Cetology ofMoby-Dick

ThecetologyinHerman Melville's 1851 novel,Moby-Dick,is a running theme that appears most importantly inIshmael'szoologicalclassification ofwhales,in Chapter 32, "Cetology". The purpose of that chapter, the narrator says, is "to attend to a matter almost indispensable to a thorough appreciative understanding of the more special leviathanic revelations and allusions of all sorts which are to follow." Further descriptions of whales and their anatomy occur in seventeen other chapters, including "The Sperm Whale's Head -- Contrasted View" (Chapter 74) and "The Right Whale's Head -- Contrasted View" (Chapter 75).

Although writing a work of fiction, Melville included extensive material that presents the properties of whales in a seemingly scientific form. Many of the observations are taken from Melville's reading in whaling sources in addition to his own experiences inwhalingin the 1840s.They include descriptions of a range ofspeciesin the order ofCetacea.The detailed descriptions are a digression from the story-line, but critics argue that their objectivity and encyclopedic form balance the spiritual elements of the novel and ground its cosmic speculations. These chapters, however, are the most likely to be omitted in abridged versions.

Description

Ishmael's observations are not a complete scientific study, even by standards of the day. The cetological chapters do add variety and give readers information that helps them understand the story, but Melville also has thematic and aesthetic purposes. Critics justify and even praise the sections for keeping the metaphysical and spiritual meanings in the novel anchored to matter-of-fact reality and balance the extraordinary with the ordinary. The extensive descriptions show that the starting point for the “cosmic and spiritual is earthly and physical” and give the novel what one critic calls the “illusion of objectivity and the effect of a wide view of life.”

Ishmael asserts in the novel that the whale is a "spoutingfishwith a horizontal tail ". (Whales were known to bemammalsby this time, a consideration that Ishmael discusses and dismisses as irrelevant.) He attempts ataxonomyof whales largely based on size, based on his assertion that other characteristics, such as the existence of a hump orbaleen,make the classification too confusing. Borrowing an analogy from publishing andbookbinding,he divides whales into three "books", called theFolioWhale (largest),OctavoWhale and theDuodecimoWhale (smaller), represented respectively by thesperm whale,theorca(which he calls thegrampus) and theporpoise.Each such book is then divided into "chapters" representing a separatespecies.

By the currenttaxonomy ofCetacea,the classification inMoby-Dickis inaccurate and incomplete as well, presenting only a fraction of the nearly ninety species of Cetaceans known today. In the case of some species, in particular theblue whale(which Ishmael calls the "sulphur-bottom whale" ), very little was known at the time. The classification is thus heavily weighted toward whales hunted for oil and other uses, and presents a picture of the common knowledge of whales at the time of the novel. Since Melville presents the study within a fictional context, voiced by a fictional character in the narrative, it is arguable whether or not Melville intended the classification as a serious scientific contribution. One view is that Melville "roundly ridicules his own attempts at a scientific account of the whale" and "ridicules those who attempt to understand reality with the measuring."Near the end of the chapter, Melville, alluding to Shakespeare'stomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow speech,characterizes a list of whale names as "mere sounds, full of Leviathanism, but signifying nothing."

Ishmael's classification

The following is the classification introduced by Ishmael in Chapter XXXII, with the spellings and alternative names mentioned by Melville. He does not introduce theLatinscientific names, however, which are provided here as a cross-reference to the modern taxonomy. TheRoman numeralsshown here are those used by Ishmael for each "book" and "chapter".

I. The Folio Whale

These are the whales of the largest size.

• I.Sperm whale(Physeter macrocephalus), the most important prey ofNantucketwhaling fleet, which operated principally in the Pacific Ocean andIndian Ocean.The notorious fictional white whale Moby Dick in the novel is of this species, and is based on the real-life sperm whaleMocha Dickin theSouth Pacificin the 1840s. For dramatic effect, Melville asserts inaccurately that the sperm whale is the largest creature on Earth. While the blue whale, the true largest whale, was not well-observed at that time, the fin-back whale, the second-largest whale species, was known to whalers and occasionally hunted. The sperm whale is the third-largest whale species.
• II.Right whale(several species of the genusEubalaenaof the familyBalaenidae), also known simply as the Whale, theGreenlandWhale, the Black Whale, the Great Whale. Melville claims this whale was the first to be regularly hunted by human beings and is famously known for providing baleen, which was also known as "whalebone" at the time. The oil of this whale was commercially known as "whale oil" and was of inferior grade to that of the sperm whale. During the middle 19th century, it was the principal prey of the whaling fleets of the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, which operated largely in the North Atlantic andArctic Ocean.
• III.Fin-back whale(Balaenoptera physalus), also called the Tall-Spout and Long-John. According to Melville, the whale had been seen in almost every part of the oceans and was commonly observed by passengers crossing the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and New York City.
• IV.Hump-back whale(Megaptera novaeangliae). Melville states that this species is seen frequently on the northern coast of the United States, where it is frequently captured and towed back to harbor. He compares the distinctive hump on its back to the pack of a peddler. Its oil is not very valuable. "He is the most gamesome of species and light-hearted of all the whales, making more gay foam and white water generally than any of other of them".
• V.Razor-back whale(probablyBalaenoptera physalus,identical to the fin-back). The name "Razorback whale" is now used as a synonym for the finback. Melville includes the razorback as a separate "chapter", but states (in the voice of Ishmael) that he has only observed him at a distance offCape Horn.He knows little about this species, "nor does anyone else".
• VI.Sulphur-bottom whale(Balaenoptera musculus,commonly known today as theblue whale). This species was elusive in Melville's day and he states he has observed it only from a distance in the southern seas. Knowledge of the whale among the Nantucket whaling fleet is sparse. He thus provides an incomplete description, mentioning the prominent feature of its "brimstonebelly ". According to Melville, the whale is never chased, since" he would run away with rope-walks of line ".

II. The Octavo Whale

These are the whales of middle size.

• I.Grampus(Orcinus orcacommonly known as the orca or killer whale). Melville states that this species is known for its loud blowing and is well known among whalemen. According to Melville, it swims in herds and is never regularly hunted, although it has considerable oil that is good for producing light. He states that the appearance of the grampus is often taken by whalemen to presage the appearance of the sperm whale. Melville writes that “He is of moderate octavo size, varying from fifteen to twenty-five feet in length”, which is much larger than the eight to thirteen feet of Risso's dolphin, also called a grampus.
• II.Black Fish whale(one or both species of the genusGlobicephala,known today as thePilot whale). Melville calls him the Hyena whale, based on its appearance, stating "the inner angles of his lips are curved upwards, he carries an everlastingMephistopheliangrin on his face ". He states that the whale is found in all latitudes, and has a peculiar fin which appears similar to a Roman nose. The whale is often hunted by Nantucket whalers when sperm whales are not available, primarily to keep up the ship's own supply of oil. Although it has thinblubber,a single whale can yield up to thirtygallonsof oil.
• III.Narwhalor Nostril whale (Monodon monoceros). Melville writes at length about this whale, which at the time was a well-known denizen of the polar seas. He describes the horn of the narwhal and speculates on its purpose. According to Melville, it is also known as the tusked whale, horned whale and theunicornwhale. In ancient days the horn was used as an antidote forpoison.He recounts thatMartin Frobisherpresented a narwhal horn toElizabeth Iupon returning from theCanadian Arctic.The oil of the narwhal is "very superior, clear and fine; but there is little of it, and he is seldom hunted".
• IV.Killer whale(probably the orca). Melville states that the whale is little known both by the Nantucket whaling community and bynaturalists.Ishmael claims to have seen him from a distance, stating that it is approximately the size of the grampus. It is known to seize the large whales by the lip, hanging there "like aleech,till the mighty brute is worried to death ". It is never hunted and the type of oil it contains is unknown to the narrator. Ishmael somewhat dislikes the name, stating that" we are all killers, on land and on sea;Bonapartesandsharksincluded ".
• V.Thrasher whale(probably the orca, mistaken as a separate species in the North Atlantic). Melville states that little is known of the whale, but it has been observed to mount the Folio whale's back as it swims, working its way upwards byfloggingthe larger whale with its tail.

III. The Duodecimo Whale

These are the species of the smallest size, which Melville generically callsporpoises.

• I.Huzza porpoise(Common dolphin,Delphinus delphis.). The identification arises from Melville's statement that this is the "common porpoise found all over the globe". Melville's name is completely invented here, based on the fact that "he always swims in hilarious shoals... their appearance is generally hailed with delight by themariner... They are accounted a luckyomen".He states that a well-fed specimen will yield one gallon of good oil, but that the" fine and delicate fluid extracted from hisjawsis exceedingly valuable "and is used by jewelers andwatchmakers.The meat from this porpoise is also said to be "good eating".
• II.Algerine porpoise.Melville states that this species is found only in the Pacific Ocean and is slightly larger than the "Huzza porpoise". Ishmael states that the species is ferocious when attacked, and that although he has lowered for this species many times, he has yet to see this species captured. It is unclear what species Melville meant here. Possibly apygmy killer whaleor thefalse killer whale..
• III.Mealy-mouthed porpoise(Lissodelphis peronii,thesouthern right whale dolphin). Melville also calls this the right-whale porpoise, since it is often found in the vicinity of the right whale. According to Melville, it is found only in the Pacific Ocean.

Beyond the Duodecimo

Melville also lists "a rabble of uncertain, fugitive half-fabulous whales" of which he knew only by name and not experience. These were theBottlenose Whale,Junk Whale,Pudding-Headed Whale,Cape Whale,Leading Whale,Cannon Whale,Scragg Whale,Coppered Whale,Elephant Whale,Iceberg Whale,Quog Whale,andBlue Whale.Their lack of description makes it difficult to know exactly which taxonomically correct whales these names might refer to, if any. He notes that should any of them be caught and classified they could be easily incorporated into his system.

References

• King, Richard J. (2019).Ahab's Rolling Sea: A Natural History of Moby-Dick.Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.ISBN978-0226514963.
• Hoare, Philip (10 January 2013), "Cetology: How Science Inspired Moby-Dick",Nature,493(7431): 160–62,doi:10.1038/493160a,S2CID4369280.
• Olsen-Smith, Steven (2010),"Melville's Copy of Thomas Beale's the Natural History of the Sperm Whale and the Composition of Moby-Dick",Harvard Library Journal,10(3): 3–10
• Ward, J. A. (1956), "The Function of the Cetological Chapters in Moby-Dick",American Literature,28(2): 164–183,doi:10.2307/2922047,S2CID164040289

External links

• Herman Melville, "Chapter 32 - Cetology",Moby Dick; or, The Whale(1851).

• "32 - Cetology".Melville Electronic Library: Versions of Moby-Dick.Archivedfrom the original on 2023-03-20.Retrieved2023-04-15.