamond."[56]

John Masefieldwrote: "Cape Horn, that tramples beauty into wreck / And crumples steel and smites the strong man dumb."[57]

A memorial presented inRobert FitzRoy's bicentenary (2005) commemorates his landing on Cape Horn on 19 April 1830.

Canadian singer-songwriterGordon Lightfootwrote a song entitled "Ghosts of Cape Horn".

In 1980Keith F. Critchlowdirected and produced thedocumentary film"Ghosts of Cape Horn", with the participation and archaeological consulting of famous underwater archaeologistPeter Throckmorton.

Further reading

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  • Around Cape Horn: A Maritime Artist/Historian's Account of His 1892 Voyage,by Charles G. Davis and Neal Parker. Down East Books, 2004.ISBN978-0-89272-646-2
  • Cape Horn. A Maritime History,by Robin Knox-Johnston. London Hodder&StoughtonISBN978-0-340-41527-6
  • Cape Horn: The Story of the Cape Horn Region,by Felix Riesenberg and William A. Briesemeister. Ox Bow Press, 1994.ISBN978-1-881987-04-8
  • Cape Horn and Other Stories From the End of the World,by Francisco Coloane. Latin American Literary Review Press, 2003.ISBN978-1-891270-17-8
  • Gipsy Moth Circles the World,Sir Francis Chichester; International Marine, 2001.ISBN978-0-07-136449-2
  • Haul Away! Teambuilding Lessons from a Voyage around Cape Horn,by Rob Duncan. Authorhouse, 2005.ISBN978-1-4208-3032-3
  • Rounding the Horn: Being the Story of Williwaws and Windjammers, Drake, Darwin, Murdered Missionaries and Naked Natives – A Deck's-Eye View of Cape Horn,by Dallas Murphy. Basic Books, 2004.ISBN978-0-465-04759-8
  • En el Mar Austral,by Fray Mocho. University of Buenos Aires Press (La Serie del Siglo y Medio), 1960. An incredible account of the southern tip of South American by an Argentine Journalist.
  • High Endeavours,by Miles Clark. Greystone, 2002.ISBN978-1-55054-058-1An account of the lives of the author's god-father Miles Smeeton, and his wife Beryl, including a couple of spectacular trips to the Horn.
  • A world of my Ownby Robin Knox-Johnston. An account of the first solo non-stop circumnavigation of the world via Cape Horn between 1968 and 1969.
  • Expediciones españolas al Estrecho de Magallanes y Tierra de fuego,by Javier Oyarzun. Madrid: Ediciones Cultura HispánicaISBN978-84-7232-130-4.
  • Storm Passageby Webb Chiles. Times BooksISBN978-0-8129-0703-2
  • The Last of the Cape Horners. Firsthand Accounts from the Final Days of the Commercial Tall Ships,edited by Spencer Apollonio. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, Inc. 2000.ISBN978-1-57488-283-4
  • The Cape Horn Breed,by William H.S. Jones, 1956
  • The Log of a Limejuicer,by James P. Barker, 1933

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcVenanzangeli, Paolo."Cape Horn the Terrible".Nautical Web.Archived fromthe originalon March 18, 2011.RetrievedFebruary 5,2006.
  2. ^Rolfo, Mariolina; Ardrizzi, Giorgio (2004)."7. Cabo de Hornos".Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego Nautical Guide: Chilean and Argentine coasts from Valdivia to Mar del Plata including Isla de los Estados and Cabo de Hornos.Editrice Incontri Nautici.ISBN978-88-85986-34-3.
  3. ^Bywater, Thomas (2020)."Isolation Station: the lighthouse keeper at the end of the world".Travel.New Zealand Herald.RetrievedAugust 3,2024.
  4. ^Pile, Tim (August 6, 2020)."10 lighthouses with claims to fame, the legacies of which shine on".South China Post Magazine.RetrievedAugust 3,2024.Navy officer Captain Ariel Barrientos is currently stationed at the windswept outpost with his family.
  5. ^"Isla Hornos Lighthouse".Lighthouse Depot.Archived fromthe originalon January 11, 2006.RetrievedFebruary 5,2006.
  6. ^Benavente, Roberto (May 20, 2001)."Cape Horn Memorial".Fundacion Caphorniers Chile.Archived fromthe originalon September 26, 2005.RetrievedFebruary 5,2006.On December 5th 1992 the Cape Horn Memorial was inaugurated.
  7. ^Welch, Craig (July 2020)."The tree at the bottom of the world—and the wind-blasted trek to find it".National Geographic.Archived fromthe originalon July 7, 2020.RetrievedJuly 13,2020.
  8. ^Hogan, C. Michael (November 27, 2008). Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.)."Magellanic Penguin".GlobalTwitcher.Archived fromthe originalon June 7, 2012.They [Magellanic penguins] breed as far south as Cape Horn, the location where the first European, Ferdinand Magellan, sighted the species in 1519.
  9. ^Cokendolpher, James C.; Lanfranco, Dolly L. (1985)."Opiliones from the Cape Horn Archipelago"(PDF).Texas Tech University.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on September 30, 2007.RetrievedFebruary 5,2006.
  10. ^"Rescate en el Cabo de Hornos"[Rescue at Cape Horn]. Archived fromthe originalon November 14, 2014.RetrievedNovember 18,2012.
  11. ^"Usuaia: Monthly Normals".Weather Underground.Archived fromthe originalon November 6, 2018.RetrievedFebruary 5,2006.
  12. ^"Isla Diego Ramirez: Monthly Normals".Weather Underground.Archived fromthe originalon November 6, 2018.RetrievedFebruary 5,2006.
  13. ^"U.S. Navy Marine Climatic Atlas of the World, South Pacific Ocean: Rounding Cape Horn"(PDF).1995. p. 4.RetrievedAugust 3,2024.
  14. ^Darwin, Charles (June 2015).Delphi Complete Works of Charles Darwin (Illustrated).Delphi Classics.ISBN978-1-910630-90-7.Archivedfrom the original on October 12, 2013.RetrievedNovember 18,2012.
  15. ^"Isla Hornos, Región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena, Chile — Sunrise, Sunset, and Daylength, December 2024".Time and Date.RetrievedAugust 3,2024.
  16. ^"Información climatológica de estaciones chilenas-Chile Sur"(in Spanish). Archived fromthe originalon January 16, 2013.RetrievedSeptember 6,2012.
  17. ^(in Spanish)Cabo de Hornos designado Reserva de la Biósfera,from CONAF. Retrieved February 5, 2006.ArchivedOctober 4, 2015, at theWayback Machine
  18. ^"South America Cruises: Rounding the Horn".Avid Cruiser Cruise Reviews, Luxury Cruises, Expedition Cruises.September 5, 2012.
  19. ^Sailing the Patagonian channels,Yachting Club CERN, 2005. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  20. ^Winds of the World: The Williwaw,Weather Online. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  21. ^abPerilous Cape HornArchived2011-12-11 at theWayback Machine,by P.J. Gladnick; from eSsortment, 2002. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  22. ^The fastest time on record for a commercial sailing ship workingwestwardaround the Horn, from 50 degrees South in the Atlantic to 50 degrees South in the Pacific, is 5 days and 14 hours, made in 1938 by the 4-mast barquePriwallof theFlying P-Lineunder Captain Adolf Hauth [Stark, p. 147]
  23. ^The Last Time Around Cape Horn. The Historic 1949 Voyage of the WindjammerPamirby William F. Stark. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. 2003; p. 147ISBN978-0-7867-1233-5
  24. ^The World in a Man-o-WarbyHerman Melville.Chicago: Northwestern Univ. Press and The Newberry Library. 1970
  25. ^Along the Clipper Way,Francis Chichester; p. 134. Hodder & Stoughton, 1966.ISBN978-0-340-00191-2
  26. ^Along the Clipper Way;pp. 151–52.
  27. ^"Rogue Waves – Monsters of the deep: Huge, freak waves may not be as rare as once thought".Economist Magazine. September 17, 2009.Retrieved2009-10-04.
  28. ^Along the Clipper Way;pp. 72–73.
  29. ^Atlas of Pilot Charts: South Pacific Ocean;Lighthouse Press, 2001.ISBN978-1-57785-202-5
  30. ^abRowlett, Russ."Lighthouses of Southern Chile".The Lighthouse Directory.University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.Retrieved2012-01-17.
  31. ^Rob Duncan's Quest for Cape Horn,by Rob Duncan. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  32. ^The Modern Cape HornerArchived2006-03-19 at theWayback Machine,from Victory Expeditions. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  33. ^Cape Horn to StarboardArchived2005-10-18 at theWayback Machine,from Lin and Larry Pardey. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  34. ^The Circumnavigators,by Don Holm; Chapter 15.ArchivedMay 10, 2006, at theWayback Machine
  35. ^List Of Solo CircumnavigatorsArchived2018-05-16 at theWayback Machine,from the Joshua Slocum Society International. Retrieved February 12, 2006.
  36. ^Once Is Enough,by Miles Smeeton. International Marine Publishing, 2003.ISBN978-0-07-141431-9
  37. ^Voyage of the Golden HindArchived2005-01-04 at theWayback Machine,from The Golden Hind. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  38. ^it seems to have been Le Maire who pursued the idea of such a passage [A History of Geographical Discovery and Explorationby J.N.L.Baker. London: George G. Harrap & Co., Ltd. 1931, p. 149]
  39. ^THE RELATION OF a Wonderful Voyage made by Willem Cornelison Schouten of Horne. Shewing how South from the Straights of Magelan in Terra Delfuego: he found and discovered a newe passage through the great South Seaes, and that way sayled round about the world.London: Imprinted by T.D. for Nathanaell Newbery, 1619 [Facsimile of the first edition in English. London: George Rainbird Limited for The World Publishing Company, Cleveland, Ohio, 1966], The Preface. "Translation thereof out of the Dutch, wherein it was written" by William Philip
  40. ^calledUnitiein the Philip translation
  41. ^Hoornwas accidentally burned and destroyed on December 19, 1615 with no loss of life inPatagoniaduring a bungled cleaning attempt of the hull
  42. ^abThe Relation,pp. 22–23
  43. ^Along the Clipper Way;p. 7.
  44. ^The CircumnavigatorsArchived2005-03-06 at theWayback Machine,by Don Holm;Around the Three Capes.Prentice-Hall, NY, 1974.ISBN978-0-13-134452-5Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  45. ^North America and the Cape Horn RouteArchived2006-02-27 at theWayback Machine,by Captain Harold D. Huycke; from Caphorniers Chile. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  46. ^A Voyage for Madmen,by Peter Nichols; pp. 4–5. Harper Collins, 2001.ISBN978-0-06-095703-2
  47. ^Covey Crump – "cape"Archived2006-02-07 at theWayback Machine,CommanderA.T.L. Covey-Crump,RN, 1955; from the Royal Navy. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  48. ^ Bligh, William (1792),A Voyage to the South Sea For The Purpose Of Conveying The Bread-Fruit Tree To The West Indies, Including An Account Of The Mutiny On Board The Ship,Project Gutenberg EText-No.15411
  49. ^Around Cape Horn,from Frank Petersohn. Retrieved February 5, 2006.
  50. ^Two Years Before the Mast: A Personal Narrative,by Richard Henry Dana; Chapter V,Cape Horn — A Visit.Signet Classics, 2000.ISBN978-0-451-52759-2
  51. ^The Voyage of the Beagle,by Charles Darwin. National Geographic, 2004.ISBN978-0-7922-6559-7.
  52. ^[The Cape Horn Breed], by William H.S. Jones. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 56-9964, 1956.
  53. ^By way of Cape Horn,by Alan John Villiers. (Out of print.)
  54. ^Alone Through The Roaring Forties,Vito Dumas; McGraw-Hill Education, 2001.ISBN978-0-07-137611-2
  55. ^Cape Horn: The Logical Route; 14,216 Miles Without Port of Call,by Bernard Moitessier. Sheridan House, 2003.ISBN978-1-57409-154-0
  56. ^The Long Way,by Bernard Moitessier; p. 141. Sheridan House, 1995.ISBN978-0-924486-84-5
  57. ^"99. Rounding the Horn. John Masefield. Modern British Poetry".Bartleby.Retrieved2010-03-19.
  • The War with Cape Horn, by Alan Villiers. Published by Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971.ISBN9780684106243
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55°58′48″S67°17′21″W/ 55.98000°S 67.28917°W/-55.98000; -67.28917

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