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François-René de Chateaubriand

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François-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand[a](4 September 1768 – 4 July 1848) was a French writer, politician, diplomat and historian who influencedFrench literatureof the nineteenth century. Descended from an old aristocratic family fromBrittany,Chateaubriand was aroyalistby political disposition. In an age when large numbers of intellectuals turned against the Church, he authored theGénie du christianismein defense of theCatholic faith.His works include the autobiographyMémoires d'Outre-Tombe(Memoirs from Beyond the Grave), published posthumously in 1849–1850.

François-René de Chateaubriand
Portrait of ChateaubriandbyAnne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson,1809. Oil on canvas.
French Ambassador to the Papal States
In office
4 January 1828 – 8 August 1829
Appointed byJean-Baptiste de Martignac
Preceded byAdrien-Pierre de Montmorency-Laval
Succeeded byAuguste de La Ferronays
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
28 December 1822 – 4 August 1824
Prime MinisterJean-Baptiste de Villèle
Preceded byMathieu de Montmorency
Succeeded byHyacinthe Maxence de Damas
French Ambassador to the United Kingdom
In office
22 December 1822 – 28 December 1822
Appointed byJean-Baptiste de Villèle
Preceded byAntoine de Gramont
Succeeded byJules de Polignac
French Ambassador to Prussia
In office
14 December 1821 – 22 December 1822
Appointed byJean-Baptiste de Villèle
Preceded byCharles-François de Bonnay
Succeeded byMaximilien Gérard de Rayneval
French Ambassador to Sweden
In office
3 April 1814 – 26 September 1815
Appointed byCharles-Maurice de Talleyrand
Member of theAcadémie française
In office
1811–1848
Preceded byMarie-Joseph Chénier
Succeeded byPaul de Noailles
Personal details
Born(1768-09-04)4 September 1768
Saint-Malo,Brittany,France
Died4 July 1848(1848-07-04)(aged 79)
Paris,France
Spouse
Céleste Buisson de la Vigne
​
​
(m.1792; died 1847)​
Relations
  • Jean-Baptiste de Châteaubriand (brother, 1759 – 1794)
  • Lucile de Chateaubriand (sister, 1764 — 1804)
ProfessionWriter, translator, diplomat
Awards
Military service
AllegianceKingdom of France
Branch/serviceArmée des Émigrés
Years of service1792
RankCaptain
Battles/wars
Writing career
Period19th century
GenreNovel, memoir, essay
SubjectReligion,exoticism,existentialism
Literary movementRomanticism
Conservatism
Years active1793–1848
Notable works
Signature

HistorianPeter Gaysays that Chateaubriand saw himself as the greatest lover, the greatest writer, and the greatest philosopher of his age. Gay states that Chateaubriand "dominated the literary scene in France in the first half of the nineteenth century".[2]

Biography

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Early years and exile

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Thechâteau de Combourg,where Chateaubriand spent his childhood

Born inSaint-Maloon 4 September 1768, the last of ten children, Chateaubriand grew up at his family's castle (thechâteau de Combourg) inCombourg,Brittany. His father, René de Chateaubriand, was asea captainturnedship-ownerandslave trader.His mother's maiden name was Apolline de Bedée. Chateaubriand's father was a morose, uncommunicative man, and the young Chateaubriand grew up in an atmosphere of gloomy solitude, only broken by long walks in the Breton countryside and an intense friendship with his sister Lucile. His youthful solitude and wild desire produced a suicide attempt with a hunting rifle, although the weapon failed to discharge.

English agriculturist and pioneering travel writerArthur Youngvisited Comburg in 1788 and he described the immediate environs of the "romantic" Chateau de Combourg thusly:

"SEPTEMBER 1st. To Combourg, the country has a savage aspect; husbandry not much further advanced, at least in skill, than among theHurons,which appears incredible amidst inclosures; the people almost as wild as their country, and their town of Combourg one of the most brutal filthy places that can be seen; mud houses, no windows, and a pavement so broken, as to impede all passengers, but ease none - yet here is a chateau, and inhabited; who is this Mons. de Chateaubriant, the owner, that has nerves strung for a residence amidst such filth and poverty? Below this hideous heap of wretchedness is a fine lake... "[3]

Chateaubriand was educated inDol,RennesandDinan.For a time he could not make up his mind whether he wanted to be a naval officer or a priest, but at the age of seventeen, he decided on a military career and gained a commission as a second lieutenant in the French Army based atNavarre.Within two years, he had been promoted to the rank ofcaptain.He visited Paris in 1788 where he made the acquaintance ofJean-François de La Harpe,André Chénier,Louis-Marcelin de Fontanesand other leading writers of the time. When theFrench Revolutionbroke out, Chateaubriand was initially sympathetic, but as events in Paris - and throughout the countryside (including, presumably, "wretched" "brutal" and "filthy" Combourg) - became more violent he wisely decided to journey to North America in 1791.[4]He was given the idea to leave Europe byGuillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes,who also encouraged him to do some botanical studies.[5]

Journey to America

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Young Chateaubriand, byAnne-Louis Girodet(c. 1790)

InVoyage en Amérique,published in 1826, Chateaubriand writes that he arrived in Philadelphia on 10 July 1791. He visitedNew York,BostonandLe xing ton,before leaving by boat on theHudson Riverto reachAlbany.[6]He then followed theMohawk Trailup theNiagara Fallswhere he broke his arm and spent a month in recovery in the company of a Native American tribe. Chateaubriand then describes Native American tribes' customs, as well as zoological, political and economic consideration. He then says that a raid along theOhio River,theMississippi River,LouisianaandFloridatook him back toPhiladelphia,where he embarked on theMollyin November to go back to France.[6]

This experience provided the setting for his exotic novelsLes Natchez(written between 1793 and 1799 but published only in 1826),Atala(1801) andRené(1802). His vivid, captivating descriptions of nature in the sparsely settled AmericanDeep Southwere written in a style that was very innovative for the time and spearheaded what later became the Romantic movement in France. As early as 1916,[7]some scholars have cast doubt on Chateaubriand's claims that he was granted an interview withGeorge Washingtonand that he actually lived for a time with the Native Americans he wrote about. Critics[who?]have questioned the veracity of entire sections of Chateaubriand's claimed travels, notably his passage through theMississippi Valley,Louisiana and Florida.

Return to France

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Chateaubriand returned to France in 1792 and subsequently joined the army ofRoyalistémigrésinKoblenzunder the leadership ofLouis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince of Condé.Under strong pressure from his family, he married a young aristocratic woman, also from Saint-Malo, whom he had never previously met, Céleste Buisson de la Vigne (in later life, Chateaubriand was notoriously unfaithful to her, having a series of love affairs). His military career came to an end when he was wounded at theSiege of Thionville,a major clash between Royalist troops (of which Chateaubriand was a member) and theFrench Revolutionary Army.Half-dead, he was taken toJerseyand exiled to England, leaving his wife behind.[citation needed]

Exile in London

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Chateaubriand spent most of his exile in extreme poverty in London, scraping a living offering French lessons and doing translation work, but a stay in (Bungay)Suffolk[8]proved to be more idyllic. He stayed at The Music House, 34 Bridge Street, a fact recorded in a plaque on the property.[9]Here Chateaubriand fell in love with a young English woman, Charlotte Ives, the daughter of his host, but the romance ended when he was forced to reveal he was already married. During his time in Britain, Chateaubriand also became familiar withEnglish literature.This reading, particularly ofJohn Milton'sParadise Lost(which he later translated into French prose), had a deep influence on his own literary work.

His exile forced Chateaubriand to examine the causes of the French Revolution, which had cost the lives of many of his family and friends; these reflections inspired his first work,Essai sur les Révolutions(1797). An attempt in 18th-century style to explain the French Revolution, it predated his subsequent, romantic style of writing and was largely ignored. A major turning point in Chateaubriand's life was his conversion back to theCatholicfaith of his childhood around 1798.

Consulate and Empire

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Further information:French Consulate
Further information:First French Empire

Chateaubriand took advantage of the amnesty issued toémigrésto return to France in May 1800 (under theFrench Consulate); he edited theMercure de France.In 1802, he won fame withGénie du christianisme( "The Genius of Christianity" ), anapologiafor the Catholic faith which contributed to the post-revolutionary religious revival in France. It also won him the favour ofNapoleon Bonaparte,who was eager to win over the Catholic Church at the time.

James McMillan argues that a Europe-wide Catholic Revival emerged from the change in the cultural climate from intellectually-oriented classicism to emotionally-basedRomanticism.He concludes that Chateaubriand's book:

did more than any other single work to restore the credibility and prestige of Christianity in intellectual circles and launched a fashionable rediscovery of the Middle Ages and their Christian civilisation. The revival was by no means confined to an intellectual elite, however, but was evident in the real, though uneven, rechristianisation of the French countryside.[10]

Appointed secretary of the legation to theHoly Seeby Napoleon, he accompaniedCardinal Feschto Rome. But the two men soon quarrelled, and Chateaubriand was appointed minister to theRepublic of Valaisin November 1803.[11]He resigned his post in disgust after Napoleon ordered the execution in 1804 of Louis XVI's cousin,Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé, duc d'Enghien.Chateaubriand was, after his resignation, completely dependent on his literary efforts. However, and quite unexpectedly, he received a large sum of money from the Russian TsarinaElizabeth Alexeievna.She had seen him as a defender of Christianity and thus worthy of her royal support.

Chateaubriand used his new-found wealth in 1806 to visit Greece,Asia Minor,The Ottoman Empire, Egypt, Tunisia, and Spain. The notes he made on his travels later formed part of a prose epic,Les Martyrs,set during the Romanpersecution of early Christianity.His notes also furnished a running account of the trip itself, published in 1811 as theItinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem(Itinerary from Paris toJerusalem). The Spanish stage of the journey inspired a third novella,Les aventures du dernier Abencérage(The Adventures of the LastAbencerrage), which appeared in 1826.

On his return to France at the end of 1806, he published a severe criticism of Napoleon, comparing him toNeroand predicting the emergence of a newTacitus.Napoleon famously threatened to have Chateaubriand sabred on the steps of theTuileries Palacefor it, but settled for merely banishing him from the city.[12]Chateaubriand therefore retired, in 1807, to a modest estate he calledVallée-aux-Loups( "Wolf Valley"), inChâtenay-Malabry,11 km (6.8 mi) south of central Paris, where he lived until 1817. Here he finishedLes Martyrs,which appeared in 1809, and began the first drafts of hisMémoires d’Outre-Tombe.He was elected to theAcadémie françaisein 1811, but, given his plan to infuse his acceptance speech with criticism of the Revolution, he could not occupy his seat until after theBourbon Restoration.His literary friends during this period includedMadame de Staël,Joseph JoubertandPierre-Simon Ballanche.

Under the Restoration

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Further information:Bourbon Restoration in France
Chateaubriand as aPeer of France(1828)

Chateaubriand became a major figure in politics as well as literature. At first he was a strong Royalist in the period up to 1824. His liberal phase lasted from 1824 to 1830. After that he was much less active. After the fall of Napoleon, Chateaubriand rallied to theBourbons.On 30 March 1814, he wrote a pamphlet against Napoleon, titledDe Buonaparte et des Bourbons,of which thousands of copies were published. He then followedLouis XVIIIinto exile toGhentduring theHundred Days(March–July 1815), and was nominated ambassador to Sweden.

After Napoleon's final defeat in theBattle of Waterloo(of which he heard the distant cannon rumblings outside Ghent), Chateaubriand becamepeer of Franceandstate minister(1815). In December 1815 he voted forMarshal Ney's execution. However, his criticism ofKing Louis XVIIIinLa Monarchie selon la Charte,after theChambre introuvablewas dissolved, resulted in his disgrace. He lost his function of state minister, and joined the opposition, siding with theUltra-royalistgroup supporting the futureCharles X,and becoming one of the main writers of its mouthpiece,Le Conservateur.[13]

Chateaubriand sided again with the Court after the murder of theDuc de Berry(1820), writing for the occasion theMémoires sur la vie et la mort du duc.He then served as ambassador toPrussia(1821) and the United Kingdom (1822), and even rose to the office ofMinister of Foreign Affairs(28 December 1822 – 4 August 1824). Aplenipotentiaryto theCongress of Verona(1822), he decided in favor of theQuintuple Alliance'sintervention in Spainduring theTrienio Liberal,despite opposition from theDuke of Wellington.Chateaubriand was soon relieved of his office by Prime MinisterJoseph de Villèleon 5 June 1824, over his objections to a law the latter proposed that would have resulted in the widening of the electorate. Chateaubriand was subsequently appointed French ambassador toGenoa.[14]

Consequently, he moved towards the liberal opposition, both as a Peer and as a contributor toJournal des Débats(his articles there gave the signal of the paper's similar switch, which, however, was more moderate thanLe National,directed byAdolphe ThiersandArmand Carrel). Opposing Villèle, he became highly popular as a defender ofpress freedomand thecause of Greek independence.After Villèle's downfall, Charles X appointed Chateaubriand ambassador to the Holy See in 1828, but he resigned upon the accession of thePrince de Polignacas premier (November 1829).

In 1830, he donated a monument to the French painterNicolas Poussinin the church ofSan Lorenzo in Lucinain Rome.

July Monarchy

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Further information:July Monarchy
His last home, 120rue du Bac,where Chateaubriand had an apartment on the ground floor

In 1830, after theJuly Revolution,his refusal to swear allegiance to the newHouse of OrléanskingLouis-Philippeput an end to his political career. He withdrew from political life to write hisMémoires d'Outre-Tombe( "Memoirs from Beyond the Grave" ), published posthumously in two volumes in 1849–1850. It reflects his growing pessimism regarding the future. Although his contemporaries celebrated the present and future as an extension of the past, Chateaubriand and the new Romanticists couldn't share their nostalgic outlook. Instead he foresaw chaos, discontinuity, and disaster. His diaries and letters often focused on the upheavals he could see every day — abuses of power, excesses of daily life, and disasters yet to come. His melancholy tone suggested astonishment, surrender, betrayal, and bitterness.[15][16]

HisÉtudes historiqueswas an introduction to a projectedHistory of France.He became a harsh critic of the "bourgeois king" Louis-Philippe and theJuly Monarchy,and his planned volume on the arrest ofMarie-Caroline, duchesse de Berrycaused him to be (unsuccessfully) prosecuted.

Chateaubriand, along with other Catholic traditionalists such asBallancheor, on the other side of the political divide, the socialist and republicanPierre Leroux,was one of the few men of his time who attempted to conciliate the three terms ofLiberté,égalitéandfraternité,going beyond the antagonism between liberals and socialists as to what interpretation to give the seemingly contradictory terms.[17]Chateaubriand thus gave a Christian interpretation of the revolutionary motto, stating in the 1841 conclusion to hisMémoires d'Outre-Tombe:

Far from being at its term, the religion of the Liberator is now only just entering its third phase, the political period, liberty, equality, fraternity.[17][18]

In his final years, he lived as a recluse in an apartment at 120rue du Bac,Paris, leaving his house only to pay visits toJuliette RécamierinAbbaye-aux-Bois.His final work,Vie de Rancé,was written at the suggestion of his confessor and published in 1844. It is a biography ofArmand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé,a worldly seventeenth-century French aristocrat who withdrew from society to become the founder of theTrappistorder of monks. The parallels with Chateaubriand's own life are striking. As late as 1845–1847, he also kept revisingMémoires d’Outre-Tombe,particularly the earlier sections, as evidenced by the revision dates on the manuscript.

Chateaubriand died in Paris on 4 July 1848, aged 79, in the midst of theRevolution of 1848,in the arms of his dear friend Juliette Récamier,[19]and was buried, as he had requested, on the tidal islandGrand BénearSaint-Malo,accessible only when the tide is out.

Influence

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His descriptions of Nature and his analysis of emotion made him the model for a generation of Romantic writers, not only in France but also abroad. For example,Lord Byronwas deeply impressed byRené.The youngVictor Hugoscribbled in a notebook, "To be Chateaubriand or nothing." Even his enemies found it hard to avoid his influence.Stendhal,who despised him for political reasons, made use of his psychological analyses in his own bookDe l'amour.

Chateaubriand was the first to define thevague des passions( "intimations of passion" ) that later became a commonplace of Romanticism: "One inhabits, with a full heart, an empty world" (Génie du Christianisme). His political thought and actions seem to offer numerous contradictions: he wanted to be the friend both of legitimist royalty and of republicans, alternately defending whichever of the two seemed more in danger: "I am aBourbonistout of honour, a monarchist out of reason, and a republican out of taste and temperament ". He was the first of a series of French men of letters (Lamartine,Victor Hugo,André Malraux,Paul Claudel) who tried to mix political and literary careers.

"We are convinced that the great writers have told their own story in their works", wrote Chateaubriand inGénie du christianisme."One only truly describes one's own heart by attributing it to another, and the greater part of genius is composed of memories". This is certainly true of Chateaubriand himself. All his works have strong autobiographical elements, overt or disguised.

George Brandes,in 1901, compared the works of Chateaubriand to those of Rousseau and others:

The year 1800 was the first to produce a book bearing the imprint of the new era, a work small in size, but great in significance and mighty in the impression it made.Atalatook the French public by storm in a way which no book had done since the days ofPaul and Virginia.It was a romance of the plains and mysterious forests of North America, with a strong, strange aroma of the untilled soil from which it sprang; it glowed with rich foreign colouring, and with the fiercer glow of consuming passion.[20]

Chateaubriand was a food enthusiast;Chateaubriand steakis most likely to have been named after him.[21]

Honors and memberships

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In 1806, Chateaubriand was invested as aKnightof theEquestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalemduring a pilgrimage to theHoly Land.[22]

Chateaubriand was elected a member of theAmerican Antiquarian Societyin 1816.[23]

A French school in Rome (Italy) is named after him.

The cut of meat, a Chateaubriand, is named after him.

Works

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Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem et de Jérusalem à Paris,1821

Digitized works

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  • [Opere]. 1.
  • Génie du Cristianisme.
  • [Opere]. 2.
  • Itinéraire de Paris a Jérusalem et de Jérusalem a Paris.
  • Martyrs.
  • Voyage en Amérique.
  • Mélanges politiques.
  • Polémique.
  • Études historiques.
  • Analyse raisonnée de l'histoire de la France.
  • Paradise lost.
  • Congrès de Verone.
  • Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 1.
  • Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 2.
  • Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 3.
  • Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 4.
  • Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 5.
  • Mémoires d'outre-tombe. 6.
  • Dernières années de Chateaubriand.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^English pronunciation:/ʃæˌtoʊbriːˈɑːn/;[1]French pronunciation:[fʁɑ̃swaʁənedəʃɑtobʁijɑ̃].

References

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Citations

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  1. ^"Chateaubriand".Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  2. ^Peter Gay, "The Complete Romantic,"Horizon(1966) 8#2 pp 12-19.
  3. ^Young, Arthur (1794).Travels During the Years 1787, 1788 & 1789; Undertaken More Particularly With a View of Ascertaining the Cultivation, Wealth, Resources and National Prosperity of the Kingdom of France(Second ed.). W. Richardson, Royal Exchange, London. p. 97.
  4. ^Nitze, William A."Chateaubriand in America", The Dial, Vol. LXV, June–December 1918.
  5. ^Tapié, V.-L. (1965) Chateaubriand. Seuil.
  6. ^abChateaubriand, F-R. (1826) Voyage en Amérique
  7. ^Lebègue, R. (1965) Le problème du voyage de Chateaubriand en Amérique. Journal des Savants, 1,1 fromhttp:// persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jds_0021-8103_1965_num_1_1_1104
  8. ^"Bungay: a new book by local author Terry Reeve".iceni Post News from the North folk & South folk.13 September 2011.Retrieved9 January2020.
  9. ^Secret Bungay
  10. ^James McMillan, "Catholic Christianity in France from the Restoration to the separation of church and state, 1815-1905." in Sheridan Gilley and Brian Stanley, eds.,The Cambridge history of Christianity(2014) 8 217-232
  11. ^Czouz-Tornare, Alain-Jacques."Quand le Valais était français".Fondation Napoléon(in French).Retrieved2 June2021.
  12. ^Douglas Hilt, "Chateaubriand and Napoleon"History Today(Dec 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 12, pp 831-838
  13. ^Goldman, Lawrence (2011), Stedman Jones, Gareth; Claeys, Gregory (eds.),"Conservative political thought from the revolutions of 1848 until the fin de siècle",The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought,The Cambridge History of Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 691–719,ISBN978-0-521-43056-2,retrieved2 May2024
  14. ^Bernard, J.F. (1973).Talleyrand: A Biography.New York: Putnam. p. 503.ISBN0-399-11022-4.
  15. ^Peter Fritzsche, "Chateaubriand's Ruins: Loss and Memory after the French Revolution."History and Memory10.2 (1998): 102-117.online
  16. ^Peter Fritzsche, "Specters of history: On nostalgia, exile, and modernity."American Historical Review106.5 (2001): 1587-1618.
  17. ^abMona Ozouf,"Liberté, égalité, fraternité", inLieux de Mémoire(dir.Pierre Nora), tome III, Quarto Gallimard, 1997, pp.4353–4389(in French)(abridged translation,Realms of Memory,Columbia University Press, 1996–1998(in English))
  18. ^French: "Loin d'être à son terme, la religion du Libérateur entre à peine dans sa troisième période, la période politique, liberté, égalité, fraternité.
  19. ^Gribble, Francis Henry (1909).Chateaubriand and his court of women.The Centre for 19th Century French Studies - University of Toronto. London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.
  20. ^George Brandes,Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature,1:The Emigrant Literaturep. 7
  21. ^see theChateaubriand steakarticle for discussion
  22. ^Siberry, Elizabeth (1995). "Chapter 14: Images of the Crusades in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.).The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades.Oxford University Press. pp. 365–385.ISBN978-0192854285.
  23. ^American Antiquarian Society Members Directory

Sources

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Further reading

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  • Baldick, Robert(trans.)The Memoirs of Chateaubriand(Hamish Hamilton, 1961)
  • Boorsch, Jean. "Chateaubriand and Napoleon."Yale French Studies26 (1960): 55–62online.
  • Bouvier, Luke. "Death and the Scene of Inception: Autobiographical Impropriety and the Birth of Romanticism in Chateaubriand's Mémoires d'outre-tombe."French Forum(1998), vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 23–46.online
  • Byrnes, Joseph F. "Chateaubriand and Destutt de Tracy: Defining religious and secular polarities in France at the beginning of the nineteenth century."Church History60.3 (1991): 316-330online.
  • Counter, Andrew J. "A Nation of Foreigners: Chateaubriand and Repatriation."Nineteenth-Century French Studies46.3 (2018): 285–306.online
  • Fritzsche, Peter. "Chateaubriand's Ruins: Loss and Memory after the French Revolution."History and Memory10.2 (1998): 102–117online.
  • Huet, Marie-Hélène. "Chateaubriand and the Politics of (Im) mortality."Diacritics30.3 (2000): 28-39online.
  • Painter, George D.Chateaubriand: A Biography: Volume I (1768–93) The Longed-For Tempests.(1997)online review
  • Rosenthal, Léon, and Marc Sandoz. "Chateaubriand, Francois-Auguste-Rene, Vicomte De 1768–1848."Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850(2013): 168.
  • Scott, Malcolm.Chateaubriand: The Paradox of Change(Peter Lang, 2015). vi + 216 pp.online review
  • Thompson, Christopher W.French Romantic Travel Writing: Chateaubriand to Nerval(Oxford University Press, 2012).

In French

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  • Ghislain de Diesbach,Chateaubriand(Paris: Perrin, 1995).
  • Jean-Claude Berchet,Chateaubriand(Paris: Gallimard, 2012).

Primary sources

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  • de Chateaubriand, François-René.Chateaubriand's Travels in America.(University Press of Kentucky, 2015).
  • Chateaubriand, François-René.The genius of Christianity(1884).online
  • Chateaubriand, François-René.Travels in Greece, Palestine, Egypt and Barbary: during the years 1806 and 1807(1814).online
  • Chateaubriand's works were edited in 20 volumes bySainte-Beuve,with an introductory study of his own (1859–60).
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