Wikipedia

Automotive industry

(Redirected fromCar manufacturer)

Theautomotive industrycomprises a wide range ofcompaniesandorganizationsinvolved in thedesign,development,manufacturing,marketing,selling,repairing,andmodificationofmotor vehicles.[1]It is one of the world's largestindustriesbyrevenue(from 16% such as in France up to 40% to countries such as Slovakia).[2][failed verification]

An automotiveassembly lineatOpel Manufacturing Polandin 2015
SEAT,Škoda,andVolkswagencars being transported by train inKutná Hora,Czech Republicin 2014

The wordautomotivecomes from theGreekautos(self), andLatinmotivus(ofmotion), referring to any form of self-powered vehicle. This term, as proposed byElmer Sperry[3][need quotation to verify](1860–1930), first came into use to describe automobiles in 1898.[4]

History

edit
Main article:History of the automobile
TheThomas B. Jeffery Companyautomobile factory inKenosha, Wisconsinaround 1916
Fiat 1800 and 2100sedans being assembled at aFiatfactory in 1961

The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers pioneering thehorseless carriage.Early car manufacturing involved manual assembly by a human worker. The process evolved from engineers working on a stationary car, to a conveyor belt system where the car passed through multiple stations of more specialized engineers. Starting in the 1960s, robotic equipment was introduced to the process, and most cars are now mainly assembled by automated machinery.[5]

For many decades, theUnited Statesled the world in total automobile production, with the U.S.Big ThreeGeneral Motors,Ford Motor Company,andChryslerbeing the world's three largest auto manufacturers for a time, and G.M. and Ford remaining the two largest until the mid-2000s. In 1929, before theGreat Depression,the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, of which the U.S. automobile enterprises produced more than 90%. At that time, the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.[6]After 1945, the U.S. produced around three-quarters of the world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken byJapanand then became a world leader again in 1994. Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production during 2006 and 2007, and in 2008 alsoChina,which in 2009 took the top spot (from Japan) with 13.8 million units, although the U.S. surpassed Japan in 2011, to become the second-largest automobile industry. In 2023, China had for the first time in history more than 30 million produced vehicles a year, after reaching 29 million for the first time in 2017 and 28 million the year before. From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.[7]

Safety

edit
Main article:Automobile safety
See also:2009–2011 Toyota vehicle recalls,General Motors ignition switch recalls,andFirestone and Ford tire controversy
A 2010Hyundai Tucsonused for acrash testby theNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Safety is a state that implies being protected from any risk, danger, damage, or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators, ormanufacturersdo not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves implies that there is no risk of damage.

Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated.Automobilesand othermotor vehicleshave to comply with a certain number of regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standardISO 26262,is considered one of the best practice frameworks for achieving automotivefunctional safety.[8]

In case of safety issues, danger,product defect,[9][10]or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is calledproduct recall.Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from raw materials.

Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of thevalue chainare made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences.

Economy

edit
See also:Automotive industry by country
An advertisement for thePontiac 6,c. 1928

In 2007, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road, consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m3) ofgasolineanddiesel fuelyearly.[11]The automobile is a primary mode oftransportationfor many developed economies. The Detroit branch ofBoston Consulting Grouppredicted that, by 2014, one-third of world demand would be in the fourBRICmarkets (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Meanwhile, in developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed.[12]It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own a car, and prefer other modes of transport.[13]Other potentially powerful automotive markets areIranandIndonesia.[14] Emerging automobile markets already buy more cars than established markets.

According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the globallight-vehiclesales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate.[15][16]However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries.[12]In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.[17]

In July 2021, the European Commission released its "Fit for 55"legislation package,[18]which contains important guidelines for the future of the automotive industry; all new cars on the European market must bezero-emission vehiclesfrom 2035.[19]

The governments of 24 developed countries and a group of major car manufacturers includingGM,Ford,Volvo,BYD Auto,Jaguar Land RoverandMercedes-Benzcommitted to "work towards all sales of new cars and vans being zero emission globally by 2040, and by no later than 2035 in leading markets".[20][21]Major car manufacturing nations like the United States, Germany, China, Japan and South Korea, as well asVolkswagen,Toyota,Peugeot,Honda,NissanandHyundai,did not pledge.[22]

Environmental impacts

edit
Trucks' share of US vehicles produced, has tripled since 1975. Though vehicle fuel efficiency has increased within each category, the overall trend toward less efficient types of vehicles has offset some of the benefits of greater fuel economy and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.[23]Without the shift towards SUVs, energy use per unit distance could have fallen 30% more than it did from 2010 to 2022.[24]

The global automotive industry is a major consumer of water. Some estimates surpass 180,000 L (39,000 imp gal) of water per car manufactured, depending on whether tyre production is included. Production processes that use a significant volume of water include surface treatment, painting, coating, washing, cooling, air-conditioning, and boilers, not counting component manufacturing. Paintshop operations consume especially large amounts of water because equipment running on water-based products must also be cleaned with water.[25]

In 2022, Tesla'sGigafactory Berlin-Brandenburgran into legal challenges due to droughts and falling groundwater levels in the region. Brandenburg's Economy Minister Joerg Steinbach said that while water supply was sufficient during the first stage, more would be needed once Tesla expands the site. The factory would nearly double the water consumption in the Gruenheide area, with 1.4 million cubic meters being contracted from local authorities per year — enough for a city of around 40,000 people. Steinbach said that the authorities would like to drill for more water there and outsource any additional supply if necessary.[26]

World motor vehicle production

edit
World motor vehicle production[27]
Production volume (1000 vehicles)

1960s:Post-war increase

1970s:Oilcrisis and tighter safety and emission regulation

1990s:Production started inNICs.

2000s:Rise of China as a top producer

Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010
To 1950:US had produced more than 80% of motor vehicles.[28]

1950s:United Kingdom, Germany, and France restarted production.

1960s:Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s. United States, Japan, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s.

1990s:South Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France.

2000s:China increased its production drastically, and became the world's largest-producing country in 2009.

2010s:India overtakes Korea, Canada, Spain to become 5th largest automobile producer.

2013:The share of China (25.4%), India, Korea, Brazil, and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of United States (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France, and United Kingdom fell to 34%.

2018:India overtakes Germany to become 4th largest automobile producer.
World motor production (1997–2016)

By year

edit
See also:List of countries by motor vehicle production
Year Production Change Source
1997 54,434,000 — [29]
1998 52,987,000 2.7% [29]
1999 56,258,892 6.2% [30]
2000 58,374,162 3.8% [31]
2001 56,304,925 3.5% [32]
2002 58,994,318 4.8% [33]
2003 60,663,225 2.8% [34]
2004 64,496,220 6.3% [35]
2005 66,482,439 3.1% [36]
2006 69,222,975 4.1% [37]
2007 73,266,061 5.8% [38]
2008 70,520,493 3.7% [39]
2009 61,791,868 12.4% [40]
2010 77,857,705 26.0% [41]
2011 79,989,155 3.1% [42]
2012 84,141,209 5.3% [43]
2013 87,300,115 3.7% [44]
2014 89,747,430 2.6% [45]
2015 90,086,346 0.4% [46]
2016 94,976,569 4.5% [47]
2017 97,302,534 2.36% [48]
2018 95,634,593 1.71% [49]
2019 91,786,861 5.2% [50]
2020 77,621,582 16% [51]
2021 80,145,988 3.25% [52]
2022 85,016,728 6.08% [53]
Percentage of exported cars by country (2014)[clarification needed][54]
Global automobile import and export in 2011

By country

edit
Main article:Automotive industry by country

TheOICAcounts over 50 countries that assemble, manufacture, or disseminate automobiles. Of those, only 15 countries (boldfacedin the list below) currently possess the capability to design original production automobiles from the ground up, and 17 countries (listed below) have at least one million produced vehicles a year (as of 2023).[55]


Country Produced vehicles 2023[56]
China
(plusTaiwan)		 30,160,966
(30,446,928)
USA 10,611,555
Japan 8,997,440
India 5,851,507
Republic of Korea 4,243,597
Germany 4,109,371
Mexico 4,002,047
Spain 2,451,221
Brazil 2,324,838
Thailand 1,841,663
Canada 1,553,026
France 1,505,076
Turkey 1,468,393
Czechia 1,404,501
Indonesia 1,395,717
Slovakia 1,080,000
U.K. 1,025,474

By manufacturer

edit
Main article:List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production
See also:List of car brands

Top 10 (2016–2020)

edit

These were the ten largest manufacturers by production volume as of 2017,[57]of which the eight largest were in the top 8 positions sinceFiat's 2013 acquisitionof theChryslerCorporation (although thePSA Grouphad been in the top 8 1999 to 2012, and 2007 to 2012 one of the eight largest along with the seven largest as of 2017) and the five largest in the top 5 positions since 2007, according to OICA, which, however, stopped publishing statistics of motor vehicle production by manufacturer after 2017. All ten remained as the ten largest automakers by sales untilthe merger between Fiat-Chrysler and the PSA Group in early 2021;onlyRenaultwas degraded to 11th place, in 2022, when being surpassed by bothBMW(which became the 10th largest in 2021) andChang'an.[58]

Rank[a] Group Country Produced
vehicles (2017)[57]		 Sold vehicles
(2018)		 Sold vehicles
(2019)[59]
1 Toyota Japan 10,466,051 10,521,134 10,741,556
2 Volkswagen Group Germany 10,382,334 10,831,232 10,975,352
3 General Motors
(exceptSAIC-GM-Wuling)[b]		 United States 9,027,658
(6,856,880)		 8,787,233 7,724,163
4 Hyundai South Korea 7,218,391 7,437,209 7,189,893
5 Ford United States 6,386,818 5,734,217 5,385,972
6 Nissan Japan 5,769,277 5,653,743 5,176,211
7 Honda Japan 5,235,842 5,265,892 5,323,319
8 Fiat-Chrysler
(now part ofStellantis)		 Italy /
United States		 4,600,847 4,841,366 4,612,673
9 Renault France 4,153,589 3,883,987 3,749,815
10 PSA Group
(now part ofStellantis)		 France 3,649,742 4,126,349 3,479,152

Top 20 (2012–2013)

edit

These were the twenty largest manufacturers by production volume in 2012 and 2013, or the 21 largest in 2011 (beforethe Fiat-Chrysler merger), of which the fourteen largest as of 2011 were in the top 14 in 2010, 2008 and 2007 (but not 2009, when Changan and Mazda temporarily degraded Chrysler to 16th place). The eighteen largest as of 2013 have remained in the top 20 as of 2017, except Mitsubishi which fell out of top 20 in 2016, while Geely fell out of the top 20 in 2014 and 2015 but re-entered it in 2016.

Rank[c] Group Country Produced
vehicles (2013)[60]		 Produced
vehicles (2012)[61]		 Produced
vehicles (2011)[62]
1 Toyota Japan 10,324,995 10,104,424 8,050,181
2 General Motors United States 9,628,912 9,285,425 9,031,670
3 Volkswagen Group Germany 9,379,229 9,254,742 8,525,573
4 Hyundai South Korea 7,233,080 7,126,413 6,616,858
5 Ford United States 6,077,126 5,595,483 5,516,931
6 Nissan Japan 4,950,924 4,889,379 4,631,673
7 Fiat/FCA Italy 4,681,704 4 498 722[d] 2,336,954
8 Honda Japan 4,298,390 4,110,857 2,909,016
9 PSA Peugeot Citroën France 2,833,781 2,911,764 3,582,410
10 Suzuki Japan 2,842,133 2,893,602 2,725,899
11 Renault France 2,704,675 2,676,226 2,825,089
12 Daimler Germany 1,781,507 2,195,152 2,137,067
Chrysler United States part ofFCA part of FCA 1,999,017
13 BMW Germany 2,006,366 2,065,477 1,738,160
14 SAIC China 1,992,250 1,783,548 1,478,502
15 Tata India 1,062,654 1,241,239 1,197,192
16 Mazda Japan 1,264,173 1,189,283 1,165,591
17 Dongfeng China 1,238,948 1,137,950 1,108,949
18 Mitsubishi Japan 1,229,441 1,109,731 1,140,282
19 Changan China 1,109,889 1,063,721 1,167,208
20 Geely China 969,896 922,906 897,107

Notable company relationships

edit

Stake holding

edit

It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.

Notable current relationships include:[citation needed]

Joint ventures

edit

China joint venture

edit

Outside China

edit

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^As of 2017
  2. ^OICA lists SAIC-GM-Wuling combined with G.M. until 2014 but separately from 2015. Including SAIC-GM-Wuling, G.M. would still be larger than Hyundai until 2020.
  3. ^As of 2012
  4. ^Fiat acquired Chrysler in 2012. However, Fiat and Chrysler was still listed separately by OICA in 2012, and combined first from 2013. Separately, the production by Fiat was 2,127,295 and by Chrysler 2,371,427.

References

edit
  1. ^Automotive industryat theEncyclopædia Britannica
  2. ^"The 2021 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard"(PDF).European Commission.Retrieved27 February2022.
  3. ^Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States(Eighth ed.). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. 1968. p. 164.Retrieved25 March2014.
  4. ^"Automotive Industry".carbidebur.Retrieved26 November2023.
  5. ^Jarvis, Alice-Azania (24 September 2010)."The Timeline: Car manufacturing".The Independent.Retrieved19 April2024.
  6. ^"U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World's Automobiles".Popular Science.Vol. 115, no. 5. November 1929. p. 84.Retrieved6 August2013.
  7. ^Aichner, Thomas; Coletti, Paolo (2013)."Customers' online shopping preferences in mass customization".Journal of Direct, Data and Digital Marketing Practice.15(1): 20–35.doi:10.1057/dddmp.2013.34.S2CID167801827.
  8. ^"ISO 26262-10:2012 Road vehicles -- Functional safety -- Part 10: Guideline on ISO 26262".International Organization for Standardization.Retrieved25 March2014.
  9. ^Machado, Miguel Araújo; Rosado, Luís Filipe Soldado Granadeiro; Mendes, Nuno Alberto Marques; Miranda, Rosa Maria Mendes; dos Santos, Telmo Jorge Gomes (January 2022)."New directions for inline inspection of automobile laser welds using non-destructive testing".The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.118(3–4): 1183–1195.doi:10.1007/s00170-021-08007-0.ISSN0268-3768.
  10. ^Machado, Miguel A.; Rosado, Luís S.; Mendes, Nuno M.; Miranda, Rosa M.; Santos, Telmo G. (4 November 2021)."Multisensor Inspection of Laser-Brazed Joints in the Automotive Industry".Sensors.21(21): 7335.doi:10.3390/s21217335.ISSN1424-8220.PMC8587767.PMID34770642.
  11. ^"Automobile Industry Introduction".Plunkett Research. 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 19 December 2010.Retrieved25 March2014.
  12. ^abKhor, Martin."Developing economies slowing down".twnside.org.sg.Archived fromthe originalon 13 October 2012.Retrieved21 July2015.
  13. ^"2014 Global Automotive Consumer Study: Exploring consumer preferences and mobility choices in Europe"(PDF).Deloittelcom. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 July 2015.Retrieved3 July2015.
  14. ^Eisenstein, Paul A. (21 January 2010)."Building BRIC's: 4 Markets Could Soon Dominate the Auto World".thedetroitbureau.
  15. ^Bertel Schmitt (15 February 2011)."Auto Industry Sets New World Record In 2010. Will Do It Again In 2011".The Truth About Cars.Retrieved6 April2019.
  16. ^"Global Automotive Outlook for 2011 Appears Positive as Mature Auto Markets Recover, Emerging Markets Continue to Expand".J.D. Power and Associates. 15 February 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 17 February 2011.Retrieved7 August2011.
  17. ^"U.S. vehicle sales peaked in 2000".The Cherry Creek News. 27 May 2015. Archived fromthe originalon 28 May 2015.Retrieved18 June2015.
  18. ^"European Green Deal: Commission proposes transformation of EU economy and society to meet climate ambitions".European Commission.14 July 2021.
  19. ^"Fit for 55: European Union to end sale of petrol and diesel models by 2035".Autovista24.14 July 2021.
  20. ^"COP26: Deal to end car emissions by 2040 idles as motor giants refuse to sign".Financial Times.8 November 2021. Archived fromthe originalon 10 December 2022.
  21. ^"COP26: Every carmaker that pledged to stop selling fossil-fuel vehicles by 2040".CarExpert.11 November 2021.
  22. ^"COP26: Germany fails to sign up to 2040 combustion engine phaseout".Deutsche Welle.10 November 2021.
  23. ^"Highlights of the Automotive Trends Report".EPA.gov.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 12 December 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 2 September 2023.
  24. ^Cazzola, Pierpaolo; Paoli, Leonardo; Teter, Jacob (November 2023)."Trends in the Global Vehicle Fleet 2023 / Managing the SUV Shift and the EV Transition"(PDF).Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI). p. 3.doi:10.7922/G2HM56SV.Archived(PDF)from the original on 26 November 2023.
  25. ^Isaiah, David (6 October 2014)."Water, water, everywhere in vehicle manufacturing".Automotive World.
  26. ^Raymunt, Monica; Wilkes, William (22 February 2022)."Elon Musk Laughed at the Idea of Tesla Using Too Much Water. Now It's a Real Problem".bloomberg.
  27. ^"Table 1-23: World Motor Vehicle Production, Selected Countries (Thousands of vehicles)".Bureau of Transportation Statistics.23 May 2017.Retrieved6 April2019.
  28. ^"Arno A. Evers FAIR-PR".Hydrogenambassadors.Retrieved3 July2015.
  29. ^ab"1998 - 1997 world motor vehicle production by type and economic area"(PDF).oica.net.Retrieved21 July2015.
  30. ^"1999 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  31. ^"2000 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  32. ^"2001 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  33. ^"2002 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  34. ^"2003 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  35. ^"2004 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  36. ^"2005 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  37. ^"2006 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  38. ^"2007 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  39. ^"2008 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  40. ^"2009 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  41. ^"2010 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  42. ^"2011 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  43. ^"2012 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  44. ^"2013 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  45. ^"2014 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  46. ^"2015 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  47. ^"2016 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  48. ^"2017 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  49. ^"2018 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  50. ^"2019 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  51. ^"2020 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  52. ^"2021 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  53. ^"2022 Production Statistics".oica.net.
  54. ^"Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity".US: Harvard University. 2014.Retrieved15 October2023.
  55. ^Lynch, Jared; Hawthorne, Mark (17 October 2015)."Australia's car industry one year from closing its doors".The Sydney Morning Herald.Archivedfrom the original on 27 May 2017.Retrieved27 May2017.
  56. ^"World Motor Vehicle Production by Country/Region and Type"(PDF).OICA.Retrieved13 August2024.
  57. ^ab"World Motor Vehicle Production: World Ranking of Manufacturers, Year 2017"(PDF).OICA.Retrieved5 May2019.
  58. ^"Top 15 Automakers in the World | Car Sales Rank Worldwide".
  59. ^"2020 Worldwide Car Sales by Manufacturer".F&I Tools USA. 2022.Retrieved4 January2024.
  60. ^"World Ranking of Manufacturers Year 2013"(PDF).OICA.Retrieved13 August2024.
  61. ^"World Ranking of Manufacturers Year 2012"(PDF).OICA.Retrieved13 August2024.
  62. ^"World Ranking of Manufacturers Year 2011"(PDF).OICA.Retrieved13 August2024.
  63. ^"Perusahaan Ootmobil Kedua"[Second Automobile Company] (in Malay). Malaysia: Perodua. 17 January 2017. Archived fromthe originalon 17 January 2017.
  64. ^Sun, Edward; Taylor, Yilei (23 July 2019)."China's BAIC buys 5% Mercedes-Benz Group stake to cement alliance".Reuters.US.Retrieved5 December2020.
  65. ^"China's Geely to Acquire Stake in Malaysian Carmaker Proton".Bloomberg.23 May 2017.Retrieved28 June2017.
  66. ^"Mercedes and Geely joint ownership of Smart".Auto Express.Retrieved5 December2020.
  67. ^"Nissan to take 34% stake in Mitsubishi Motors".BBC News.12 May 2016.Retrieved1 July2016.
  68. ^Toyota buys stake in Mazda, joint US factory, EV development planned | CarAdvice
  69. ^"Toyota pulls Suzuki firmly into its orbit through stake deal".Reuters.28 August 2019.Retrieved11 February2020.
  70. ^"Corporate Introduction".Chery Jaguar Land Rover.Retrieved5 December2020.
  71. ^"Mercedes-Benz and Geely Holding have formally established its global joint venture" smart Automobile Co., Ltd. "for the smart brand".media.daimler(Press release).Retrieved5 December2020.

Further reading

edit
  • Ajitha, P. V., and Ankita Nagra. "An Overview of Artificial Intelligence in Automobile Industry–A Case Study on Tesla Cars."Solid State Technology64.2 (2021): 503–512.online
  • Banerjee, Preeta M., and Micaela Preskill. "The role of government in shifting firm innovation focus in the automobile industry" inEntrepreneurship, Innovation and Sustainability(Routledge, 2017) pp. 108–129.
  • Bohnsack, René, et al. "Driving the electric bandwagon: The dynamics of incumbents' sustainable innovation."Business Strategy and the Environment29.2 (2020): 727–743online.
  • Bungsche, Holger. "Regional economic integration and the automobile industry: automobile policies, division of labour, production network formation and market development in the EU and ASEAN."International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management18.4 (2018): 345–370.
  • Chen, Yuan, C-Y. Cynthia Lin Lawell, and Yunshi Wang. "The Chinese automobile industry and government policy."Research in Transportation Economics84 (2020): 100849.online
  • Clark, Kim B., et al. "Product development in the world auto industry."Brookings Papers on economic activity1987.3 (1987): 729–781.online
  • Guzik, Robert, Bolesław Domański, and Krzysztof Gwosdz. "Automotive industry dynamics in Central Europe." inNew Frontiers of the Automobile Industry(Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020) pp. 377–397.
  • Imran, Muhammad, and Jawad Abbas. "The role of strategic orientation in export performance of China automobile industry." inHandbook of Research on Managerial Practices and Disruptive Innovation in Asia(2020): 249–263.
  • Jetin, Bruno. "Who will control the electric vehicle market?"International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management20.2 (2020): 156–177.online
  • Kawahara, Akira.The origin of competitive strength: fifty years of the auto industry in Japan and the US(Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).
  • Kuboniwa, Masaaki. "Present and future problems of developments of the Russian auto-industry."RRC Working PaperSeries 15 (2009): 1–12.online
  • Lee, Euna, and Jai S. Mah. "Industrial policy and the development of the electric vehicles industry: The case of Korea."Journal of technology management & innovation15.4 (2020): 71–80.online
  • Link, Stefan J.Forging Global Fordism: Nazi Germany, Soviet Russia, and the Contest over the Industrial Order(2020)excerpt;influential overview
  • Liu, Shiyong. "Competition and Valuation: A Case Study of Tesla Motors."IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.Vol. 692. No. 2. (IOP Publishing, 2021)online
  • Miglani, Smita. "The growth of the Indian automobile industry: Analysis of the roles of government policy and other enabling factors." inInnovation, economic development, and intellectual property in India and China(Springer, Singapore, 2019) pp. 439–463.
  • Qin, Yujie, Yuqing Xiao, and Jiawei Yuan. "The Comprehensive Competitiveness of Tesla Based on Financial Analysis: A Case Study." in2021 International Conference on Financial Management and Economic Transition(FMET 2021). (Atlantis Press, 2021).online
  • Rawlinson, Michael, and Peter Wells.The new European automobile industry(Springer, 2016).
  • Rubenstein, James M.The changing US auto industry: a geographical analysis(Routledge, 2002).
  • Seo, Dae-Sung. "EV Energy Convergence Plan for Reshaping the European Automobile Industry According to the Green Deal Policy."Journal of Convergence for Information Technology11.6 (2021): 40–48.online
  • Shigeta, Naoya, and Seyed Ehsan Hosseini. "Sustainable Development of the Automobile Industry in the United States, Europe, and Japan with Special Focus on the Vehicles' Power Sources."Energies14.1 (2021): 78+online
  • Ueno, Hiroya, and Hiromichi Muto. "The automobile industry of Japan." onIndustry and Business in Japan(Routledge, 2017) pp. 139–190.
  • Verma, Shrey, Gaurav Dwivedi, and Puneet Verma. "Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles in comparison to combustion engine vehicles: A review."Materials Today: Proceedings(2021)online.
  • Vošta, M. I. L. A. N., and A. L. E. Š. Kocourek. "Competitiveness of the European automobile industry in the global context."Politics in Central Europe13.1 (2017): 69–89.online
  • Zhu, Xiaoxi, et al. "Promoting new energy vehicles consumption: The effect of implementing carbon regulation on automobile industry in China."Computers & Industrial Engineering135 (2019): 211–226.online
edit

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry&oldid=1257500547"