In thegeologic timescale,theCapitanianis anageorstageof thePermian.It is also the uppermost or latest of three subdivisions of theGuadalupianEpochorSeries.The Capitanian lasted between 264.28 and 259.51 million years ago. It was preceded by theWordianand followed by theWuchiapingian.[4]
| Capitanian | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronology | |||||||||||||
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| Etymology | |||||||||||||
| Name formality | Formal | ||||||||||||
| Usage information | |||||||||||||
| Celestial body | Earth | ||||||||||||
| Regional usage | Global (ICS) | ||||||||||||
| Time scale(s) used | ICS Time Scale | ||||||||||||
| Definition | |||||||||||||
| Chronological unit | Age | ||||||||||||
| Stratigraphic unit | Stage | ||||||||||||
| Time span formality | Formal | ||||||||||||
| Lower boundary definition | FADof theConodontJinogondolella postserrata | ||||||||||||
| Lower boundary GSSP | Nipple Hill,Guadalupe Mountains,Texas,USA 31°54′33″N104°47′21″W/ 31.9091°N 104.7892°W | ||||||||||||
| Lower GSSP ratified | 2001[2] | ||||||||||||
| Upper boundary definition | FAD of the ConodontClarkina postbitteri postbitteri | ||||||||||||
| Upper boundary GSSP | Penglaitan Section,Laibin,Guangxi,China 23°41′43″N109°19′16″E/ 23.6953°N 109.3211°E | ||||||||||||
| Upper GSSP ratified | 2004[3] | ||||||||||||
A significant mass extinction eventoccurred at the end of this stage, which was associated withanoxiaandacidificationin the oceans and possibly caused by the volcanic eruptions that produced theEmeishan Traps.[5]This extinction event may be related to the much largerPermian–Triassic extinction eventthat followed about 10 million years later.
Stratigraphy
editThe Capitanian Stage was introduced into scientific literature byGeorge Burr Richardsonin 1904. The name comes from theCapitan Reefin theGuadalupe Mountains(Texas,United States). The Capitanian was first used as a stratigraphic subdivision of the Guadalupian in 1961,[6]when both names were still only used regionally in the southern US. The stage was added to the internationally usedICStimescale in 2001.[7]
Definitions
editThe base of the Capitanian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils ofconodontspeciesJinogondolellapostserratafirst appear. The global reference profile for this stratigraphic boundary is located at Nipple Hill in the southern Guadalupe Mountains of Texas.
The top of the Capitanian (the base of the Wuchiapingian and Lopingian series) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where the conodont speciesClarkinapostbitteri postbitterifirst appears.
The Capitanian Stage was part of the time in which theZechsteinwas deposited in Europe.[4]It is coeval with the old European regional Saxonian Stage. In the easternTethys domain,the Capitanian overlaps the regional Murgabian Stage, the Midian Stage and the lower part of the Laibinian Stage. In Russia the Capitanian equals the lower part of the regional Severodvinian Stage.
Biostratigraphy
editThe Capitanian contains oneammonitebiozone(Timorites) and three conodont biozones:
- zone ofClarkinapostbitteri hongshuiensis
- zone ofJinogondolella altudaensis
- zone ofJinogondolella postserrata
Larger fusulinid species permit a division in two biozones:
- zone ofRausserella
- zone ofAfganella schenki
Capitanian life
editOlson’s Extinction,in the earlyGuadalupian(Roadian,Wordian), led to an extended period of low diversity when worldwide two-thirds of terrestrial vertebrate life was lost.[8]Global diversity rose dramatically in the Capitanian, probably the result of disaster taxa filling empty guilds, only to fall again when the end-Guadalupian event caused a diversity drop in theWuchiapingian.[9]
Notable formations
edit* Tentatively assigned to the Capitanian; age estimated primarily via terrestrial tetrapodbiostratigraphy
Events
editCarbon isotopesinmarinelimestonefrom the Capitanian age show an increase in δ13C values. The change in carbon isotopes in the sea water reflectscooling of global climates.[10]
This climatic cooling may have caused the end-Capitanian extinction event among species that lived in warm water, like largerfusulinids(Verbeekninidae), largebivalves(Alatoconchidae) andrugosecorals, and Waagenophyllidae.[11]
References
edit- ^"Chart/Time Scale".stratigraphy.org.International Commission on Stratigraphy.
- ^"GSSP for Roadian Stage".International Commission on Stratigraphy.Retrieved13 December2020.
- ^Jin, Yugan; Shen, Shuzhong; Henderson, Charles; Wang, Xiangdong; Wang, Wei; Wang, Yue; Cao, Changqun; Shang, Qinghua (December 2006)."The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the boundary between the Capitanian and Wuchiapingian Stage (Permian)"(PDF).Episodes.29(4): 253–262.doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i4/003.Retrieved13 December2020.
- ^abGradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.;2004:A Geologic Time Scale 2004,Cambridge UniversityPress
- ^Bond, D. P. G.; Wignall, P. B.; Joachimski, M. M.; Sun, Y.; Savov, I.; Grasby, S. E.; Beauchamp, B.; Blomeier, D. P. G. (2015-04-14)."An abrupt extinction in the Middle Permian (Capitanian) of the Boreal Realm (Spitsbergen) and its link to anoxia and acidification"(PDF).Geological Society of America Bulletin.127(9–10): 1411–1421.Bibcode:2015GSAB..127.1411B.doi:10.1130/B31216.1.ISSN0016-7606.
- ^Glenister, B.F. & Furnish, W.M.;1961:The Permian ammonoids of Australia,Journal of Paleontology35(4), pp 673–736.
- ^Glenister, B.F.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Lambert, L.L.; Spinosa, C.; Bowring, S.A.; Erwin, D.H.; Menning, M. & Wilde, G.L.;1999:Proposal of Guadalupian and Component Roadian, Wordian and Capitanian Stages as International Standards for the Middle Permian Series,Permophiles34:pp 3–11.
- ^Bond, David; Hilton, Jason (2010). "The Middle Permian (Capitanian) mass extinction on land and in the oceans".Earth-Science Reviews.102(1): 100–116.Bibcode:2010ESRv..102..100B.doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.004.
- ^Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008)."Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time".Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.275(1636): 759–65.doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370.PMC2596898.PMID18198148.
- ^Isozaki, Yukio; Kawahata, Hodaka; Ota, Ayano (2007). "A unique carbon isotope record across the Guadalupian–Lopingian (Middle–Upper Permian) boundary in mid-oceanic paleo-atoll carbonates: The high-productivity" Kamura event "and its collapse in Panthalassa".Global and Planetary Change.55(1–3): 21–38.Bibcode:2007GPC....55...21I.doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.06.006.
- ^Isozaki, Yukio; Aljinović, Dunja (2009). "End-Guadalupian extinction of the Permian gigantic bivalve Alatoconchidae: End of gigantism in tropical seas by cooling".Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.284(1–2): 11–21.Bibcode:2009PPP...284...11I.doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.022.ISSN0031-0182.
External links
edit- GeoWhen Database - Capitanian
- Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic chartat the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS