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Carbonless copy paper

Carbonless copy paper(CCP),non-carbon copy paper,orNCR paper(No Carbon Required, taken from the initials of its creator,National Cash Register) is a type ofcoated paperdesigned to transfer information written on the front onto sheets beneath. It was developed by chemists Lowell Schleicher and Barry Green,[1]as an alternative tocarbon paperand is sometimes misidentified as such.

Carbonless copy paper

Carbonless copying provides an alternative to the use ofcarbon copying.Carbonless copy paper hasmicro-encapsulateddye or ink on the back side of the top sheet, and a clay coating on the front side of the bottom sheet. When pressure is applied (from writing or impact printing), the dye capsules rupture and react with the clay to duplicate the markings made to the top sheet. Intermediary sheets, with clay on the front and dye capsules on the back, can be used to create multiple copies; this may be referred to as multipart stationery.

Operation

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Carbonless copy paper consists of sheets of paper that arecoatedwithmicro-encapsulateddye or ink or a reactive clay. The back of the first sheet is coated with micro-encapsulated dye (referred to as a Coated Back or CB sheet). The lowermost sheet is coated on the top surface with a clay that quickly reacts with the dye to form a permanent mark (Coated Front, CF). Any intermediate sheets are coated with clay on top and dye on the bottom (Coated Front and Back, CFB).

When the sheets are written on with pressure (e.g., ball-point pen) or impact (e.g., typewriter,dot-matrix printer), the pressure causes the micro-capsules to break and release their dye. Since the capsules are so small, the resulting print is very accurate.

Carbonless copy paper was also available in a self-contained version that had both the ink and the clay on the same side of the paper.

Uses

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Carbonless copy paper was first produced by theNCR Corporation,applying for a patent on June 30, 1953.[2]Formerly, the options were to write documents more than once or usecarbon paper,which was inserted between the sheet being written upon and the copy. Carbonless paper was used as business stationery requiring one or more copies of the original, such as invoices and receipts. The copies were often paper of different colors (e.g., white original for customer, yellow copy for supplier's records, and other colors for subsequent copies). Stationery with carbonless copy paper can be supplied collated either in pads or books bound into sets, or as loose sets, or ascontinuous stationeryfor printers designed to use it.

Dyes and chemicals

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The first dye used commercially in this application wascrystal violet lactone,which is widely used today. Other dyes and supporting chemicals used are PTSMH (p-toluene sulfinate of Michler's hydrol), TMA (trimellitic anhydride), phenol-formaldehyde resins,azo dyes,DIPN (diisopropylnaphthalenes,formaldehyde isocyanates,hydrocarbon-basedsolvents,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,polyoxypropylene diamine,epoxy resins,aliphaticisocyanates,bisphenol A,diethylene triamine,and others. The dyes in carbonless copy papers may causecontact dermatitisin sensitive persons.

Health and environmental concerns

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Until the 1970s, when the use ofpolychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) was banned due to health and environmental concerns, PCBs were used as a transfer agent in carbonless copy paper.[3][4][5]PCBs are readily transferred to human skin during handling of such papers, and it is difficult to achieve decontamination by ordinary washing with soap and water.[4]In Japan, carbonless copy paper is still treated as a PCB-contaminated waste.[6]

Exposure to certain types of carbonless copy paper or its components has resulted, under some conditions, in mild to moderate symptoms of skin irritation and irritation of the mucosal membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. A 2000 review found no irritation or sensitization on contact with carbonless copy paper produced after 1987.[7]In most cases, good industrial hygiene and work practices should be adequate to reduce or eliminate symptoms. These include adequate ventilation, humidity, and temperature controls; proper housekeeping; minimal hand-to-mouth and hand-to-eye contact; and periodic cleansing of hands.[8]

In a 1997 study, the University of Florida found that a poorly-ventilated office where large amounts of carbonless copy paper were used had significant levels ofvolatile organic compoundspresent in its air, whereas a well-ventilated office where little such paper was used did not. The study also found that there were higher rates of sick leave and illness complaints at the office using large amounts of carbonless copy paper.[9]Another study, which was published inEnvironmental Health Perspectives,connected chronic occupational exposure to paper dust and carbonless copy paper with an increased risk of adult-onset asthma.[10]

The average carbonless copy paper contains a high concentration ofbisphenol A(BPA), anendocrine disruptor.[11][12][13][14][15]

In 2001, three employees of a medical center in San Francisco filed a lawsuit against their employer, blaming exposure to carbonless copy paper and other chemicals for their inflammatory breast cancer.[16]

With the increasing adoption of inexpensive inkjet printers and laser printers on computer systems since the 1980s, the use of carbonless multipart forms in businesses has declined, as it is simpler to make copies of documents.[citation needed]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^"Carbonless Paper Pioneer Lowell Schleicher Dies"(PDF).Appletonideas. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-11-12.Retrieved2013-11-12.
  2. ^US 2730457Pressure responsive record materials
  3. ^de Voogt P; Klamer J C; Brinkman U A Th (December 1984). "Identification and quantification of polychlorinated biphenyls in paper and paper board using fused silica capillary gas chromatography".Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.32(1): 45–52.Bibcode:1984BuECT..32...45D.doi:10.1007/BF01607463.PMID6421348.S2CID23290658.
  4. ^abKuratsune M, Masuda Y (April 1972)."Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Non-carbon Copy Paper".Environmental Health Perspectives.1.Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 1: 61–62.doi:10.2307/3428153.JSTOR3428153.PMC1474878.PMID17539088.
  5. ^"NPL Site Narrative for Fox River NRDA/PCB Releases".United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived fromthe originalon 2015-02-14.RetrievedJune 24,2009.
  6. ^"Invitation of proposals concerning to PCB contaminated solid wastes treatment technologies".Hyogo Prefectural Environment Create Center Public Corporation. January 27, 2003.RetrievedFebruary 20,2008.
  7. ^Graves CG, Matanoski GM, Tardiff RG (2000). "Carbonless copy paper and workplace safety: a review".Regul Toxicol Pharmacol.32(1): 99–117.doi:10.1006/rtph.2000.1408.PMID11029273.
  8. ^"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Carbonless Copy Paper".United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.RetrievedOctober 13,2007.
  9. ^Meisenheimer, Karen."Scientists Test Carbonless Copy Paper For Sickening Side Effects".University of Florida News.Retrieved3 November2015.
  10. ^Jaakkola, Maritta S.; Jouni J.K. Jaakkola (July 2007)."Office Work Exposures and Adult-Onset Asthma"(PDF).Environmental Health Perspectives.115(7). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences: 1007–1011.doi:10.1289/ehp.9875.PMC1913573.PMID17637914.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2009-01-20.
  11. ^Fukazawa h, H. K.; Hoshino, K.; Shiozawa, T.; Matsushita, H.; Terao, Y. (2001). "Identification and quantification of chlorinated bisphenol a in wastewater from wastepaper recycling plants".Chemosphere.44(5): 973–979.Bibcode:2001Chmsp..44..973F.doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00507-5.PMID11513431.
  12. ^Raloff, Janet (October 7, 2009)."Concerned About BPA: Check Your Receipts".Society for Science and the Public.RetrievedOctober 7,2009.
  13. ^Begley, Sharon (June 29, 2009)."When Studies Collide".Newsweek.RetrievedOctober 9,2009.
  14. ^Stahlhut; Welshons, W.; Swan, S. (2009)."Bisphenol a data in NHANES suggest longer than expected half-life, substantial nonfood exposure, or both".Environmental Health Perspectives.117(5): 784–789.doi:10.1289/ehp.0800376.PMC2685842.PMID19479022.
  15. ^Takemura; Ma, J.; Sayama, K.; Terao, Y.; Zhu, B.; Shimoi, K. (2005). "In vitro and in vivo estrogenic activity of chlorinated derivatives of bisphenol A".Toxicology.207(2): 215–221.doi:10.1016/j.tox.2004.09.015.PMID15596252.
  16. ^Lee, Henry K. (December 14, 2001)."Co-workers' rare cancer a mystery".The San Francisco Chronicle.RetrievedNovember 29,2009.

References

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