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Central America

(Redirected fromCentral American)
For other uses, seeCentral America (disambiguation).Not to be confused withMiddle America (Americas)orCentral United States.

Central America[b]is asubregionofNorth America.[2]Its political boundaries are defined as borderingMexicoto the north,Colombiato the southeast, theCaribbeanto the east, and thePacific Oceanto the southwest. Central America is usually defined as consisting of seven countries:Belize,Costa Rica,El Salvador,Guatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,andPanama.Within Central America is theMesoamericanbiodiversity hotspot,which extends from southern Mexico to southeastern Panama. Due to the presence of severalactive geologic faultsand theCentral America Volcanic Arc,there is a high amount of seismic activity in the region, such asvolcanic eruptionsand earthquakes, which has resulted in death, injury, and property damage.

Central America
Area523,780 km2(202,230 sq mi)[1]
Population52,700,000 (2023)[1]
Population density100.6/km2(260.6/sq mi) (2023)
GDP(PPP)$738.8 billion (2023)
GDP (nominal)$362.62 billion (exchange rate) (2023)
GDP per capita$6,880 (exchange rate) (2023)
$14,019 (PPP) (2023)
DemonymCentral American[a]
Countries
DependenciesSan Andrés and Providencia(Colombia)
Languages
Time zonesUTC−06:00toUTC−05:00
Largest cities
UN M49code013– Central America
419–Latin America and the Caribbean
019–Americas
001–World

In thepre-Columbian era,Central America was inhabited by theIndigenous peoples of Mesoamericato the north and west and theIsthmo-Colombianpeoples to the south and east. Following the Spanish expedition ofChristopher Columbus' voyages to theAmericas,Spain began tocolonize the Americas.From 1609 to 1821, the majority of Central American territories (except for what would become Belize and Panama, and including the modern Mexican state ofChiapas) were governed by the viceroyalty ofNew SpainfromMexico Cityas theCaptaincy General of Guatemala.On 24 August 1821, Spanish ViceroyJuan de O'Donojúsigned theTreaty of Córdoba,which established New Spain's independence from Spain.[3]On 15 September 1821, theAct of Independence of Central Americawas enacted to announce Central America's separation from theSpanish Empireand provide for the establishment of a newCentral American state.Some of New Spain's provinces in the Central American region (i.e. what would become Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Costa Rica) were annexed to theFirst Mexican Empire;however in 1823 they seceded from Mexico to form theFederal Republic of Central Americauntil 1838.[4]

In 1838, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua became the first of Central America's seven states to become independent countries, followed by El Salvador in 1841, Panama in 1903, and Belize in 1981.[5]Despite the dissolution of theFederal Republic of Central America,countries like Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua continue to maintain a Central American identity.[6]Belizeansare usually identified as culturallyCaribbeanrather than Central American, whilePanamaniansidentify themselves more broadly with their South American neighbors.[citation needed]

The Spanish-speaking countries officially include both North America andSouth Americaas a single continent,América,which is split into four subregions: North America (Northern AmericaandMexico), Central America, South America, andInsular America(theWest Indies).[7]

Different definitions

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Belize,Costa Rica,El Salvador,Guatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,andPanamaare traditionally the seven Central American countries inpolitical geography.

"Central America" may mean different things to various people, based upon different contexts:

  • The non-officialUnited Nations geoscheme for the AmericasdefinesCentral Americaas all states of mainland North America south of the United States, hence grouping Mexico as part of Central America for statistics purposes, but historically and politically Mexico is considered North American.[8]
  • Middle Americais usually thought to compriseMexicoto the north of the 7 states ofCentral Americaas well asColombiaandVenezuelato the south. Usually, the whole of theCaribbeanto the northeast, and sometimes theGuyanas,are also included. According to one source, the term "Central America" was used as a synonym for "Middle America"at least as recently as 1962.[9]
  • InIbero-America(Spanish and Portuguese speaking American countries), theAmericasare considered a single continent (America), and Central America is considered asubregionof thecontinentcomprising the seven countries south of Mexico and north of Colombia.[citation needed]
  • For the people living in the five countries, formerly part of theFederal Republic of Central Americathere is a distinction between the Spanish language terms "América Central" and "Centroamérica". While both can be translated into English as "Central America", "América Central" is generally used to refer to the geographical area of the seven countries betweenMexicoandColombia,while "Centroamérica" is used when referring to the former members of the Federation emphasizing the shared culture and history of the region.[citation needed]
  • InPortugueseas a rule and occasionally in Spanish and other languages, the entirety of theAntillesis often included in the definition of Central America. Indeed, theDominican Republicis a full member of theCentral American Integration System.[citation needed]

History

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Main article:History of Central America
Central America, 1862
Painting of the First Independence Movement celebration inSan Salvador1811
Painting of the signing of the Declaration of Independence of Central America, Guatemala, 1821
Heroes of Central American Independence

Central America was formed more than 3 million years ago, as part of theIsthmus of Panama,when its portion of land connected each side of water.

In thePre-Columbian era,the northern areas of Central America were inhabited by theindigenouspeoples ofMesoamerica.Most notable among these were theMayans,who had built numerous cities throughout the region, and theAztecs,who had created a vast empire. The pre-Columbian cultures of eastern El Salvador, eastern Honduras, Caribbean Nicaragua, most of Costa Rica and Panama were predominantly speakers of theChibchan languagesat the time of European contact and are considered by some[10]culturally different and grouped in theIsthmo-Colombian Area.

Following the Spanish expedition ofChristopher Columbus's voyages to the Americas, the Spanish sent many expeditions to the region, and they began their conquest ofMaya territoryin 1523. Soon after theconquest of the Aztec Empire,SpanishconquistadorPedro de Alvaradocommenced theconquest of northern Central Americafor theSpanish Empire.Beginning with his arrival inSoconuscoin 1523, Alvarado's forces systematically conquered and subjugated most of the major Maya kingdoms, including theK'iche',Tz'utujil,Pipil,and theKaqchikel.By 1528, the conquest of Guatemala was nearly complete, with only thePetén Basinremaining outside the Spanish sphere of influence. The last independent Maya kingdoms – theKowojand theItza people– were finally defeated in 1697, as part of theSpanish conquest of Petén.[11]

In 1538, Spain established theReal Audiencia of Panama,which had jurisdiction over all land from theStrait of Magellanto theGulf of Fonseca.This entity was dissolved in 1543, and most of the territory within Central America then fell under the jurisdiction of theAudiencia Real de Guatemala.This area included the current territories of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Mexican state ofChiapas,but excluded the lands that would become Belize and Panama. The president of the Audiencia, which had its seat inAntigua Guatemala,was the governor of the entire area. In 1609 the area became acaptaincy generaland the governor was also granted the title of captain general. TheCaptaincy General of Guatemalaencompassed most of Central America, with the exception ofpresent-day Belizeand Panama.

The Captaincy General of Guatemala lasted for more than two centuries, but began to fray after arebellion in 1811which began in theIntendancy of San Salvador.The Captaincy General formally ended on 15 September 1821, with the signing of theAct of Independence of Central America.Mexican independence was achieved at virtually the same time with the signing of theTreaty of Córdobaand theDeclaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire,and the entire region was finally independent from Spanish authority by 28 September 1821.

GeneralManuel José Arce;decoratedSalvadoranGeneral and president of theFederal Republic of Central Americafrom 1825 to 1829
The five rowed volcanos in the coat of arms of Central America was inspired by theCordillera de Apanecavolcanic range of El Salvador, visible from the city ofSonsonate,which became the capital of theFederal Republic of Central Americain 1834.
Monument honoring the emblem of the United Provinces of Central America
The historic military flag of the United Provinces of Central America with the national motto (God. Union. Liberty.) and the National Battalion initials (B.N.) in golden amber color

From its independence from Spain in 1821 until 1823, the former Captaincy Generalremained intact as partof the short-livedFirst Mexican Empire.When theEmperor of Mexicoabdicated on 19 March 1823, Central America again became independent. On 1 July 1823, the Congress of Central America peacefully seceded from Mexico and declared absolute independence from all foreign nations, and the region formed theFederal Republic of Central America.[citation needed]

The Federal Republic of Central America was arepresentative democracywith its capital atGuatemala City.This union consisted of the provinces of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,Los Altos,Mosquito Coast,and Nicaragua. The lowlands of southwest Chiapas, including Soconusco, initially belonged to the Republic until 1824, when Mexico annexed most of Chiapas and began its claims to Soconusco. The Republic lasted from 1823 to 1838, when it disintegrated as a result of civil wars.[citation needed]

The territory that now makes up Belize was heavily contested in a dispute that continued for decades after Guatemala achieved independence. Spain, and later Guatemala, considered this land aGuatemalan department.In 1862, Britain formally declared it a British colony and named itBritish Honduras.It became independent as Belize in 1981.[5]

Panama, situated in the southernmost part of Central America on theIsthmus of Panama,has for most of its history been culturally and politically linked to South America. Panama was part of theProvince of Tierra Firmefrom 1510 until 1538 when it came under the jurisdiction of the newly formedAudiencia Real de Panama.Beginning in 1543, Panama was administered as part of theViceroyalty of Peru,along with all other Spanish possessions in South America. Panama remained as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1739, when it was transferred to theViceroyalty of New Granada,the capital of which was located atSanta Fé de Bogotá.Panama remained as part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada until the disestablishment of that viceroyalty in 1819. A series ofmilitary and political strugglestook place from that time until 1822, the result of which produced the republic ofGran Colombia.After the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830, Panama became part of a successor state, theRepublic of New Granada.From 1855 until 1886, Panama existed asPanama State,first within the Republic of New Granada, then within theGranadine Confederation,and finally within theUnited States of Colombia.The United States of Colombia was replaced by theRepublic of Colombiain 1886. As part of the Republic of Colombia, Panama State was abolished and it became theIsthmus Department.Despite the many political reorganizations, Colombia was still deeply plagued by conflict, which eventually led to thesecession of Panamaon 3 November 1903. Only after that time did some begin to regard Panama as a North or Central American entity.[citation needed]

By the 1930s theUnited Fruit Companyowned 14,000 square kilometres (3.5 million acres) of land in Central America and the Caribbean and was the single largest land owner in Guatemala. Such holdings gave it great power over the governments of small countries. That was one of the factors that led to the coining of the phrasebanana republic.[12]

After more than two hundred years of social unrest, violent conflict, and revolution, Central America today remains in a period of political transformation. Poverty, social injustice, and violence are still widespread.[13]Nicaragua is the second poorest country in the western hemisphere, after Haiti.[14]

Flags of modern Central America

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Coats of arms of modern Central America

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Geography

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See also:Geography of Belize,Costa Rica,El Salvador,Guatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,Panama,List of islands of Central America,andList of mountain peaks of Central America
The seven countries of Central America and their capitals

Central America is a part ofNorth Americaconsisting of a tapering isthmus running from the southern extent of Mexico to the northwestern portion ofSouth America.Central America has theGulf of Mexico,a body of water within theAtlantic Ocean,to the north; the Caribbean Sea, also part of the Atlantic Ocean, to the northeast; and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Somephysiographistsdefine theIsthmus of Tehuantepecas the northern geographic border of Central America,[15]while others use the northwestern borders of Belize and Guatemala. From there, the Central American land mass extends southeastward to theAtrato River,where it connects to thePacific Lowlandsin northwestern South America.

Central America has over 70 active volcanoes, 41 which are located in El Salvador, and Guatemala.[16]The volcano with the most activity in Central America isSanta María.Still experiencing frequent eruptions to this day, with the last one beginning in 2013, and still is going on to this day.[17]

Of the many mountain ranges within Central America, the longest are theSierra Madre de Chiapas,theCordillera Isabeliaand theCordillera de Talamanca.At 4,220 meters (13,850 ft),Volcán Tajumulcois the highest peak in Central America. Other high points of Central America are as listed in the table below:

High points in Central America
Country Name Elevation Range
Belize Doyle's Delight 1,124 m (3,688 ft) Maya Mountains
Costa Rica Cerro Chirripó 3,820 m (12,530 ft) Cordillera de Talamanca
El Salvador Cerro El Pital 2,730 m (8,960 ft) Sierra Madre de Chiapas
Guatemala Volcán Tajumulco 4,220 m (13,850 ft) Sierra Madre de Chiapas
Honduras Cerro Las Minas 2,780 m (9,120 ft) Sierra Madre de Chiapas
Nicaragua Mogotón 2,107 m (6,913 ft) Cordillera Isabelia
Panama Volcán Barú 3,474 m (11,398 ft) Cordillera de Talamanca
Central America geography

Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the raising of livestock and for the production of coffee, tobacco, beans and other crops. Most of the population of Honduras, Costa Rica and Guatemala lives in valleys.[18]

Trade windshave a significant effect upon the climate of Central America. Temperatures in Central America are highest just prior to thesummer wet season,and are lowest during thewinter dry season,when trade winds contribute to a cooler climate. The highest temperatures occur in April, due to higher levels of sunlight, lower cloud cover and a decrease in trade winds.[19]

Biodiversity

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See also:Central America bioregion

Central American forests

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El Chorreron in El Salvador

Central America is part of the Mesoamericanbiodiversity hotspot,boasting 7% of the world'sbiodiversity.[20]ThePacific Flywayis a major north–southflywayformigratory birdsin the Americas, extending fromAlaskatoTierra del Fuego.Due to the funnel-like shape of its land mass, migratory birds can be seen in very high concentrations in Central America, especially in the spring and autumn. As a bridge between North America and South America, Central America has many species from theNearcticand theNeotropical realms.However the southern countries (Costa Rica and Panama) of the region have more biodiversity than the northern countries (Guatemala and Belize), meanwhile the central countries (Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador) have the least biodiversity.[20]The table below shows recent statistics:

Biodiversity in Central America (numbers of different species of terrestrial vertebrate animals and vascular plants)
Country Amphibian
species 		Bird
species 		Mammal
species 		Reptile
species 		Total terrestrial
vertebrate species 		Vascular plants
species 		Biodiversity
Belize[21] 46 544 147 140 877 2894 3771
Costa Rica[22] 183 838 232 258 1511 12119 13630
El Salvador[23] 30 434 137 106 707 2911 3618
Guatemala[24] 133 684 193 236 1246 8681 9927
Honduras[25] 101 699 201 213 1214 5680 6894
Nicaragua[26] 61 632 181 178 1052 7590 8642
Panama[27] 182 904 241 242 1569 9915 11484

Over 300 species of the region's flora and fauna are threatened, 107 of which are classified as critically endangered. The underlying problems aredeforestation,which is estimated byFAOat 1.2% per year in Central America and Mexico combined,fragmentationofrainforestsand the fact that 80% of the vegetation in Central America has already been converted to agriculture.[28]

Efforts to protect fauna and flora in the region are made by creatingecoregionsand nature reserves. 36% of Belize's land territory falls under some form of official protected status, giving Belize one of the most extensive systems of terrestrial protected areas in the Americas. In addition, 13% of Belize's marine territory are also protected.[29]A large coral reef extends from Mexico to Honduras: theMesoamerican Barrier Reef System.TheBelize Barrier Reefis part of this. The Belize Barrier Reef is home to a large diversity of plants and animals, and is one of the most diverseecosystemsof the world. It is home to 70 hard coral species, 36soft coralspecies, 500 species of fish and hundreds ofinvertebratespecies. So far only about 10% of the species in the Belize barrier reef have been discovered.[30]

Flora

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National flowers of Central America

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National trees of Central America

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One of the hanging bridges of the skywalk at theMonteverde Cloud Forest ReserveinMonteverde, Costa Ricadisappearing into the clouds

From 2001 to 2010, 5,376 square kilometers (2,076 sq mi) of forest were lost in the region. In 2010 Belize had 63% of remaining forest cover, Costa Rica 46%, Panama 45%, Honduras 41%, Guatemala 37%, Nicaragua 29%, and El Salvador 21%. Most of the loss occurred in the moist forestbiome,with 12,201 square kilometers (4,711 sq mi). Woody vegetation loss was partially set off by a gain in the coniferous forest biome with 4,730 square kilometers (1,830 sq mi), and a gain in the dry forest biome at 2,054 square kilometers (793 sq mi). Mangroves and deserts contributed only 1% to the loss in forest vegetation. The bulk of thedeforestationwas located at the Caribbean slopes of Nicaragua with a loss of 8,574 square kilometers (3,310 sq mi) of forest in the period from 2001 to 2010. The most significant regrowth of 3,050 square kilometers (1,180 sq mi) of forest was seen in the coniferous woody vegetation of Honduras.[31]

Montane forests

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TheCentral American pine-oak forestsecoregion, in thetropical and subtropical coniferous forestsbiome, is found in Central America and southern Mexico. The Central American pine-oak forests occupy an area of 111,400 square kilometers (43,000 sq mi),[32]extending along the mountainous spine of Central America, extending from theSierra Madre de Chiapasin Mexico'sChiapasstate through the highlands of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras to central Nicaragua. The pine-oak forests lie between 600–1,800 metres (2,000–5,900 ft) elevation,[32]and are surrounded at lower elevations bytropical moist forestsandtropical dry forests.Higher elevations above 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) are usually covered withCentral American montane forests.The Central American pine-oak forests are composed of many species characteristic of temperate North America includingoak,pine,fir,andcypress.

Laurel forestis the most common type of Central American temperate evergreencloud forest,found in almost all Central American countries, normally more than 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) above sea level. Tree species includeevergreen oaks,members of thelaurel family,species ofWeinmanniaandMagnolia,andDrimys granadensis.[33]The cloud forest ofSierra de las Minas,Guatemala, is the largest in Central America. In some areas of southeastern Honduras there are cloud forests, the largest located near the border with Nicaragua. In Nicaragua, cloud forests are situated near the border with Honduras, but many were cleared to grow coffee. There are still some temperate evergreen hills in the north. The only cloud forest in the Pacific coastal zone of Central America is on theMombachovolcano in Nicaragua. In Costa Rica, there are laurel forests in the Cordillera deTilaránandVolcán Arenal,calledMonteverde,also in theCordillera de Talamanca.

TheCentral American montane forestsare an ecoregion of thetropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forestsbiome, as defined by theWorld Wildlife Fund.[34]These forests are of the moist deciduous and the semi-evergreen seasonal subtype of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests and receive high overall rainfall with a warm summerwet seasonand a cooler winter dry season. Central American montane forests consist of forest patches located at altitudes ranging from 1,800–4,000 metres (5,900–13,100 ft), on the summits and slopes of the highest mountains in Central America ranging from Southern Mexico, through Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, to northern Nicaragua. The entire ecoregion covers an area of 13,200 square kilometers (5,100 sq mi) and has atemperate climatewith relatively highprecipitationlevels.[34]

Fauna

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See also:List of mammals of Central AmericaandList of Central American monkey species

Legendary National Birds of Central America

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Ecoregions are not only established to protect the forests themselves but also because they are habitats for an incomparably rich and often endemic fauna. Almost half of the bird population of theTalamancan montane forestsin Costa Rica and Panama are endemic to this region. Several birds are listed as threatened, most notably theresplendent quetzal(Pharomacrus mocinno),three-wattled bellbird(Procnias tricarunculata),bare-necked umbrellabird(Cephalopterus glabricollis), andblack guan(Chamaepetes unicolor). Many of the amphibians are endemic and depend on the existence of forest. Thegolden toadthat once inhabited a small region in the Monteverde Reserve, which is part of the Talamancan montane forests, has not been seen alive since 1989 and is listed as extinct by IUCN. The exact causes for its extinction are unknown. Global warming may have played a role, because the development of that frog is typical for this area may have been compromised. Seven small mammals are endemic to the Costa Rica-Chiriqui highlands within the Talamancan montane forest region.Jaguars,cougars,spider monkeys,as well astapirs,andanteaterslive in the woods of Central America.[33]TheCentral American red brocketis a brocket deer found in Central America's tropical forest.

Geology

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Central America and theCaribbean Plate
See also:Central America Volcanic Arc,List of earthquakes in Costa Rica,List of earthquakes in El Salvador,List of earthquakes in Guatemala,andList of earthquakes in Nicaragua

Central America is geologically very active, withvolcanic eruptionsand earthquakes occurring frequently, andtsunamisoccurring occasionally. Many thousands of people have died as a result of these natural disasters.

Most of Central America rests atop theCaribbean Plate.Thistectonic plateconverges with theCocos,Nazca,andNorth Americanplates to form theMiddle America Trench,a majorsubductionzone. The Middle America Trench is situated some 60–160 kilometers (37–99 mi) off the Pacific coast of Central America and runs roughly parallel to it. Many large earthquakes have occurred as a result of seismic activity at the Middle America Trench.[35]For example, subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the North American Plate at the Middle America Trench is believed to have caused the1985 Mexico City earthquakethat killed as many as 40,000 people. Seismic activity at the Middle America Trench is also responsible for earthquakes in1902,1942,1956,1982,1992,January 2001,February 2001,2007,2012,2014,and many other earthquakes throughout Central America.

The Middle America Trench is not the only source of seismic activity in Central America. TheMotagua Faultis an onshore continuation of theCayman Troughwhich forms part of the tectonic boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate. Thistransform faultcuts right across Guatemala and then continues offshore until it merges with the Middle America Trench along the Pacific coast of Mexico, nearAcapulco.Seismic activity at the Motagua Fault has been responsible for earthquakes in1717,1773,1902,1976,1980,and2009.

Another onshore continuation of the Cayman Trough is theChixoy-Polochic Fault,which runs parallel to, and roughly 80 kilometers (50 mi) to the north, of the Motagua Fault. Though less active than the Motagua Fault, seismic activity at the Chixoy-Polochic Fault is still thought to be capable of producing very large earthquakes, such as the 1816 earthquake of Guatemala.[36]

Managua,the capital of Nicaragua, was devastated by earthquakes in1931and1972.

Volcanic eruptions are also common in Central America. In 1968 theArenal Volcano,in Costa Rica, erupted killing 87 people as the 3 villages of Tabacon, Pueblo Nuevo and San Luis were buried under pyroclastic flows and debris. Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lava have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas.

Demographics

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See also:Ethnic groups in Central AmericaandLatin Americans

Life expectancy

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Main article:List of countries in the Americas by life expectancy

List of countries bylife expectancyat birth for 2022, according to theWorld Bank Group.[37][38][39]

Countries &
territories 		2022 Historical data recovery from
COVID-19:
2019→2022
All Male Female Sex gap 2014 2014
→2019 		2019 2019
→2020 		2020 2020
→2021 		2021 2021
→2022 		2022
Costa Rica 77.32 74.76 80.04 5.27 78.77 0.65 79.43 −0.15 79.28 −2.25 77.02 0.30 77.32 −2.11
Panama 76.83 73.73 80.09 6.36 77.25 0.56 77.81 −1.15 76.66 −0.43 76.22 0.60 76.83 −0.98
Nicaragua 74.61 71.61 77.56 5.94 72.81 1.24 74.05 −2.26 71.80 2.04 73.84 0.78 74.61 0.56
World 72.00 69.60 74.53 4.93 71.88 1.10 72.98 −0.74 72.24 −0.92 71.33 0.67 72.00 −0.98
El Salvador 71.47 66.84 75.81 8.98 71.75 0.81 72.56 −1.50 71.06 −0.31 70.75 0.73 71.47 −1.08
Belize 70.96 67.72 74.69 6.96 73.31 0.62 73.93 −1.08 72.85 −2.38 70.47 0.49 70.96 −2.97
Honduras 70.73 68.46 73.16 4.70 72.26 0.62 72.88 −1.42 71.46 −1.34 70.12 0.60 70.73 −2.15
Guatemala 68.67 65.70 71.75 6.06 71.96 1.17 73.13 −1.33 71.80 −2.56 69.24 −0.56 68.67 −4.45
Change in life expectancy in Central America from 2019 to 2021[37]

Capital cities of Central America

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The population of Central America is estimated at50,956,791as of 2021.[40][41]With an area of 523,780 square kilometers (202,230 sq mi),[42]it has a population density of 97.3 per square kilometre (252 per square mile). Human Development Index values are from the estimates for 2017.[43]

Countries of Central America
Country Area[44] Population
(2021 est.)[40][41] 		Population
density 		Capital Official
language 		Human
development
index
Belize 22,966 km2(8,867 sq mi) 400,031 17/km2(45/sq mi) Belmopan English 0.708High
Costa Rica 51,100 km2(19,700 sq mi) 5,153,957 101/km2(261/sq mi) San José Spanish 0.794High
El Salvador 21,041 km2(8,124 sq mi) 6,314,167 300/km2(777/sq mi) San Salvador Spanish 0.674Medium
Guatemala 108,889 km2(42,042 sq mi) 17,608,483 162/km2(419/sq mi) Guatemala City Spanish 0.650Medium
Honduras 112,090 km2(43,280 sq mi) 10,278,345 92/km2(237/sq mi) Tegucigalpa Spanish 0.617Medium
Nicaragua 130,370 km2(50,340 sq mi) 6,850,540 53/km2(136/sq mi) Managua Spanish 0.658Medium
Panama 75,420 km2(29,120 sq mi) 4,351,267 58/km2(149/sq mi) Panama City Spanish 0.789High
Total 521,876 km2(201,497 sq mi) 50,956,790 - - - 0.699
Largest metropolitan areas in Central America
City Country Population Census Year % of National
Population
Guatemala City Guatemala 5,700,000 2010 26%
San Salvador El Salvador 2,415,217 2009 39%
Managua Nicaragua 2,045,000 2012 34%
Tegucigalpa Honduras 1,819,000 2010 24%
San Pedro Sula Honduras 1,600,000 2010 21%+4
[clarification needed]
Panama City Panama 1,400,000 2010 37%
San José Costa Rica 1,275,000 2013 30%

Languages

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See also:Central American Spanish,Misumalpan,andChibchan

The official language majority in all Central American countries isSpanish,except in Belize, where the official language isEnglish.Mayan languagesconstitute alanguage familyconsisting of about 26 related languages. Guatemala formally recognized 21 of these in 1996.Xinca,Miskito,andGarifunaare also present in Central America.

Languages in Central America (2010)
Rank Country Population % Spanish % Mayan
languages		 % English % Xinca % Garifuna
1 Guatemala 17,284,000 64.7% 34.3% 0.0% 0.7% 0.3%
2 Honduras 8,447,000 97.1% 2.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.9%
3 El Salvador 6,108,000 99.0% 1.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
4 Nicaragua 6,028,000 87.4% 7.1% 5.5% 0.0% 0.0%
5 Costa Rica 4,726,000 97.2% 1.8% 1.0% 0.0% 0.0%
6 Panamá 3,652,000 86.8% 0.0% 4.0% 0.0% 0.0%
7 Belize 408,867 49.8% 8.9% 70.0% 0.0% 7.0%

Ethnic groups

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Central America map of indigenous people before European contact
Central American women

This region of the continent is very rich in terms of ethnic groups. The majority of the population ismestizo,with sizable Mayan and African descendent populations present, along with numerous other indigenous groups such as theMiskito people.The immigration of Arabs, Jews, Chinese, Europeans and others brought additional groups to the area.

Ethnic groups in Central America (2010)
Country Population %Amerindian %White %Mestizo/Mixed %Black % Other
Belize 324,528 6.3% 5.0% 49.6% 32.0% 4.1%
Costa Rica 4,301,712 4.0% 82.3% 15.7% 1.3% 0.7%
El Salvador 6,340,889 1.0% 12.0% 86.0% 0.13% 1.0%
Guatemala 15,700,000 42.0% 4.0% 53.0% 0.2% 0.8%
Honduras 8,143,564 6.0% 5.5% 82.0% 6.0% 0.5%
Nicaragua 5,815,500 5.0% 17.0% 69.0% 9.0% 0.0%
Panama 3,474,562 6.0% 10.0% 65.0% 14.0% 5.0%
Total 42,682,190 10.04% 17.04% 59.77% 9.77% 2.91%

Religious groups

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Further information:Catholic Church in North America,Bahá'í Faith in Central America,Buddhism in Central America,andAnglican Church in Central America

Cathedrals of Central America

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The predominant religion in Central America isChristianity(95.6%).[45]Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central America in the 16th century,Catholicismbecame the most popular religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century. Since the 1960s, there has been an increase in other Christian groups, particularlyProtestantism,as well as other religious organizations, and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion.[46]

Proportions of the population by religion (2020)
Country Roman Catholic Protestant Other Christian Non-Affiliated Other
Belize 47.4% 34.5% 7.1% 6.8% 3.2%
Costa Rica 72.5% 19.5% 2.4% 4.5% 1.1%
El Salvador 55.8% 35.3% 3.6% 5.0% 0.3%
Guatemala 55.4% 25.9% 14.3% 4.0% 0.4%
Honduras 64.9% 29.1% 2.2% 3.1% 0.7%
Nicaragua 58.3% 36.7% 1.4% 3.4% 0.1%
Panama 66.1% 23.9% 1.8% 4.2% 3.0%

Source: Jason Mandrik, Operation World Statistics (2020).

  • Protestantism in Central America also include Independent Christian, most of total Protestants in this region (+80%) are Evangelicals, the rest follow traditional beliefs.
  • Other Christian include Other Traditional Churches (Orthodox, Episcopalian, etc.) and contemporary churches (Mormons, Adventists, Scientology, etc.), also include Non-denominational Christian who are the most numerous group, specially in Guatemala.

Culture

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Main article:Culture of Central America

Central American art

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National dishes of Central America

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Sport

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Politics

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Leaders of Central America

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Integration

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Main article:Central American Integration System
Sistema de
Integración Centroamericana
Central American
Integration System
Coat of arms
Motto:"Peace, Development, Liberty and Democracy"
Anthem:La Granadera
Countries
  • Belize
  • Costa Rica
  • El Salvador
  • Guatemala
  • Honduras
  • Nicaragua
  • Panama
  • Dominican Republic
Area
• Total
523,780[1]km2(202,230 sq mi)
Population
• 2022 estimate
52,176,283[1]
• Density
99.6/km2(258.0/sq mi)

Central America is currently undergoing a process of political, economic and cultural transformation that started in 1907 with the creation of theCentral American Court of Justice.

In 1951 the integration process continued with the signature of the San Salvador Treaty, which created the ODECA, the Organization of Central American States. However, the unity of the ODECA was limited by conflicts between several member states.

In 1991, the integration agenda was further advanced by the creation of theCentral American Integration System(Sistema para la Integración Centroamericana,or SICA). SICA provides a clear legal basis to avoid disputes between the member states. SICA membership includes the 7 nations of Central America plus theDominican Republic,a state that is traditionally considered part of the Caribbean.

On 6 December 2008, SICA announced an agreement to pursue a common currency and common passport for the member nations.[47]No timeline for implementation was discussed.

Central America already has several supranational institutions such as theCentral American Parliament,theCentral American Bank for Economic Integrationand theCentral American Common Market.

On 22 July 2011, PresidentMauricio Funesof El Salvador became the first presidentpro temporeto SICA. El Salvador also became the headquarters of SICA with the inauguration of a new building.[48]

Foreign relations

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See also:Sino-Latin America relations

Until recently,[when?]all Central American countries maintained diplomatic relations withTaiwaninstead of China. PresidentÓscar Ariasof Costa Rica, however, established diplomatic relations with China in 2007, severing formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan.[49]After breaking off relations with the Republic of China in 2017, Panama established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. In August 2018, El Salvador also severed ties with Taiwan to formally start recognizing the People's Republic of China as sole China, a move many considered lacked transparency due to its abruptness and reports of the Chinese government's desires to invest in the department of La Union while also promising to fund the ruling party's reelection campaign.[50]The President of El Salvador,Nayib Bukele,broke diplomatic relations with Taiwan and established ties withChina.On 9 December 2021, Nicaragua resumed relations with the PRC.[51]

Parliament

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Main article:Central American Parliament
Emblem of theCentral American Parliament

The Central American Parliament (aka PARLACEN) is a political and parliamentary body of SICA. The parliament started around 1980, and its primary goal was to resolve conflicts in Nicaragua, Guatemala, and El Salvador. Although the group was disbanded in 1986, ideas of unity of Central Americans still remained, so a treaty was signed in 1987 to create the Central American Parliament and other political bodies. Its original members were Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Honduras. The parliament is the political organ of Central America, and is part of SICA. New members have since then joined including Panama and the Dominican Republic.

Costa Rica is not a member State of the Central American Parliament and its adhesion remains as a very unpopular topic at all levels of the Costa Rican society due to existing strong political criticism towards the regional parliament, since it is regarded by Costa Ricans as a menace to democratic accountability and effectiveness of integration efforts. Excessively high salaries for its members, legal immunity of jurisdiction from any member State, corruption, lack of a binding nature and effectiveness of the regional parliament's decisions, high operative costs and immediate membership of Central American Presidents once they leave their office and presidential terms, are the most common reasons invoked by Costa Ricans against the Central American Parliament.[citation needed]

Economy

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See also:Economy of Belize,Costa Rica,El Salvador,Guatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,andPanama
Federal Republic of Central America, 4 Escudos (1835). Struck in the San Jose, Costa Rica mint (697 were minted)
Secretariat of Central American Economic Integration

Signed in 2004, theCentral American Free Trade Agreement(CAFTA) is an agreement between the United States, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and theDominican Republic.The treaty is aimed at promotingfree tradeamong its members.

Guatemala has the largest economy in the region.[52][53]Its main exports are coffee, sugar, bananas, petroleum, clothing, andcardamom.Of its 10.29 billion dollar annual exports,[54]40.2% go to the United States, 11.1% to neighboring El Salvador, 8% to Honduras, 5.5% to Mexico, 4.7% to Nicaragua, and 4.3% to Costa Rica.[55]

The region is particularly attractive for companies (especially clothing companies) because of its geographical proximity to theUnited States,very low wages and considerable tax advantages. In addition, the decline in the prices of coffee and other export products and the structural adjustment measures promoted by the international financial institutions have partly ruined agriculture, favouring the emergence of maquiladoras. This sector accounts for 42 per cent of total exports from El Salvador, 55 per cent from Guatemala, and 65 per cent from Honduras. However, its contribution to the economies of these countries is disputed; raw materials are imported, jobs are precarious and low-paid, and tax exemptions weaken public finances.[56]

They are also criticised for the working conditions of employees: insults and physical violence, abusive dismissals (especially of pregnant workers), working hours, non-payment of overtime. According to Lucrecia Bautista, coordinator of themaquilassector of the audit firm Coverco, "labour law regulations are regularly violated in maquilas and there is no political will to enforce their application. In the case of infringements, the labour inspectorate shows remarkable leniency. It is a question of not discouraging investors." Trade unionists are subject to pressure, and sometimes to kidnapping or murder. In some cases, business leaders have used the services of themaras.Finally, black lists containing the names of trade unionists or political activists are circulating in employers' circles.[56]

Economic growth in Central America is projected to slow slightly in 2014–15, as country-specific domestic factors offset the positive effects from stronger economic activity in the United States.[57]

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Central American countries
Country GDP
(nominal)
$ millions[52][c] 		GDP
(nominal
per capita)[58][59] 		GDP
(PPP)
$ millions[53][c]
Belize 1,552 $4,602 2,914
Costa Rica 44,313 $10,432 57,955
El Salvador 24,421 $3,875 46,050
Guatemala 50,303 $3,512 78,012
Honduras 18,320 $2,323 37,408
Nicaragua 7,695 $1,839 19,827
Panama 34,517 $10,838 55,124

Tourism

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See also:Tourism in Belize,Costa Rica,El Salvador,Guatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,andPanama

Central American coast

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TheGreat Blue Holeoff the coast of Belize is a primeecotourismdestination. It is aUNESCO World Heritage Site
Semuc Champey,Guatemala.

Tourism in Belize has grown considerably in more recent times, and it is now the second largest industry in the nation. Belizean Prime MinisterDean Barrowhas stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country.[60]The growth in tourism has positively affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance industries, as well as the construction industry. The results for Belize's tourism-driven economy have been significant, with the nation welcoming almost one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2012.[61]Belize is also the only country in Central America with English as its official language, making this country a comfortable destination for English-speaking tourists.[62]

Costa Rica is the most visited nation in Central America.[63]Tourism in Costa Rica is one of the fastest growing economic sectors of the country,[64]having become the largest source of foreign revenue by 1995.[65]Since 1999, tourism has earned more foreign exchange than bananas, pineapples and coffee exports combined.[66]The tourism boom began in 1987,[65]with the number of visitors up from 329,000 in 1988, through 1.03 million in 1999, to a historical record of 2.43 million foreign visitors and $1.92-billion in revenue in 2013.[63]In 2012 tourism contributed with 12.5% of the country's GDP and it was responsible for 11.7% of direct and indirect employment.[67]

Tourism in Nicaragua has grown considerably recently, and it is now the second largest industry in the nation. Nicaraguan PresidentDaniel Ortegahas stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country.[68]The growth in tourism has positively affected the agricultural, commercial, and finance industries, as well as the construction industry. The results for Nicaragua's tourism-driven economy have been significant, with the nation welcoming one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2010.[69]

Transport

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See also:Transport in Belize,Costa Rica,El Salvador,Guatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,andPanama

Roads

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See also:Roads in Belize
Central American license plates
Pan-American Highwayslices through Central America

TheInter-American Highwayis the Central American section of thePan-American Highway,and spans 5,470 kilometers (3,400 mi) betweenNuevo Laredo,Mexico, andPanama City,Panama. Because of the 87-kilometer (54 mi) break in the highway known as theDarién Gap,it is not possible to cross between Central America and South America in an automobile.

Waterways

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See also:Category:Water transport in Belize,Costa Rica,Guatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,Panama,List of rivers of Belize,Costa Rica,El Salvador,Guatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,Panama,Ecocanal,Nicaragua Canal,andPanama Canal

Ports and harbors

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See also:Ports of Belize,Category:Ports and harbours of Guatemala,andCategory:Ports and harbours of Panama

Airports

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See also:List of airports in Belize,Costa Rica,El Salvador,Guatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,andPanama

Railways

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Main article:Rail transport in Central America
See also:Rail transport in Belize,Costa Rica,El Salvador,Guatemala,Honduras,Nicaragua,andPanama

Education

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^Spanish:centroamericano
  2. ^Spanish:América Central[aˈmeɾikasenˈtɾal]ⓘorCentroamérica[sentɾoaˈmeɾika]ⓘ
  3. ^abValues listed in millions USD.

References

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Further reading

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  • Berger, Mark T.Under northern eyes: Latin American studies and US hegemony in the Americas, 1898–1990.(Indiana UP, 1995).
  • Biekart, Kees. "Assessing the 'arrival of Democracy' in Central America." (2014): 117–126.online
  • Bowman, Kirk, Fabrice Lehoucq, and James Mahoney. "Measuring political democracy: Case expertise, data adequacy, and Central America."Comparative Political Studies38.8 (2005): 939–970.online[dead link‍]
  • Craig, Kern William. "Public Policy in Central America: An Empirical Analysis."Public Administration Research2.2 (2013): 105+online[dead link‍].
  • Dym, Jordana.From sovereign villages to national states: city, state, and federation in Central America, 1759–1839(UNM Press, 2006).
  • von Feigenblatt, Otto Federico. "Costa Rica's Neo-Realist Foreign Policy: Lifting the Veil Hiding the Discursive Co-Optation of Human Rights, Human Security, and Cosmopolitan Official Rhetoric."International Journal of Arts & Sciences Conference,(2009).online
  • Krenn, Michael L.The Chains of Interdependence: US Policy Toward Central America, 1945–1954(ME Sharpe, 1996).
  • Kruijt, Dirk.Guerrillas: war and peace in Central America(2013).
  • LaFeber, Walter.Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America(WW Norton & Company, 1993).
  • Leonard, Thomas M. "Central America and the United States: Overlooked foreign policy objectives."The Americas(1993): 1–30online.
  • Oliva, Karen, and Chad Rector. "Unbalanced Regional Political Integration Is Unstable: Evidence from the Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838)." Available at SSRN 2429123 (2014)online.
  • Pearcy, Thomas L.We answer only to God: Politics and the Military in Panama, 1903–1947(University of New Mexico Press, 1998).
  • Pérez, Orlando J.Historical Dictionary of El Salvador(Rowman & Littlefield, 2016).
  • Perez-Brignoli, Hector.A brief history of Central America(Univ of California Press, 1989).
  • Sola, Mauricio.U.S. Intervention and Regime Change in Nicaragua(U of Nebraska Press, 2005).
  • Topik, Steven C., and Allen Wells, eds.The second conquest of Latin America: coffee, henequen, and oil during the export boom, 1850–1930(U of Texas Press, 2010).
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