Cassivellaunuswas a historicalBritishmilitary leader who led the defence againstJulius Caesar's second expedition to Britainin 54 BC. He led an alliance of tribes againstRomanforces, but eventually surrendered after his location was revealed toJulius Caesarby defeated Britons.
| Cassivellaunus | |
|---|---|
| King of the Catuvellauni | |
 A representation of Cassivellaunus, New York Public Library | |
| Predecessor | Unknown |
| Successor | Tasciovanus |
| Born | England |
| Died | England |
| Burial | Unknown (In legend:York) |
| Occupation | Chief commander of the British resistance during Caesar's second invasion of Britain |
Cassivellaunus made an impact on the British consciousness. He appears in British legend asCassibelanus,one ofGeoffrey of Monmouth'skings of the Britons,and in theMabinogi,Brut y Brenhineddand theWelsh TriadsasCaswallawn,son ofBeli Mawr.
Name
editTheCommon Brittonicpersonal nameCassiuellaunosstems from the worduellaunos('chief, commandant').[1]The meaning of the prefixcassi-has been debated, but it possibly signifies 'tin, bronze'. Cassivellaunus may thus been translated as 'Chief-of-Tin', that is to say 'the inflexible'. The personal nameVer-cassivellaunus('True-Chief-of-Tin') is related.[2]
History
edit
Cassivellaunus appears in Julius Caesar'sCommentarii de Bello Gallico,having been given command of the combined British forces opposing Caesar's second invasion of Britain. Caesar does not mention Cassivellaunus's tribe, but his territory, north of theRiver Thames,corresponds with that inhabited by the tribe named theCatuvellauniat the time of the later invasion underClaudius.[citation needed]
Caesar tells us that Cassivellaunus had previously been in near-constant conflict with his neighbours, as was typical of the British tribes in this period, and had recently brought down the king of theTrinovantes,the most powerful tribe in Britain at the time. The king's son,Mandubracius,fled to Caesar inGaul.Despite Cassivellaunus's harrying tactics, designed to prevent Caesar's army from foraging and plundering for food, Caesar advanced to the Thames. The only fordable point was defended and fortified with sharp stakes, but the Romans managed to cross it. Cassivellaunus dismissed most of his army and resorted to guerilla tactics, relying on his knowledge of the territory and the speed of his chariots.
Five British tribes, theCenimagni,theSegontiaci,theAncalites,theBibrociand theCassi,surrendered to Caesar and revealed the location of Cassivellaunus's stronghold. (Possibles sites includeHextonand theDevil's Dyke,Wheathampstead). Caesar proceeded to put the stronghold under siege.[3]Cassivellaunus managed to get a message to the four kings ofKent,Cingetorix,Carvilius,TaximagulusandSegovax,to gather their forces and attack the Roman camp on the coast, but the Romans defended themselves successfully, capturing a chieftain calledLugotorix.On hearing of the defeat and the devastation of his territories, Cassivellaunus surrendered. The terms were mediated byCommius,Caesar'sGallically. Hostages were given and a tribute agreed. Mandubracius was restored to the kingship of the Trinovantes, and Cassivellaunus undertook not to wage war against him. All this achieved, Caesar returned to Gaul[4]where a poor harvest had caused unrest. The Roman legions did not return to Britain for another 97 years.
The Greek authorPolyaenusrelates an anecdote in hisStratagematathat Caesar overcame Cassivellaunus's defence of a river crossing by means of an armoured elephant.[5]This claim may derive from a confusion with theRoman conquestof 43 AD,[original research?]whenClaudiusis supposed to have brought elephants to Britain.[6]
Legend
editHistoria Regum Britanniae
edit
Cassivellaunus appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th century workHistoria Regum Britanniae(History of the Kings of Britain), usually spelled Cassibelanus or Cassibelaunus.[7]The younger son of the former kingHeli,he becomes king of Britain upon the death of his elder brotherLud,whose own sonsAndrogeusandTenvantiusare not yet of age. In recompense, Androgeus is made Duke ofKentandTrinovantum(London), and Tenvantius is made Duke ofCornwall.
After his conquest of Gaul, Julius Caesar sets his sights on Britain, and sends a letter to Cassibelanus demanding tribute. Cassibelanus refuses, citing the Britons' and Romans' commonTrojandescent (seeBrutus of Britain), and Caesar invades at theThames Estuary.During the fighting, Cassibelanus's brotherNenniusencounters Caesar and sustains a severe head wound. Caesar's sword gets stuck in Nennius's shield, and when the two are separated in the mêlée, Nennius throws away his own sword and attacks the Romans with Caesar's, killing many, including thetribuneLabienus.[8]The Britons hold firm, and that night Caesar flees back to Gaul. Cassibelanus's celebrations are muted by Nennius's death from his head wound. He is buried with the sword he took from Caesar, which is namedCrocea Mors(Yellow Death).
Two years later, Caesar invades again with a larger force. Cassibelanus, forewarned, had planted stakes beneath the waterline of the Thames which gut Caesar's ships, drowning thousands of men. The Romans are once again quickly put to flight.
The leaders of the Britons gather in Trinovantum to thank the gods for their victory with many animal sacrifices and celebrate with sporting events. During awrestlingbout, Cassibelanus's nephew Hirelglas is killed by Androgeus's nephew Cuelinus. Cassibelanus demands that Androgeus turn his nephew over to him for trial, but Androgeus refuses, insisting he should be tried in his own court in Trinovantum. Cassibelanus threatens war, and Androgeus appeals to Caesar for help, agreeing to accept him as liege and sending his son as a hostage.
Caesar invades a third time, landing atRichborough.As Cassibelaunus's army meets Caesar's, Androgeus attacks Cassibelaunus from the rear with five thousand men. His line broken, Cassibelanus retreats to a nearby hilltop. After two days siege, Androgeus appeals to Caesar to offer terms. Cassibelanus agrees to pay tribute of three thousand pounds of silver, and he and Caesar become friends.
Six years later, Cassibelanus dies and is buried inYork.Androgeus has gone to Rome with Caesar, so Tenvantius succeeds as king of Britain.
Welsh literature
edit
Cassivellaunus appears as Caswallawn, son ofBeli Mawr,in theWelsh Triads,theMabinogion,and the Welsh versions of Geoffrey'sHistoria Regum Britanniaeknown asBrut y Brenhinedd.In theSecond Branchof the Mabinogi, he appears as a usurper, who seizes the throne of Britain while the rightful king,Bran the Blessed,is at war inIreland.Using a magic cloak which renders him invisible, he kills six of the seven stewards Bran has left in charge, while the seventh, Bran's sonCaradog,dies of despair at the sight of a disembodied sword killing his men.[9][10]He then appears in theThird Branch,in which Bran's followers offer their submission to him to avoid fighting.[11]He is also mentioned in the taleLludd and Llefelys,which features his two brothersLludd Llaw Eraint(Geoffrey's Lud) andLlefelys.
Caswallawn is referenced frequently in theWelsh Triads.Triad 51 describes his conflict with "Afarwy" (Mandubracius/Androgeus) as described in Geoffrey of Monmouth,[12]while Triad 95 references the story of Caradawg son of Bran's death as told in theMabinogion.[13]However, other triads (35, 36, 38, 59, 67, and 71) refer to a tradition about Caswallawn not drawn from either Roman nor existing medieval sources.[14]Triad 38 names his horse as Meinlas ( "Slender Gray" ) and calls him one of the Three Bestowed Horses of the Island of Britain;[15]this is echoed in Triad 59, in which the decision to allow the Romans to land in Britain in exchange for Meinlas is called one of the Three Unfortunate Counsels of the Island of Britain.[16]Triad 35 indicates that Caswallawn left Britain with 21,000 men in pursuit of Caesar and never returned.[17]
Triads 67 and 71 portray Caswallawn as a great lover, who competed with Caesar over the beautiful Fflur. He is named as one of the Three Golden Shoemakers of the Island of Britain in relation to his trip to Rome seeking his love; context suggests he disguised himself as a shoemaker.[18]A later collection of triads compiled by the 18th-century Welsh antiquarianIolo Morganwggives an expanded version of this tradition, including the details that Caswallawn had abducted Fflur from Caesar in Gaul, killing 6,000 Romans, and that Caesar invaded Britain in response.[19]As with the rest of Morganwg's Triads, however, the provenance of these references is suspect. However, the 12th-century poetCynddelw Brydydd Mawrknew of some version of the Fflur story, writing that Caesar's love for her was costly.[20]
Welsh scholarRachel Bromwichsuggests the fragmentary allusions to Caswallawn in the Triads relate to a narrative of the character that has been lost.[14]This may have been in the form of a romance detailing the king's adventures, but would have been largely uninfluenced by the classical accounts.
Notes
edit- ^Delamarre 2003,p. 311.
- ^Delamarre 2003,pp. 109–110.
- ^A History of Britain,Richard Dargie (2007), p. 19
- ^Julius Caesar,Commentarii de Bello Gallico5.8-23;Dio Cassius,Roman History40.1-3;Orosius,Histories Against the Pagans6.9Archived2006-08-11 at theWayback Machine
- ^Polyaenus,Strategemata8.23.5
- ^Dio Cassius,Roman History60.21
- ^Geoffrey of Monmouth,Historia Regum Britanniae3.20,4.1-11
- ^According to Caesar's own account (Commentarii de Bello Gallico5.18), the tribune who was killed in Britain wasQuintus Laberius Durus;Titus Labienuswas hislegatein Gaul. The error can be traced toOrosius'sHistories Against the Pagans,an influential 4th-century Christian history.
- ^The Mabinogion:"Branwen, daughter of Llyr"
- ^Jeffrey Gantz,The Mabinogion,p.80.
- ^Jeffrey Gantz,The Mabinogion,pp. 84–86, 88.
- ^Rachel Bromwich,Trioedd Ynys Prydein,pp. 138–145. This is the only triad which draws its content entirely from Geoffrey. References to the Welsh Triads use Bromwich's numbering; Bromwich's 51 forms part of#5from theRed Book of Hergest.
- ^Bromwich,Trioedd Ynys Prydein,p. 242.
- ^abBromwich,Trioedd Ynys Prydein,pp. 305–306.
- ^Bromwich,Trioedd Ynys Prydein,pp. 103 – 104.Hergest Triad 50.
- ^Bromwich,Trioedd Ynys Prydein,pp. 168 – 170.Hergest Triad 21.
- ^Bromwich,Trioedd Ynys Prydein,pp. 81–89.Peniarth Triad 32;Hergest Triad 5
- ^Bromwich,Trioedd Ynys Prydein,pp. 185–188.Peniarth Triad 32.
- ^Iolo Morganwg,Triads of Britain8,1417,24,102,124
- ^Bromwich,Trioedd Ynys Prydein,p. 354.
References
edit- Bromwich, Rachel (2006).Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain.University Of Wales Press.ISBN0-7083-1386-8.
- Delamarre, Xavier(2003).Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental.Errance.ISBN9782877723695.
- Gantz, Jeffrey (translator) (1987).The Mabinogion.New York: Penguin.ISBN0-14-044322-3.