Charles Frederick Henningsen

Charles Frederick Henningsen(1815 – 14 June 1877) was aBelgian-Americanwriter,mercenary,filibuster,andmunitionsexpert. He participated inrevolutionsandcivil warsinSpain,Circassia,Hungary,Nicaragua,and theUnited States

Charles Frederick Henningsen
Born	1815, Brussels, Kingdom of the Netherlands
Died	14 June, 1877 Washington D.C
Allegiance	Carlists Hungarian State Nicaragua Confederate States of America
Battles / wars	First Carlist War Hungarian Revolution Filibuster War American Civil War Russo-Circassian War

Early life

Henningsen was born inBrussels.His father was John Henningsen (1775–1859), a native ofCopenhagen,Denmark,and his mother was Louisa Burke (1789–1842), an Irish heiress.However, being adventurous in his youth, he reveredLord Byronin both literature and adventure, and so idealized British nobility in his actions. The family lived in Brussels from at least the time of his birth until the onset of theBelgian Revolution,fleeing due to their pro-Dutch sympathies. The family fled first to Paris, then to London. One of his sisters was Josephine Amelie de Henningsen (1822–1904), a member of theMissionary Sisters of the Assumption,who established the order in South Africa in 1849.

Spain

He fought in theFirst Carlist War,after entering as a volunteer in the service ofDon Carlosin 1834. Henningsen rose to be captain of bodyguard to theCarlistgeneralTomás de Zumalacárregui.After the signing of theLord Eliot Conventionin April 1835, at which he was present,Henningsen returned to England.

However, Henningsen soon returned to Spain with the rank of lieutenant-colonel and joined the Carlist expedition that threatenedMadridfromAragon.

He fought at theBattle of Villar de los Navarros(24 August 1837), a Carlist victory, earning the rank of colonel. He headed the Carlistlancersand was attacked outside of Madrid by Liberal (Isabeline) forces. He led a column against these forces, capturing the outer fortifications of Madrid. He held them for several hours, until notified that Don Carlos could send him no reinforcements.

However, he was subsequently taken prisoner, and released on parole. He did not serve again in this war.He later recorded his experiences in Spain in the bookThe Most Striking Events of a Twelvemonth's Campaign with Zumalacarregui,which he dedicated toLord Eliot.The work created controversy in Britain because it glorified Zumalacárregui and supported the Carlist position.

Russia and Hungary

Henningsen subsequently fought against theRussian armyinCircassiaduring theRussian-Circassian War,and wrote up a military report on Russia, also later writing the bookRevelations of Russia.This was translated into French by Cyprien Robert and published in Paris (3 vols. 1845).

He then became involved in therevolution in Hungaryled byLajos Kossuth,and was also involved in the planning of the military campaign against enemyAustrianforces.

He proposed a military plan of campaign that was well received byRichard Debaufre Guyonand other leaders; as a result, Henningsen was to be appointed military and civil commander of the fortress ofKomárom(Komorn).However, the Hungarian Revolution was suppressed, and Henningsen later visited Kossuth atKütahyain 1850, where the Hungarian leader had been detained.

He then traveled fromConstantinopletoAlbania,and then crossed theAdriatic Seato Italy.

Nicaragua

In 1852, Henningsen travelled to the United States shortly after Kossuth arrived in that country. He remained in the United States as a representative of Hungarian interests.He served underWilliam Walkerin Nicaragua from October 1856, and was appointed major-general, commanding Walker's artillery.

He was responsible for burning Granada, at that time the capital of Nicaragua, during the early hours of November 23, 1856. During this incident, he was in Granada with 419 men under orders from Walker to set the city on fire. The next day he was surrounded by some 2,800 Central American troops, fighting his way toLake Nicaraguafor twenty two days with a loss of 272 killed, wounded, deserters, and captured. Nothing of the city was left but a smoking ruin; when He withdrew, he left an inscription on a lance reading, in Spanish,Aquí fue Granada( "Here was Granada" ).

At the lake, he was joined by a reinforcement of 170 men, and escaped by breaking the siege of the allied Central American forces.

On 1 May 1857 Henningsen, along with Walker, surrendered to CommanderCharles Henry Davisof theUnited States Navyand was repatriated.

United States

He became acitizen of the United Statesand was married to a niece ofJohn M. Berrien,U.S. Senator fromGeorgia.Henningsen continued to pursue filibuster schemes and fought in theAmerican Civil Warfor theConfederacyfor a year, being made colonel (while still addressed as "General" ), and frequently had command of the defenses ofRichmond.He was involved in theBattle of Elizabeth City.His wife, Wilhelmina "Willy" Henningsen (1820-1880) opened and operated a hospital (the Henningsen Hospital) in Richmond until 1863, when its operations were consolidated with the Louisiana Hospital. She was noted for the kindness and tenderness to the wounded and afflicted soldiers.After the war he took up his residence in Washington, D.C., and was involved in the movement to liberateCubafrom Spanish rule.During his declining years, he lived in straitened circumstances, but was supported by friends such as ColonelAlbert Pike.

Death

His 1877obituaryinThe Evening Stardescribed him as a "man of striking appearance, being tall, erect, and soldier-like in his bearing. He was gentleman of scholarly attainments, and spoke the French, Spanish, Russian, German, and Italian languages with the fluency of a native."Another source states that "he died in 1877 without ever winning any of the causes for which he fought."

He is mentioned inErnesto Cardenal's poemCon Walker en Nicaragua( "With Walker in Nicaragua" ):

And then came that Englishman, C. F. Henningsen,

who'd fought against the Czar and in Spain and for the independence of Hungary.

Writings and munitions expertise

Henningsen's specialty wasartillery,but he also wrote about the improvement ofsmall arms,and superintended the development of the firstMinié riflesin the United States.

His works include:

• The Last of the Sophias: A Poem(London, 1831)
• Scenes from the Belgian Revolution(London, 1832)
• The Siege of Missalonghi(London, 1832)
• The Most Striking Events of a Twelvemonth's Campaign with Zumalacarregui in Navarre and the Basque Provinces,2 vols. (London: John Murray, 1836) – translated into Spanish, German, and French
• "St. Petersburg and Its Inhabitants",The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist,vol. 69 (October 1843): 241-59
• "The Emperor Nicholas, His Nobles, Serfs, and Servants",The New Monthly Magazine,vol. 70 (April 1844): 477-93
• "The Emperor Nicholas, His Nobles, Serfs, and Servants" (concluded),The New Monthly Magazine,vol. 71 (June 1844): 216-31
• Revelations of Russia: or the Emperor Nicholas and His Empire in 1844.By one who has seen and describes., 2 vols. (London: Henry Colburn, 1844) – translated into French and German
• The White Slave; or, The Russian Peasant Girl.By the author of "Revelations of Russia." 3 Vols. (Henry Colburn, 1845)
• Revelations of Russia in 1846.By an English resident. Third edition, 2 vols. (Henry Colburn, 1846) – translated into German
• Eastern Europe and The Emperor Nicholas.By the author of "Revelations of Russia;" "The White Slave." 3 Vols. (London: T.C. Newby, 1846) – also translated into German
• Sixty Years Hence: A Novel.By the author of "The White Slave," etc., 3 vols. (T.C. Newby, 1847)
• Analogies and Contrasts; or, Comparative Sketches of France and England.By the author of "Revelations of Russia." (London, 1848)
• The National Defenses.By the author of "The Revelations of Russia," etc. (T.C. Newby, 1848)
• Kossuth and "The Times".By the author of "The Revelations of Russia" (London, 1851)
• The Past and Future of Hungary,by C.F. Henningsen, Secretary to Governor Louis Kossuth, author of "Twelve Months' Campaign with Zumalacarregui," "Revelations of Russia," "Eastern Europe," etc. (Cincinnati: E. Morgan, 1852)

External links

• HenningsenatThe Encyclopedia of Science Fiction(3rd ed., online)
• C. F. HenningsenatLibrary of Congress,with 14 library catalogue records