Chattanooga(/ˌtʃætəˈnuːɡə/CHAT-ə-NOO-gə) is a city in and thecounty seatofHamilton County, Tennessee,United States. It is located along theTennessee River,and bordersGeorgiato the south. With a population of 181,099 in 2020,[9]it is Tennessee'sfourth-most populous cityand one of the two principal cities ofEast Tennessee,along withKnoxville.It anchors theChattanooga metropolitan area,Tennessee's fourth-largestmetropolitan statistical area,[10]as well as a larger three-state area that includes Southeast Tennessee, Northwest Georgia, and Northeast Alabama.
Chattanooga | |
|---|---|
Chattanooga skyline in 2023 TVAoffices | |
 Seal  Logo | |
| Nicknames: Scenic City (official); Chatt, Chattown, Gig City, Nooga, and River City | |
 Location of Chattanooga in Hamilton County, Tennessee | |
  Chattanooga Location within Tennessee  Chattanooga Chattanooga (the United States) | |
| Coordinates:35°2′44″N85°16′2″W/ 35.04556°N 85.26722°W[2] | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Tennessee |
| County | Hamilton[1] |
| Incorporated | 1839[3] |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor-council |
| • Mayor | Tim Kelly(I) |
| Area | |
•City | 150.08 sq mi (388.70 km2) |
| • Land | 142.35 sq mi (368.69 km2) |
| • Water | 7.73 sq mi (20.01 km2) |
| Elevation | 676 ft (206 m) |
| Population | |
•City | 181,099 |
| • Rank | 142ndin the United States 4thin Tennessee |
| • Density | 1,272.19/sq mi (491.20/km2) |
| •Urban | 398,569 (US: 105th) |
| • Urban density | 1,366.4/sq mi (527.6/km2) |
| •Metro | 562,647 (US: 101st) |
| Demonym | Chattanoogan |
| Time zone | UTC−5(EST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−4(EDT) |
| ZIP code(s) | 37401-37412, 37414-37416, 37419, 37421-37422, 37424, 37450 |
| Area code | 423 |
| FIPS code | 47-14000[8] |
| GNISfeature ID | 1307240[5] |
| Airport | Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport |
| Public transportation | CARTA |
| Waterways | Tennessee River |
| Website | chattanooga |
Chattanooga was a crucial city during theAmerican Civil Wardue to the multiple railroads that converge there.[11]After the war, the railroads allowed for the city to grow into one of the Southeastern United States' largest heavy industrial hubs. Today, major industry that drives the economy includes automotive, advanced manufacturing, food and beverage production, healthcare, insurance, tourism, and back office and corporate headquarters.[10]Chattanooga remains a transit hub in the present day, served by multipleInterstate highwaysand railroad lines. It is 118 miles (190 km) northwest ofAtlanta, Georgia,112 miles (180 km) southwest ofKnoxville, Tennessee,134 miles (216 km) southeast ofNashville, Tennessee,102 miles (164 km) east-northeast ofHuntsville, Alabama,and 147 miles (237 km) northeast ofBirmingham, Alabama.
Divided by theTennessee River,Chattanooga is at the transition between theridge-and-valley Appalachiansand theCumberland Plateau,both of which are part of the largerAppalachian Mountains.Its official nickname is the "Scenic City", alluding to the surrounding mountains, ridges, and valleys. Unofficial nicknames include "River City", "Chatt", "Nooga", "Chattown", and "Gig City", the latter a reference to its claims that it has the fastest internet service in the Western Hemisphere.[12][13]
Chattanooga is internationally known from the 1941 hit song "Chattanooga Choo Choo"byGlenn Millerand hisorchestra.It is home to theUniversity of Tennessee at Chattanooga(UTC) andChattanooga State Community College.
History
editEarly history
editThe first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area wereNative Americans.Sites dating back to theUpper Paleolithicperiod (c.10,000 BCE) show continuous human occupation through theArchaic,Woodland,Mississippian/Muskogean/Yuchi(900–1714CE), andCherokee(1776–1838) periods. The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of theChickamauga Creekis the oldest (c. 750CE) remaining visible art in Chattanooga.[14]
TheCiticotown and mound site was the most significantMississippian/Muscogeelandmark in Chattanooga up to 1915. The first part of the name "Chattanooga" derives from theMuskogeanwordcvto/chắtȯ/ – 'rock'.[15]The latter may be derived from a regional suffix-nugameaning dwelling or dwelling place. It is also believed to be derived from the Creek Indian wordChat-to-to-noog-gee,meaning ‘rock rising to a point’, which is speculated to be a reference to Lookout Mountain.[16]
The earliest Cherokee occupation of the area dates from 1776, whenDragging Canoeseparated himself from the main tribe to establish resistance to European settlement during theCherokee–American wars.In 1816John Ross,who later becamePrincipal Chief,establishedRoss's Landing.Located along what is now Broad Street, it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement, which also extended into Georgia and Alabama.[17]
In 1838, the U.S. government forced the Cherokees, along with other Native Americans, to relocate to the area designated asIndian Territory,in what is now the state ofOklahoma.Their journey west became known as the "Trail of Tears"for their exile and fatalities along the way. The U.S. Army used Ross's Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or" emigration depots ", where Native Americans were held before the journey on the Trail of Tears.[18]
In 1839, the community of Ross's Landing incorporated as the city of Chattanooga. The city grew quickly, initially benefiting from a location well-suited for river commerce. With the arrival of the railroad in 1850, Chattanooga became a boom town. The city was known as the site "where cotton meets corn," referring to its location along the cultural boundary between the mountain communities of southern Appalachia and the cotton-growing states to the south.[17]
Civil War
editDuring theAmerican Civil War,Chattanooga was a center of battle. Chattanooga served as a hub connecting fifty percent of the Confederacy's arsenals, those being located inAtlanta,Augusta,Columbus,andMacon.Chattanooga'srailroadswere vital to the Confederacy's transportation of raw material to processing plants for producing small arms munitions.[19]During theChickamauga Campaign,Unionartillerybombarded Chattanoogaas a diversion and occupied it on September 9, 1863. Following theBattle of Chickamauga,the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga. On November 23, 1863, the Battles for Chattanooga began when Union forces led byMajor GeneralUlysses S. Grantreinforced troops at Chattanooga and advanced to Orchard Knob againstConfederatetroops besieging the city. The next day, theBattle of Lookout Mountainwas fought, driving the Confederates off the mountain. On November 25, Grant's army routed the Confederates in theBattle of Missionary Ridge.In regard to victories won by the Union, Chattanooga marks one of three defining moments that turned the Civil War in their favor. TheBattle of Gettysburgbrought the streak of victories obtained by the Confederacy to an end, while theSiege of Vicksburgsplit the Confederacy itself in half, while Chattanooga served as the doorway to theDeep South.[20]These battles were followed the next spring by theAtlanta Campaign,beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward. After the war ended, the city became a major railroadhuband industrial and manufacturing center.
1867 flood
editThelargest flood in Chattanooga's historyoccurred in 1867, before theTennessee Valley Authority(TVA) system was created in 1933 byCongress.The flood crested at 58 feet (18 m) and completely inundated the city. Since the completion of the reservoir system, the highest Chattanooga flood stage has been nearly 37 feet (11 m), which occurred in 1973. Without regulation, the flood would have crested at 52.4 feet (16.0 m).[21]Chattanooga was a major priority in the design of the TVA reservoir system and remains a major operating priority in the 21st century.[21]
20th century
edit
In December 1906, Chattanooga was in the national headlines inUnited States v. Shipp,as theUnited States Supreme Court,in the only criminal trial in its history, ruled thatHamilton CountySheriff Joseph H. Shipp had violatedEd Johnson's civil rights when Shipp allowed a mob to enter the Hamilton County jail andlynchJohnson on theWalnut Street Bridge.[22]
Chattanooga grew with the entry of the United States in theFirst World Warin 1917; the nearest training camp was inFort Oglethorpe, Georgia.TheInfluenza pandemic of 1918closed local movie theaters and pool halls.[23]By the 1930s, Chattanooga was known as the "Dynamo of Dixie", inspiring the 1941Glenn Millerbig-bandswingsong "Chattanooga Choo Choo".[24]ThroughMayor P.R. Olgiati'sefforts, Chattanooga became the first city in Tennessee to have a completed interstate highway system in the latter 1960s.[25][26][27]In February 1958, Chattanooga became one of the smallest cities in the country with threeVHFtelevision stations: WROM-TV (nowWTVC-TV) channel 9 (ABC), WRGP-TV (nowWRCB-TV) channel 3 (NBC), andWDEF-TVchannel 12 (CBS).[28]
The same mountains that provide Chattanooga's scenic backdrop also trap industrial pollutants, which settle over the city. In 1969, the federal government declared that Chattanooga had the dirtiest air in the nation.[29]Like other early industrial cities, Chattanooga entered the 1970s with serious socioeconomic challenges, including job layoffs because of de-industrialization, deteriorating city infrastructure, racial tensions, and social division. Chattanooga's population increased by nearly 50,000 in the 1970s. However, this was mostly because the city annexed nearby residential areas.[30]By the mid-1980s, local leaders launchedVision 2000,an effort to revitalize and reinvent Chattanooga's culture and economy. Chattanooga's population declined by more than 10% in the 1980s, but regained it over the next two decades, the only major U.S. city to do so in that period.[31]
Civil Rights Movement
editThe civil rights movement of Chattanooga began in 1960 when teenage students of Howard High School, inspired by activists inNashvilleandGreensboro,began to organize a similar sit-in protest. Class President Paul Walker, Lehman Pierce and as many as 200 other black students organized peaceful sit-ins at four businesses along one block in downtown Chattanooga.[32]White youth mobs responded with agitation, inflammatory language and violence. By the third day, Mayor Rudy Olgiatti instructed the fire department to utilize water hoses on crowds becoming the first city to utilize this tactic against protesters. Three months later the city would agree to desegregate the downtown businesses.[33]
Unlike many southern cities theassassination of Martin Luther King Jr.did not lead to riots in Chattanooga. Mayor Kelley and Police Commissioner Turner met with young people to defuse the situation and bought the protesters lunch. The frustrated youths voiced their complaints about racial injustice in Chattanooga, but were convinced to peacefully disperse.[34]
In 1971, John Franklin Sr. became the first African-American elected official of Chattanooga.[35]However racial tensions related to poverty and education continued to simmer. In the same year, a cancelled concert refusing to give ticket refunds sparked a four-day riot of black youth. An all-night curfew was called and close to 2,000 National Guard troops arrived in the city, setting up a post at City Hall.[36]The unrest led to 1 death and 300 arrests.[37]
On April 19, 1980, threeKu Klux Klanmembers rode down historic 9th street and opened fire on five black women: Viola Ellison, Lela Mae Evans, Katherine O. Johnson, Opal Lee Jackson and Fannie Crumsey. All of the women survived.[38][39]When an all-white jury acquitted the three Klan members for their crime, Chattanooga erupted into four nights of rioting.[40]Not deterred by the jury verdict, the five women went on to be plaintiffs in a historic civil lawsuit against the Klan. In 1982, the federal courts ordered the Klan to pay the women $535,000 on account of the attack. This case created the legal strategy for dismantling the Klan across the country in the following years.[41]
In 1987, the city's at-large voting process was challenged on the basis that it marginalized the voting power of Black voters.[42]The issue was initially presented byLorenzo Ervin,Annie Thomas and Maxine Cousin to theACLUinAtlanta.Following the case ofBrown v. Board of Commissioners of Chattanooga,the city terminated the at-large voting system.[43]
21st century
edit
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the city of Chattanooga has grown, attracting people from out of state and even out of the country.[44]
Chattanooga launched the first one-gigabit-per-second Internet service in the United States in September 2010, provided through the city-owned utilityEPB.[45]
In August 2012, Chattanooga developed its owntypeface,calledChatype,which marks the first time a municipality has its own typeface in the United States and the firstcrowd-funded,custom-made typeface in the world.[46][47]
On July 16, 2015, five people — four U.S. Marines and one sailor — were murdered and two more were wounded inshootings at two U.S. military facilities in Chattanooga.The perpetrator was Muhammad Youssef Abdulazeez, anIslamic terrorist.[48]
On November 21, 2016, a school bus carrying students from Woodmore Elementary Schoolcrashed in the Brainerd neighborhood,killing 6 and injuring 23.[49]In March 2018, the driver, an employee ofDurham School Services,was convicted of six counts of criminally negligent homicide, 11 counts of reckless aggravated assault, seven counts of assault, reckless endangerment, reckless driving and illegally using his phone while driving.[50]The crash reignited the debate about whetherseat beltsshould be required in school buses.[51]
On June 5, 2022, there was amass shootingin Chattanooga that left three dead and injured 11.[52]
Geography
editAccording to theUnited States Census Bureau,the city has a total area of 144.6 square miles (374.4 km2), of which 137.1 square miles (355.2 km2) are land and 7.4 square miles (19.2 km2), or 5.12%, are water.[53]The most prominent natural features in and around Chattanooga are theTennessee Riverand the surrounding mountains. The Tennessee River is impounded by theChickamauga Damnorth of the downtown area. The city is nestled between the southwesternRidge-and-valley Appalachiansand the foot ofWalden's Ridge;the river separates the ridge from the western side of downtown. Several miles east, the city is bisected byMissionary Ridge.The downtown area sits at an elevation of approximately 676 feet (206 m), one of the lowest elevations inEast Tennessee.[54]
Cityscape
edit
Downtown Chattanooga has a wide variety of entertainment, dining, cultural and architectural attractions, including theTennessee Aquarium,opened in 1992; theCreative Discovery Museum,opened in 1995; and the historicWalnut Street Bridge,reopened in 1993. The downtown footprint is bounded by interstate highway I-24 on the south to Frazier Avenue in the Northshore, as well as US highway 27 in the west to Central Avenue in the east.[55]
The modern downtown skyline is dominated by the Aquarium, the Republic Centre[56](tallest building in Chattanooga[57][circular reference]),John C. Portman Jr.'s the Westin (Gold Building),[58]the James Building (Chattanooga's first skyscraper),[59]and The Block,[60]a climbing gym with 5,000 square feet of functional climbing space. Chattanooga has buildings with historical significance, such asThe Read House Hotel(the longest continuously operating hotel in theSoutheastern United States),[61]theChattanooga Choo-Choo Hotel(a converted railroad terminal), the Maclellan Building,[62]the Dome Building[59](once the home to the Chattanooga Times), and theTivoli Theatre.TheBlueCross BlueShield of Tennesseeheadquarters,[63]atop Cameron Hill,[64]is the second-largest LEED Gold-certified corporate campus in the nation.[65]
Downtown Chattanooga has four main bridges over the Tennessee River: the Walnut Street Bridge, theMarket Street Bridge,theOlgiati Bridge,and theVeterans Memorial Bridge.These bridges allow pedestrians to connect the Riverfront and Northshore to theTennessee Riverwalkand Bluff View Art District. Downtown Chattanooga parks includeCoolidge Park,Renaissance Park, Miller Park, Miller Plaza and Main Terrain Art Park. The Martin Luther King District runs parallel to theUniversity of Tennessee at Chattanooga's campus and features the largest mural in Chattanooga.[66]The 40,000-square-foot mural was created by Philadelphia-based muralistMeg Saligmanand seven other local artists.[67]
Downtown revitalization
editIn late 20th and early 21st centuries, substantial private and governmental resources have been invested in transforming the city's tarnished image. In 1993, restoration of the Walnut Street Bridge was completed. An excellent specimen of theCamelback truss bridge,it is the oldest surviving bridge of its kind in the Southeastern United States, having been built in 1891. Efforts to improve the city include the "21st Century Waterfront Plan" – a $120 million redevelopment of the Chattanooga waterfront area, which was completed in 2005. The Tennessee Aquarium, which opened in 1992, has become a major waterfront attraction that has helped to spur neighborhood development.[68]Since the opening of the aquarium, downtown Chattanooga has received over $5 billion of private investment,[69]including nearly $1 billion from 2014 to 2018.[70]
The city has won three national awards for outstanding "livability", and nine Gunther Blue Ribbon Awards for excellence in housing and consolidated planning.[71]Public art experts chose Passageways 2.0 City Thread from among 50 outstanding public art projects created in 2018 through the Public Art Network Year in Review program, a national program that recognizes compelling public art.[72]In addition to winning various national and regional awards, Chattanooga has been in the national limelight numerous times. Chattanooga was the profile city of the August 2007 edition ofUS Airways Magazine.[73]Chattanooga-based businesses have been recognized for their investment in solar energy.[74]In December 2009, Chattanooga was ranked 8th out of America's 100 largest metro areas for the best "Bang For Your Buck" city, according toForbesmagazine,which measured overall affordability, housing rates, and more.[75]
Neighborhoods
editChattanooga has many buildings and three neighborhoods on theNational Register of Historic Places:Ferger Place,Fort Wood,andSt. Elmo.Additionally, Chattanooga has several local historic districts: Battery Place, Glenwood, Missionary Ridge, M.L. King, andStringer's Ridge.Four of these are formally managed as local historic districts by the city.[76]
Notable suburbs
edit- Apison, Tennessee
- Chickamauga, Georgia
- Collegedale, Tennessee
- East Brainerd, Tennessee
- East Ridge, Tennessee
- Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia
- Harrison, Tennessee
- Hixson, Tennessee
- LaFayette, Georgia
- Lookout Mountain, Georgia
- Lookout Mountain, Tennessee
- Ooltewah, Tennessee
- Red Bank, Tennessee
- Ridgeside, Tennessee
- Ringgold, Georgia
- Rossville, Georgia
- Sale Creek, Tennessee
- Signal Mountain, Tennessee
- Soddy-Daisy, Tennessee
- Trenton, Georgia
- Walden, Tennessee
Climate
editChattanooga, like much of Tennessee, has a four-seasonhumid subtropical climate(KöppenCfa). Winter days are usually mild, but most years have at least one day (average 3.2) where the high remains at or below freezing. Snowfall is highly variable from year to year. 11 inches (28 cm) were recorded between January 9–10, 2011.[77]The average snowiest month is February which corresponds with the annual peak innor'easteractivity. Summers are hot and humid, with a July daily mean of 80.0 °F (26.7 °C) and 52 days annually with 90 °F (32 °C) or greater temperatures.[78]Chattanooga is the sixth fastest warming city in the United States due toclimate change.[79]
Average annual precipitation is over 52 inches (1,300 mm). On average, November through March represents an extended relatively wet period, because of Chattanooga's frequent placement (in the winter season) in a zone of conflict between warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold, dry air from Canada, amplified by jet-stream energy and abundant Gulf moisture. July presents a secondary maximum in precipitation, due to frequent thunderstorm activity. Despite the mountains that surround the city, Chattanooga has been affected by tornadoes.[80]These tornadoes include the2011 Super Outbreak,which impacted the city and nearby locations, includingApisonand Cherokee Valley inCatoosa County, Georgia,where fifteen people died, eight in Apison and seven in Cherokee Valley.[81][82][83]AnEF3 tornadostruck southeastern portions of Chattanooga on the night of April 12, 2020, and caused significant damage and three fatalities.[84]
| Climate data forChattanooga Metropolitan Airport,Tennessee (1991–2020 normals,[a]extremes 1879–present[b]) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 78 (26) |
82 (28) |
89 (32) |
93 (34) |
99 (37) |
107 (42) |
107 (42) |
105 (41) |
104 (40) |
100 (38) |
86 (30) |
78 (26) |
107 (42) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 68.8 (20.4) |
73.0 (22.8) |
80.6 (27.0) |
86.0 (30.0) |
90.5 (32.5) |
95.2 (35.1) |
97.1 (36.2) |
96.4 (35.8) |
93.5 (34.2) |
85.8 (29.9) |
76.8 (24.9) |
69.3 (20.7) |
98.3 (36.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 51.0 (10.6) |
55.6 (13.1) |
64.1 (17.8) |
73.6 (23.1) |
81.0 (27.2) |
87.6 (30.9) |
90.5 (32.5) |
89.8 (32.1) |
84.3 (29.1) |
74.1 (23.4) |
62.0 (16.7) |
53.2 (11.8) |
72.2 (22.3) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 41.7 (5.4) |
45.6 (7.6) |
53.2 (11.8) |
61.7 (16.5) |
70.0 (21.1) |
77.4 (25.2) |
80.7 (27.1) |
80.0 (26.7) |
73.9 (23.3) |
62.7 (17.1) |
51.2 (10.7) |
44.3 (6.8) |
61.9 (16.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 32.4 (0.2) |
35.6 (2.0) |
42.2 (5.7) |
49.9 (9.9) |
59.0 (15.0) |
67.3 (19.6) |
71.0 (21.7) |
70.2 (21.2) |
63.6 (17.6) |
51.4 (10.8) |
40.3 (4.6) |
35.3 (1.8) |
51.5 (10.8) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 14.9 (−9.5) |
19.6 (−6.9) |
25.5 (−3.6) |
34.3 (1.3) |
44.1 (6.7) |
56.9 (13.8) |
63.4 (17.4) |
61.9 (16.6) |
50.3 (10.2) |
35.1 (1.7) |
25.9 (−3.4) |
20.8 (−6.2) |
12.9 (−10.6) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −10 (−23) |
−10 (−23) |
2 (−17) |
25 (−4) |
34 (1) |
39 (4) |
51 (11) |
50 (10) |
36 (2) |
22 (−6) |
4 (−16) |
−2 (−19) |
−10 (−23) |
| Averageprecipitationinches (mm) | 5.02 (128) |
5.03 (128) |
5.34 (136) |
4.87 (124) |
3.94 (100) |
4.18 (106) |
5.08 (129) |
3.67 (93) |
4.23 (107) |
3.59 (91) |
4.80 (122) |
5.25 (133) |
55.00 (1,397) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 1.0 (2.5) |
1.2 (3.0) |
1.1 (2.8) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.3 (0.76) |
3.6 (9.1) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) | 10.6 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 10.1 | 10.6 | 11.4 | 11.9 | 9.4 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 9.1 | 11.3 | 122.7 |
| Average snowy days(≥ 0.1 in) | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 2.4 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 71.2 | 68.2 | 65.9 | 63.8 | 71.5 | 73.1 | 74.9 | 76.0 | 77.0 | 74.6 | 73.5 | 72.9 | 71.9 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 147.0 | 155.6 | 200.5 | 240.2 | 275.6 | 275.5 | 265.2 | 256.8 | 227.9 | 218.8 | 158.7 | 140.4 | 2,562.2 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 47 | 51 | 54 | 61 | 64 | 63 | 60 | 62 | 61 | 63 | 51 | 46 | 58 |
| Source:NOAA(relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[78][86][87] | |||||||||||||
Time zone
editChattanooga uses theEastern Time Zone.Counties directly to its west (in both Tennessee and Alabama) use theCentral Time Zone.
Demographics
edit| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1870 | 6,093 | — | |
| 1880 | 12,892 | 111.6% | |
| 1890 | 29,100 | 125.7% | |
| 1900 | 30,154 | 3.6% | |
| 1910 | 44,604 | 47.9% | |
| 1920 | 57,895 | 29.8% | |
| 1930 | 119,798 | 106.9% | |
| 1940 | 128,613 | 7.4% | |
| 1950 | 131,041 | 1.9% | |
| 1960 | 130,009 | −0.8% | |
| 1970 | 119,923 | −7.8% | |
| 1980 | 169,514 | 41.4% | |
| 1990 | 152,466 | −10.1% | |
| 2000 | 155,554 | 2.0% | |
| 2010 | 167,674 | 7.8% | |
| 2020 | 181,099 | 8.0% | |
| 2023 (est.) | 187,030 | [88] | 3.3% |
| Sources:[89][9][6] | |||
| Historical racial composition | 1970[90] | 1990[90] | 2000[91] | 2010[91] | 2019 est.[92] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 64.0% | 65.0% | 60.0% | 58.0% | 62.3% |
| Black | 35.8% | 33.7% | 35.8% | 34.9% | 31.4% |
| Asian | 0.1% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.0% | 2.7% |
| Native | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.2% |
| Native Hawaiianand other Pacific Islander |
- | - | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% |
| Other race | 0.1% | 0.2% | 1.0% | 2.8% | 1.0% |
| Two or more races | - | – | 1.3% | 1.9% | 2.4% |
2020 census
edit| Race / Ethnicity(NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000[93] | Pop 2010[94] | Pop 2020[95] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whitealone (NH) | 91,582 | 93,698 | 98,977 | 58.87% | 55.88% | 54.65% |
| Black or African Americanalone (NH) | 55,874 | 58,256 | 52,384 | 35.92% | 34.74% | 28.93% |
| Native AmericanorAlaska Nativealone (NH) | 395 | 409 | 429 | 0.25% | 0.24% | 0.24% |
| Asianalone (NH) | 2,384 | 3,273 | 4,956 | 1.53% | 1.95% | 2.74% |
| Pacific Islanderalone (NH) | 83 | 79 | 60 | 0.05% | 0.05% | 0.03% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 182 | 220 | 691 | 0.12% | 0.13% | 0.38% |
| Mixed race or Multiracial(NH) | 1,773 | 2,514 | 7,021 | 1.14% | 1.50% | 3.88% |
| Hispanic or Latino(any race) | 3,281 | 9,225 | 16,581 | 2.11% | 5.50% | 9.16% |
| Total | 155,554 | 167,674 | 181,099 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the2020 United States census,there were 181,099 people, 79,565 households, and 41,059 families residing in the city.
2010 census
editAs of thecensus of 2010,there were 167,674 people, 70,749 households, and 40,384 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,222.5 inhabitants per square mile (472.0/km2). There were 79,607 housing units at an average density of 588.8 units per square mile (227.3 units/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 58.0%White,34.9%Black,2.0%Asian,0.4%American Indian,0.1%Pacific Islander,2.8% fromother races,and 1.9% from two or more races. Persons ofHispanicorLatinoorigin (regardless of race) constituted 5.5% of the total population.Non-Hispanic Whiteswere 55.9% of the population in 2010, down from 67.3% in 1980.[96][97]There were 70,749 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36% were married couples living together, 17.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.94.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.3% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 27% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.1 years. 46.1% of the population was male and 53.9% of the population was female.
The median income for a household in the city was $35,817, and the median income for a family was $43,314. Males had a median income of $36,109 versus $31,077 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,756. About 14% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over.
Chattanooga'sMetropolitan Statistical Area,which includes Hamilton,Marion,andSequatchiecounties in Tennessee andCatoosa,Dade,andWalkercounties in Georgia, grew from 476,531 people, as of the 2000 census, to 529,222 people, as of the 2010 census, an 11% increase during the 2000s.[98]
Religion
editThe single largest religious group in Chattanooga isChristianity.According to 2010 statistics, theSouthern Baptist Conventionwas the largest denomination with 225 congregations and 122,300 members; followed by theUnited Methodist Churchwith 31,500 members and 83 churches. The third-largest group of Christians identified asnon-denominationalcongregations; and the fourth-largest organized denomination was theChurch of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)with 82 churches and 17,900 members. The 5th largest Christian religious group, according to2010 statistics,was theRoman Catholic Diocese of Knoxville,which had 12 congregations and 14,300 members.Islamhas 2,200 adherents in Chattanooga.[99]
Economy
edit
Chattanooga's economy includes a diversified and growing mix of manufacturing and service industries.
Notable Chattanooga businesses includeAccess America Transport,BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee,CBL & Associates,The Chattanooga Bakery,Sanofi,the world's firstCoca-Colabottling plant,Coker Tire,U.S. Xpress Inc.,Covenant Logistics,Double Cola,CraftWorks Restaurants & Breweries,Luken Communications,Miller & Martin,theNational Model Railroad Association,PepsiCo,Reliance Partners,Republic Parking System,Rock/Creek,Tricycle Inc., andUnum.The city also hosts large branch offices ofCigna,AT&T,T-Mobile USA,andUBS.McKee Foods Corporation,the maker of nationally knownLittle Debbiebrand snack cakes, is a privately held, family-run company headquartered in nearbyCollegedale, Tennessee.
Notable companies that have manufacturing or distribution facilities in the city includeAmazon,BASF,DuPont,Invista,Komatsu,PepsiCo,Rock-Tenn,Plantronics,Domtar,Norfolk Southern,Ferrara Candy Company(manufacturer ofBrach's candies),Alco Chemical,Colonial Pipeline,andBuzzi Unicem.[100]TheWilliam Wrigley Jr. Companyhas a prominent presence in Chattanooga, the sole site of production ofAltoidsbreath mint products since 2005.[101][102]
In a seminal event for Chattanooga,Volkswagenannounced in July 2008 the construction of its first U.S. auto plant in over three decades, theVolkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant.[103]In May 2011,Volkswagen Group of Americainaugurated its plant.[104]The $1 billion plant, opened in May 2011, served as the group's North American manufacturing headquarters. The plant, which initially employed 2,700 people, later increasing to 4,700, manufactures thePassatand theAtlas.It also has a fullresearch and developmentcenter in downtown Chattanooga, employing some 200 engineers, the first of its kind in the South.[105][106][107]The plant was the first newVolkswagenplant in the United States since the 1988 closure ofVolkswagen Westmoreland AssemblynearNew Stanton, Pennsylvania.[108]In 2019, Volkswagen Chattanooga announced plans to expand its Chattanooga-based plant to constructelectric vehicles.[109]The expansion is expected to create one thousand new jobs and $800 million in investments.[110]
In addition to corporate business interests, there are many retail shops in Chattanooga, including two shopping malls:Hamilton Place MallinEast BrainerdandNorthgate MallinHixson.Eastgate Mallin Brainerd used to be a shopping mall, but has changed into a multi-use office building. Tourism and Hospitality has been a growing part of Chattanooga's economy, with 2014 being the first year for Hamilton County to surpass $1 billion in revenue.
Startups have been an increasing trend, due in part toEPB's fiber optic grid. Notable venture firms based in the city are Blank Slate Ventures, Chattanooga Renaissance Fund, Lamp Post Group, SwiftWing Ventures, the Jump Fund, Dynamo Ventures, and Brickyard VC. The city is served by several incubators, notably Co.Lab, the Business Development Center, and Lamp Post Group. The Business Development Center is among the nation's largest incubators, both in square footage and in the number of startups that it supports.[111]Co-working spaces have picked up downtown, including Society of Work and Chattanooga Workspace. Unique in the city is the startup accelerator Gigtank, which utilizes the city's gigabit capacities and focuses on 3D printing, healthcare, and smartgrid technologies. Notable startups include Quickcue (acquired byOpenTablein 2013), andReliance Partners.Chattanooga went from zero investable capital in 2009 to over $50 million in 2014.[citation needed]
Utilities
edit
Electric power for most of the city and surrounding area is provided by the city-runElectric Power Board(EPB). EPB also provides high-speed Internet service, TV, and telephone service to business and residential customers throughout Hamilton County, as well as parts ofBledsoe County,Bradley County,Catoosa County,Dade County,Marion County,Rhea County,Sequatchie County,andWalker County,via the nation's largest municipally owned fiber optic system.[112][113]TVA operates the nearbySequoyah Nuclear Power Plant,Chickamauga Dam, and theRaccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant,all of which provide electricity to the greater Chattanooga area. TVA's corporate power generation and distribution organization is headquartered in downtown Chattanooga.
Natural gas and water are provided by the privately runChattanooga Gas CompanyandTennessee-American Water Company,respectively. In 2005, MayorRon Littlefieldstated his desire for the city to purchase the Tennessee-American Water Company, which was sold in a public offering in 2007.[114][115]Former Mayor Jon Kinsey's attempts to have the city buy control of Tennessee-American Water were defeated in court.
EPB Fiber Opticsis the dominantcableand internet service provider for most areas of the city.[116]Theincumbent telephone companyisAT&T Inc.However,competing phone companies,such as EPB, cellular phones, andVoIPare making inroads. A major interstatefiber opticsline operated by AT&T traverses the city, making its way from Atlanta toCincinnati.There are more choices among TV, Internet, and phone service providers for Chattanooga residents than in most other cities its size because of the intense competition between AT&T, Comcast, and EPB.[117]
EPB's gigabit public fiber optic network
editBeginning in 2009 and continuing through March 2011, whenHaletown, Tennessee,received service from EPB's fiber optic network, EPB began to establish its exclusive fiber optic network to its 600 sq mi (1,600 km2) service area, which covers the greater ChattanoogaMetropolitan Statistical Area.[118]In September 2010, EPB became the first municipally-owned utilities company in the United States to offer internet access directly to the public at speeds up to ten gigabit (10,000 megabits) per second.[119][120]The network has been emulated by at least six other cities in Tennessee and studied by other cities in the U.S. and internationally.[121][122]However, Tennessee state law has prevented the expansion of Chattanooga's municipal network to nearby communities that have requested connections, and that restriction was upheld in the 2016 circuit court rulingTennessee v. FCC.[123]
Jay Weatherill,South Australia's Premier, visited Chattanooga in January 2012 and studied the gigabit network that was supporting critical city safety functions such as police and fire communications infrastructure, equipment and applications. He also inspected wastewater management, storm water management, traffic control and medical diagnostics applications, as well as operations of a smart lighting and camera system that allows the police to control public lighting and see what is happening in heavy crime areas. The use of broadband to carry the video and control signaling has contributed to making Chattanooga's Coolidge Park a safer place to visit.[124]
In 2011, the expansion of EPB's network became a subject of major controversy in Tennessee.[125]The success of its network, credited with the expansion of Volkswagen's Chattanooga plant and the establishment ofAmazonfacilities in Chattanooga andCleveland,led to a number of legal challenges by AT&T and Comcast insisting that public funds not be used to fund expansion of public networks in competition with private ones.[126][127]However, according to EPB, federal agencies, electricity industry trade sources, and other press sources, the investment in the fully fiber optic network is justified by electrical system benefits alone, including early fault detection and decreases in standby power.[128][129][130][131][132][133]
Banking
editThis section needs to beupdated.(April 2020) |
As of 2014, there are 27 banks operating in the Chattanooga metropolitan area, lending to financial strength.[134]Among the larger banks are regional banksFirst Horizon Bank,Truist Financial,andRegions Financial Corporation,but the area also has offices fromUBS,Chase,andBank of America.Due in part to the strength and growing economic development, Chase recently shifted its East Tennessee headquarters from Knoxville to Chattanooga.[135]
In early 2015, three locally owned banks and one in nearbyCleveland, Tennessee,were acquired by other banks. CapitalMark, formed in 2007, will be acquired by the Nashville-basedPinnacle Financial Partnersfor $187 million to have the fourth largest market share in the Chattanooga metro area.[136]First Security Group, Inc, the largest Chattanooga-based bank, formed in 2000, will be acquired by the Atlanta-based Atlantic Capital Bancshares, Inc., for $160 million. Cornerstone, started in 1985, will merge with the Knoxville-based SmartBank in a stock deal. Cleveland's Southern Heritage Bank was acquired in 2014 by First Citizens National Bank inDyersburg,Tennessee, for $32.2 million. All these mergers only leave one Chattanooga-based, independent bank, First Volunteer Bank. Others in the area locally based includeDunlap, Tennessee-based Citizens Tri-County Bank, Ooltewah-based Community Trust and Banking Co.,Dayton, Tennessee-based Community National Bank,Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia-based Capital Bank,LaFayette, Georgia-based Bank of LaFayette, and Cleveland-based Bank of Cleveland.[137]
Culture and tourism
editAttractions
editChattanooga touts many attractions, including theTennessee Aquarium,caverns,and new waterfront attractions along and across theTennessee River.In the downtown area is theChattanooga Choo ChooHotel, housed in the renovated Terminal Station. Also downtown are theCreative Discovery Museum,a hands-on children's museum dedicated to science, art, and music; anIMAX3D Theatre, and the newly expandedHunter Museum of American Art.TheTennessee Riverwalk,an approximately 13-mile-long (21 km) trail running alongside the river, is another attraction for both tourists and residents alike.
Across the river from downtown is the North Shore district, roughly bounded by theOlgiati Bridgeto the west and Veterans Bridge to the east. The newly renovated area draws locals and tourists to locally owned independent boutique stores and restaurants, plus attractions along the Chattanooga Riverpark system, including Coolidge Park and Renaissance Park.[138][139]
TheChattanooga Zoo at Warner Parkis at 301 North Holtzclaw Avenue, a short distance from the downtown area. Hours of operation are from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. every day. In 1937, the first small exhibit was "established with the construction of a 4x6' cage for two Rhesus Monkeys."[140]The Zoo has since grown, as in 2017, "the Zoo kicked off the year with the announcement of the Kits and Cubs Program, which is a unique early childhood learning program designed specifically for the youngest of animal lovers."[140]And in May 2017, "the Zoo broke ground to expand the Corcovado Jungle exhibit adding six new outdoor and six new indoor exhibits to house small South American monkeys and mammals in June."[140]Parks and natural scenic areas provide other attractions. The red-and-black painted "See Rock City"barnsalong highways in theSoutheastare remnants of a now-classicAmericanatourism campaign to attract visitors to theRock Citytourist attraction in nearbyLookout Mountain, Georgia.The mountain is also the site ofRuby Fallsand Craven's House.[141]TheLookout Mountain Incline Railwayis a steepfunicular railwaythat rises from theSt. Elmo Historic Districtto the top of the mountain, where passengers can visit theNational Park Service's Point Park and the Battles for Chattanooga Museum.[142]Formerly known as Confederama, the museum includes a diorama that details theBattle of Chattanooga.From the military park, visitors can enjoy panoramic views ofMoccasin Bendand the Chattanooga skyline from the mountain's famous "point" or from vantage points along the well-marked trail system.[143]
Near Chattanooga, theRaccoon Mountain Reservoir,Raccoon Mountain Caverns,andReflection Riding Arboretum and Botanical Gardenboast a number of outdoor and family fun opportunities. Other arboretums includeBonny Oaks Arboretum,Cherokee Arboretum at Audubon Acres,and Cherokee Trail Arboretum. TheOcoee River,host to a number of events at the 1996Atlanta Olympics,features rafting, kayaking, camping, and hiking.Harrison Bay State Parkis another popular destination, offering a range of activities such asfishing,boating,andcampingin a scenic lakeside setting. Just outside Chattanooga is theLake Winnepesaukahamusement park. TheCumberland Trailbegins in Signal Mountain, just outside Chattanooga.
-
The Tennessee Aquarium's River Journey building -
The Tennessee Aquarium's Ocean Journey building -
Trail of Tears water steps off of Market Street, downtown Chattanooga -
Coolidge Park -
Walnut Street Bridge -
Looking south towards Lookout Mountain
Museums
edit
As the birthplace of thetow truck,Chattanooga is the home of theInternational Towing and Recovery Hall of Fame and Museum.[144]Another transportation icon, thepassenger train,can be found at theTennessee Valley Railroad Museum,called TVRM by locals, which is the largest operating historic railroad in the South.[citation needed]
Other notable museums include the National Medal of Honor Heritage Center, theHouston Museum of Decorative Arts,[145]the Bessie Smith Cultural Center,[146]and theCreative Discovery Museum.[147]Chattanooga African American Museum.[148]
There is no local history museum, but the Chattanooga History website holds a large collection of old photographs and other resources.[149]
There are also several art museums, including theHunter Museum of American Art.The Institute of Contemporary Arts Chattanooga (ICA Chattanooga), located on campus of theUniversity of Tennessee at Chattanooga(UTC), hosts a series of exhibitions of contemporary art throughout the year, which include exhibitions by regional and national contemporary artists and also feature from UTC's permanent collection.[150]
Performing arts
editChattanooga has a wide range ofperforming artsin different venues. Chattanooga's historicTivoli Theatre,dating from 1921 and one of the first public air-conditioned buildings in the United States, is home to theChattanooga Symphony and Opera(CSO), which became the first merged symphony and opera company in the United States in 1985. The CSO is directed by Kayoko Dan.[151]The Chattanooga Theatre Centre offers 15 productions each year in three separate theater programs: the Mainstage, the Circle Theater, and the Youth Theater.[152][153]
Another popular performance venue is theSoldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium.It was built between 1922 and 1924 by John Parks, General Contractors, and was designed by the architect R.H. Hunt, who also designed the Tivoli Theatre in Chattanooga.[154]
Literary events
editChattanooga hosts several writing conferences, including the Conference on Southern Literature and the Festival of Writers, both sponsored by the Arts & Education Council of Chattanooga.[155][156][157]
Festivals and events
editChattanooga hosts the well-knownRiverbend Festival,an annual four-day music festival held in June in the downtown area. One of the most popular events is the "Bessie SmithStrut ", a one-night showcase ofbluesandjazzmusic named for the city's most noted blues singer. The annual "Southern Brewer's Festival" and the "River Roast" festival celebrate such traditional Southern staples as beer and barbecue.
Moon River Festival is a three-day musical festival held every September in Coolidge Park. The festival originally was located inMemphisbut relocated to Chattanooga in 2018.[158][159]Moon River Festival and Riverbend Festival were rated among the top 10 music festivals in the south bySouthern Livingmagazine.[160][161]
New events, such as GoFest!, the "Between the Bridges" wakeboard competition, Heritage Festival, and Talespin, complement well-established events, such as Riverbend and the Southern Brewer's Festival, and attract their own audiences.[162][163]Back Row Films is a citywide celebration of film co-sponsored by the Hunter Museum of American Art, the Arts & Education Council, and UTC.[164]
"Nightfall" is a free weekly concert series in Miller Plaza on Friday nights that features an eclectic mix ofrock,blues, jazz,reggae,zydeco,funk,bluegrass,andfolk musicfromMemorial Dayuntil the end of September.[165]TheChattanooga Marketfeatures events all year round as part of the "Sunday at the Southside", including anOktoberfestin mid-October.
The Chattanooga Dulcimer Festival, held each June, features workshops for mountain dulcimer, hammered dulcimer, and auto harp, among others, along with performances by champion performers from across the nation.[166]
Chattanooga is also the center of much bluegrass music. In 1935, as well as from 1993 to 1995, the city hosted theNational Folk Festival.Since 2007, the annual 3 Sisters Festival showcases traditional and contemporary bluegrass artists, and has been named one of the country's "5 Best" bluegrass festivals byGreat American Country.[167]
Each January, Chattanooga plays host toChattacon,a science fiction and fantasy literary convention.[168]The convention is organized by the nonprofit Chattanooga Speculative Fiction Fans, Inc. First held in 1976, the convention drew an estimated 1,000 attendees to the Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel in 2012, as well as an estimated 1,300 attendees in 2013.[169][170]
Since 2014, Chattanooga has been home to theChattanooga Film Festival,an annualfilm festival.[171][172][173]
Sports
editChattanooga has a large, growing, and diversified sports scene for a city of its size, including professional soccer, college sports, minor league baseball, semi-professional teams, professional cycling exemplified by theVolkswagenUSA CyclingProfessional Road & Time Trial National Championships, theIronman Triathlon,and a large nationally renowned regatta the first weekend of November.
Organized sports
editCollege sports
editChattanooga was the home of theNCAA Division I Football Championshipgame, which was held atFinley Stadiumin Chattanooga, from 1997 to 2009.
TheUniversity of Tennessee at Chattanooga(UTC) Mocs compete in NCAA Division I and theSouthern Conference.UTC's athletic programs include football at theFCSlevel, women's soccer, volleyball, and cross country in the fall; men's and women's basketball,Wrestling,and indoor track & field in the winter; and softball and outdoor track & field in the spring. Men's and women's golf and men's and women's tennis play in the fall and spring.
Semi-Pro and Minor League Baseball
editTheChattanooga Lookouts,a ClassAADouble-A Southbaseball team affiliated with theCincinnati Reds,play at the riverfrontAT&T Field.[174]
Chattanooga also is home to several semi-professionalfootballteams, including the Tennessee Crush and the Chattanooga Steam. The Tennessee Crush plays its games atFinley Stadiumin downtown Chattanooga. The Chattanooga Steam plays atLookout Valley High SchoolnearLookout Mountain.
Professional soccer
editThe city has two professional soccer teams. From 2009 to 2019,Chattanooga FCplayed in theNational Premier Soccer League,but moved to an unsanctioned professional league (NISA) in 2020.[175]Founded in 2009,[176]Chattanooga FC has gone to the national finals four times since its inception, and drew a record 18,227 fans for their 2015 NPSL title match.[177]The club has also found success in theU.S. Open Cupdefeating the professionalUSL'sWilmington Hammerheadsto reach the tournament's third round in 2014 and 2015. In 2019, Chattanooga FC became one of the founding members of NPSL's Founders Cup, a group of eleven teams playing a professional tournament in the fall before forming a fully professional league in 2020.[178]To support this, Chattanooga FC became only the second sports team in the U.S., after theGreen Bay Packers,to sell supporter shares in the team.[176]These moves were partially in response to aUSL League Onefranchise, theChattanooga Red Wolves SCstarting play in the 2019 inaugural season of that new third-tier professional league under the direction of Chattanooga FC's former general manager.[179][180]The Red Wolves play inUSL League Oneand intend to build a multi-million dollar soccer specific stadium in the neighboring town of East Ridge, Tennessee.[181]Before the proposed stadium was built, the Red Wolves had a legal battle with Arkansas State, with ASU sending them a cease-and-desist letter in November 2019. The stadium was announced as CHI Memorial Stadium, and was opened for play and fans in 2020 while still under construction. It will hold an estimated 5,000 fans for soccer matches.[182]
Rugby
editChattanooga is also home to several rugby teams: the Chattanooga Rugby Football Club, Nooga Red, Nooga Black, men's Old Boys, a women's rugby team, men's and women's teams at UTC, and an all-city high school team.[183]The Chattanooga Rugby Football Club, which was established in 1978 and the 2011 and 2013 DIIMid Southchampions, is affiliated withUSA RugbyandUSA Rugby South.The club fields two teams, Nooga Red, which competes in Division II, and Nooga Black, which competes in Division III.[184]There is also a men's Old Boys team, a Chattanooga women's rugby team, as well as collegiate men's and women's teams representing the Mocs at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. A citywide high school rugby team, the Wolfpack, was established in 2012 and is open to any high school player living in the Chattanooga area.[183]All seven teams play their home matches at Montague Park.
Outdoor sports
editRowing
TheHead of the Hoochrowingregattatakes place along the Tennessee River in downtown Chattanooga during the first weekend of November. Thehead raceoriginally took place on theChattahoochee RiverinAtlantabefore moving to Chattanooga in 2005, hence the name "Head of the Hooch". With 1,965 boats in 2011 and nearly 2,000 boats in 2012, this competition ranks as the 2nd largest regatta in the United States,[citation needed]with numerous college and youth teams, such as UNC Men's Crew, Vanderbilt Rowing Club, James Madison University Crew, University of Tennessee Women's Rowing, Orlando Rowing Club, Nashville Rowing Club, Newport Rowing Club, and Chattanooga Rowing, competing.[185][186][187]There are also multiple local rowing clubs, such as the Lookout Rowing Club for adults and the Chattanooga Junior Rowing Club for high school students. The weekend of the Head of the Hooch also sees hot-air balloon rides and other activities.
Cycling
In 2013, theVolkswagenUSA CyclingProfessional Road & Time Trial National Championships were held in Chattanooga. The schedule for the 3-day event on May 25–27 featured ahandcyclingtime trail and various othercyclingtime trials and road races, including a men'sroad racethat took the cyclists through the heart of downtown Chattanooga and upLookout Mountainfor a total race distance of 102.5 miles (165.0 km).[188]American professional cyclistFreddie Rodriguezwon thenational road race championshiptitle for the fourth time in his career.[189]The Championships' debut in Chattanooga marked the first time in the event's 29-year history that women were allowed to compete for professional national titles.[190]Chattanooga will also host the Championships in 2014 and 2015.[191]
The city is home to the Chattanooga Bicycle Club. It was established in 1967 to "encourage and promote bicycle riding and safety, and to foster good relationships between cyclists and motorists by demonstrating courtesy and respect the law."[192]The Chattanooga Bicycle Club advocates for transportation, fitness, and recreation, as well as health and wellness.
This club is in relative with the League of American Bicyclists (LAB), Adventure Cycling, Bike Chattanooga, and Outdoor Chattanooga.
Running
Due to its location at the junction of theCumberland Plateauand the southernAppalachians,Chattanooga has become a haven for outdoor sports, and has even been named Outside Magazine's "Best Town Ever" twice[193]such as hunting, fishing,trail running,road running,adventure racing,rock climbing,mountain biking,androad biking.The internationally known[194]StumpJump 50khas been hosted on nearby Signal Mountain since 2002.
The Erlanger Half Marathon and Marathon have become a large part of the spring activities in Chattanooga in recent years. These events are orchestrated by the Chattanooga Sports Committee, and the half marathon course and marathon course are designed by the same group of runners. The course is subject to change throughout the years. The most recent marathon and half marathon were held on March 3, 2019.
Triathlons
In August 2013, further cementing Chattanooga's growing status as a nationally recognized outdoor haven,[195][196]the Chattanooga Sports Committee, an organization established in 1992 to help the city host major sporting events, announced that theIronman Triathlonwould be coming to the city in a 5-year deal.[197][198]The city became one of only 11 cities in the United States to host the grueling competition showcasing Chattanooga's natural beauty, which consists of a 2.4-mile (3.9 km) swim, a 112-mile (180 km) bike race (which is broken down into two 56-mile (90 km) loops), and a 26.2-mile (42.2 km) run (which is broken down into two 13.1-mile (21.1 km) loops). The event has a $40,000 prize purse and chances to qualify for theIronman World ChampionshipinHawaii.[199]On November 4, 2014, it was announced that Chattanooga would host TheIronman 70.3event, also known as the Half Ironman, in addition to the standardIronman Triathlon.This event consists of a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) swim, 56-mile (90 km) bike ride, and 13.1-mile (21.1 km) run, and has a prize pot of $30,000. On September 29, 2015, The Chattanooga Convention and Visitors Bureau announced that Ironman had chosen Chattanooga, Tennessee to host the 2017 Ironman 70.3 World Championships.[200]
Awards
Chattanooga has been a member of theLeague of American Bicyclists' Bronze level since October 2003, the only city in Tennessee to be a member of the organization before Knoxville and Nashville joined in 2010 and 2012, respectively.[201]The city has a number of outdoor clubs: Scenic City Velo,SORBA-Chattanooga, the Wilderness Trail Running Association, and the Chattanooga Track Club. The city also funds Outdoor Chattanooga, an organization focused on promoting outdoor recreation. In September 2004, the city appointed its first-ever executive director of Outdoor Chattanooga to implement the organization's mission, which includes promoting bicycling for transportation, recreation, and active living.[202]For paddlers, Chattanooga offers theTennessee River Blueway,a 50-mile (80 km) recreational section of theTennessee Riverthat flows through Chattanooga and theTennessee River Gorge.TheTennessee Aquariumhas a high speedcatamaran,theRiver Gorge Explorer,to allow up to 70 people to explore theTennessee River Gorge.[203]TheExplorerdeparts from the Chattanooga Pier.[204]Since 2008, Chattanooga has hosted the Skyhoundz[205]World Canine Disc Championship, the crowning event of the largest disc dog competition series in the world.
Media and communications
editThe city of Chattanooga is served by numerous local, regional, and national media outlets which reach approximately one million people in four states:Tennessee,Georgia,Alabama,andNorth Carolina.
Newspapers
edit
TheChattanooga Times Free Press,the area's only daily newspaper, is published every morning. It was formed in 1999 from the merger of two papers that had been bitter rivals for half a century, theTimesand theNews-Free Press.[206]TheTimeswas owned and published byAdolph Ochs,who later boughtThe New York Times.TheTimeswas the morning paper and had a generally more liberal editorial page. TheNews-Free Press,whose name was the result of an earlier merger, was an afternoon daily and its editorials were more conservative than those in theTimes.On August 27, 1966, theNews-Free Pressbecame the first newspaper in the nation to dissolve ajoint operating agreement.[207][208]In 1999, theFree Press,which had changed its name fromNews-Free Pressin 1993, was bought by an Arkansas company,WEHCO Media,publisher of theArkansas Democrat-Gazette,which then bought TheTimesfrom the Ochs heirs.[209]TheTimes Free Pressis the only newspaper in the United States to have two editorial pages, reflecting opposite ends of the political spectrum. TheTimes's editorial page, which is liberal, is on the left page and theFree Press's editorial page, which is conservative, is on the right.[210]
TheChattanooga Pulseis a free weekly alternative newspaper, published every Wednesday, that focuses primarily on arts, music, film and culture.[211]It was formed in 2003 by Zachary Cooper and Michael Kull, running independently until 2008, when the paper was purchased by Brewer Media Group, which also owns and operates five radio stations in the city.
Enigmais a free monthly pop culture and entertainment magazine.[212]Founded as a weekly newspaper in 1995 by David Weinthal,Enigmalays claim to being Chattanooga's oldest alternative newspaper, even though it had ceased physical publication from 2013 until it resumed as a monthly magazine in 2015.
TheChattanooga News Chronicleis an African-American weekly newspaper.[213]
Online media
editThe Chattanooganand its website "Chattanoogan", established in 1999, is an online media outlet that concentrates on news from Chattanooga, North Georgia, and Southeast Tennessee. The publisher is John Wilson, previously a staff writer for theChattanooga Free Press.TheChattanooganis the oldest online newspaper in Chattanooga.[214][215]
Nooga,purchased in November 2010 by local entrepreneur Barry Large, relaunched in 2011 as a local news website offering "quality daily content focusing on local business, politics, and entertainment in the Chattanooga area."[216]In August 2018, Nooga partnered with Greenville, S.C.-based media company 6AM City.[217]The outlet was rebranded and relaunched as NOOGAtoday in September 2018.[218][219]While NOOGAtoday's primary product is its daily email newsletter, it also publishes content on its social media accounts and website.[219]
Radio
editChattanooga is served by the following AM and FM radio stations:
AM
edit- WDYN980AM– Southern Gospel / WDYN Radio,[220]operated byTennessee Temple University(licensed to Rossville, GA)
- WFLI1070 AM – Top 40 from the '60s & '70s (licensed to Chattanooga-Lookout Mountain, TN)
- WGOW1150 AM – News Talk / NewsRadio 1150[221](licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
- WNOO1260 AM – Urban gospel and Motown (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
- WXCT1370 AM – AAA / ALT 98.7 (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
- WLMR1450 AM – Christian Talk (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
- WJOC1490 AM – Southern Gospel (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
FM
edit- WUTC88.1FM– NPR[222]/Mixed music / Music 88. Operated by UTC. First station in Chattanooga to broadcast inHD Radio.(licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
- W203AZ88.5 FM – Religious / CSN International[223](Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
- WMBW88.9 FM – Christian / Moody Radio For The Heart of the Southeast. Owned and operated byMoody Bible Institute.(Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
- WYBK89.7 FM – Christian. Operated byBible Broadcasting Network.(Licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
- W211BG90.1 FM – Religious[224](Licensed to Walden, TN)
- WSMC90.5 FM – Classical/NPR/PRI[225]Operated by Southern Adventist University. (licensed to Collegedale, TN)
- WJBP91.5 FM – Christian / Family Life Radio[226](licensed to Red Bank, TN)
- WAWL – College Alternative / The Wawl (web only / formerly broadcasting on 91.5) Chattanooga State Community College (licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
- WDEF-FM92.3 FM – Adult Contemporary / Sunny 92.3[227](licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
- W224AZ (WALV-HD3) 92.7 FM Christian / LF Radio[228](licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
- WSAA93.1 FM – Christian Rock /Air 1[229](licensed to Benton, TN)
- WMPZ93.5 FM – Urban Adult Contemporary / Groove 93[230](licensed to Harrison, TN)
- WJTT94.3 FM – Urban contemporary / Power 94[231](licensed to Red Bank, TN)
- WAAK-LP94.7 FM – Variety[232](low power station licensed to Boynton/Ringgold, GA)
- WALV-FM95.3 FM – Christian/The Joy FM[233](licensed to Ooltewah, TN)
- W241AF96.1 FM /W262DQ100.3 FM – Conservative Talk / The Big One[234](licensed to Rossville, GA & Hixson, TN) (simulcast ofWFLI-AM)
- WDOD96.5 FM – Top-40 / Hits 96[235](licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
- WUUQ97.3 FM /W257AZ99.3 FM – Classic Country / Q Country 97.3/99.3 (licensed to South Pittsburg, TN and Lookout Mountain, TN)
- W249BR(WUSY-HD2) 97.7 FM - Urban Contemporary / Real 97.7[236](licensed to Lookout Mountain, TN)
- WLND98.1 FM – Hot AC / 98.1 The Lake[237](licensed to Signal Mountain, TN)
- WOOP-LP99.9 FM – Classic country, old-time gospel, bluegrass, and mountain music.[238]Operated by the Traditional Music Resource Center (licensed to Cleveland, TN)
- WUSY100.7 FM – Contemporary Country / US101[239](licensed to Cleveland, TN)
- WJSQ101.7 FM – Contemporary and Classic country / 101.7 WLAR[240](licensed to Athens, TN)
- WOCE101.9 FM – Spanish (licensed to Ringgold, GA)
- WGOW102.3 FM – Talk Radio 102.3[241](licensed to Soddy-Daisy, TN)
- WBDX102.7 FM – Contemporary Christian[242](licensed to Trenton, GA)
- WJLJ103.1 FM – Contemporary Christian[242](simulcast with WBDX 102.7) (licensed to Etowah, TN)
- WKXJ103.7 FM – Top 40 / 103.7 Kiss FM[243](licensed to Walden, TN)
- WUIE105.1 FM – American Family Radio (licensed to Lakeside, TN)
- WRXR-FM105.5 FM – Active Rock / Rock 105[244](licensed to Rossville, GA)
- WSKZ106.5 FM – Classic Rock / KZ106[245](licensed to Chattanooga, TN)
- W295BI(WALV HD-2) 106.9 FM Christian/ Joy Worship[246](licensed to Ooltewah, TN)
- WOGT107.9 FM – Country / New Country 107.9[247](licensed to East Ridge, TN)
Television
editChattanooga's television stations include:
- WRCBchannel 3,NBCaffiliate (DT 13 / cable 4)
- WOOT-LDchannel 6, Independent/Heartland (formerly UPN)
- WTVCchannel 9,ABC/Foxaffiliate (DT 9 / cable 10)
- WDEFchannel 12,CBSaffiliate (DT 8 / cable 13)
- WNGHchannel 18,GPBaffiliate (DT 4 / cable 12)
- WELFchannel 23,TBNaffiliate (DT 28 / cable 9)
- W26BE channel 26,3ABNaffiliate (cable 295)
- WYHBchannel 39, Independent/DefyTV (DT 25)
- WTCIchannel 45,PBSmember station (DT 35 / cable 5)
- WFLI-TVchannel 53,The CW/MyNetworkTVaffiliate (FormerlyUPNandThe WB) (DT 23 / cable 6)
- WDSIchannel 61,This TVaffiliate (DT 14 / cable 11)
Law and government
edit
The current mayor isTim Kelly,who was elected in April 2021.[248]
The city operates under a charter granted by thestate legislaturein 1852; the charter has been subsequently amended.
The city operates under astrong mayorsystem, which changed from acommissionform of government with members votedat-large.In 1987 twelve African American city residents filed a complaint,Brown v. Board of Commissioners of the City of Chattanooga,alleging that the commission-style government violated their civil rights, including theVoting Rights Act of 1965,by diluting the minority black vote.[249]In 1989 U.S. District JudgeR. Allan Edgarruled in their favor, compelling the city to abandon theat-large voting systemthat it had used for the 'commission' form of government, established single-member geographicaldistricts to proportionally represent both majority and minority elements of the populationaccording to the city'sracial demographics,eliminated voting privileges for non-resident property owners, and created the city's current mayor-council form of government. The Chattanooga City Council has nine members, of whom four areAfrican American.The strong-mayor system began in 1991 after a 1990 citywide election that used the new court-ordereddistrictsystem.[249]
The city's legislative branch is represented by members from nine districts, elected from single-member districts in partisan elections. The current council members are Chip Henderson (District 1), Jenny Hill (District 2), Ken Smith (District 3), Darrin Ledford (District 4), Isiah Hester (District 5), Carol Berz (District 6), Raquetta Dotley (District 7), Marvene Noel (District 8), and Demetrus Coonrod (District 9).[250]
Chattanooga's delegation to theTennessee House of RepresentativesincludesRobin Smith[251](R), District 26;Patsy Hazlewood[252](R), District 27;Yusuf Hakeem[253](D), District 28;Mike Carter[254](R), District 29; andEsther Helton[255](R), District 30. In theTennessee Senate,Chattanooga is divided between Districts10and11withTodd Gardenhire[256](R) andBo Watson[257](R) representing each district respectively.
Chattanooga is represented in theUnited States House of RepresentativesbyChuck Fleischmann(R), who represents the3rd District.[258]In theUnited States Senate,bothMarsha Blackburn(R) andBill Hagerty(R) have district offices in Chattanooga.[259][260]
Chattanooga, as the county seat ofHamilton County,is home to Chattanooga's City Courts and Hamilton County's Courts.
Chattanooga is the location of theUnited States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee's Southern Division, which is housed in theJoel W. Solomon Federal Courthouse.The Southern Division has jurisdiction overBledsoe,Bradley,Hamilton,Marion,McMinn,Meigs,Polk,Rhea,andSequatchiecounties.
TheChattanooga Police Departmentdates from 1852. Starting in 1883, it hired black police officers, making Chattanooga one of the first major Southern cities to have them. But after the state legislature imposed segregation, black police officers were dropped from the force. They were hired again on a permanent basis beginning on August 11, 1948, years before other major cities in theSoutheast,such asBirmingham, AlabamaandJackson, Mississippi,integrated their police departments. The first seven black officers in 1948, Thaddeus Arnold, Singer Askins, W.B. Baulridge, C.E. Black, Morris Glenn, Arthur Heard, and Thomas Patterson, were initially restricted to walking beats in black neighborhoods. In 1960, black police officers were authorized to patrol all neighborhoods and arrest white citizens.[261][262][263]
Education
editPrimary and secondary education
editMost of Chattanooga's primary and secondary education is funded by the government. Thepublic schoolsin Chattanooga, as well as Hamilton County, have fallen under the purview of theHamilton County Schoolssince the 1997 merger of the urban Chattanooga City Schools system and the mostly rural Hamilton County Schools system.[264][265]TheHoward Schoolwas the first public school in the area, established in 1865 after the Civil War.[266]Tyner High School (nowTyner Academy) was the first secondary school built east of Missionary Ridge in 1907. It is now the home ofTyner Middle Academy.TheChattanooga School for the Arts and Sciences,the STEM School Of Chattanooga and theChattanooga High School Center for Creative Artsare additional public magnet schools.
The city is home to several well-known private and parochial secondary schools, includingBaylor School,Boyd-Buchanan School,Chattanooga Christian School,Girls Preparatory School,McCallie School,andNotre Dame High School.TheSiskin Children's Institutein Chattanooga is a specialized institution in the field of early childhoodspecial education.[267]
Higher education
edit
A wide variety of higher education institutions can be found in Chattanooga and nearby. TheUniversity of Tennessee at Chattanoogais the second largest campus of theUniversity of Tennessee System,with a student population of over 11,587 as of 2017–18 school year.[268]Chattanooga State Community Collegeis a two-year community college with a total undergraduate enrollment of roughly 8150 students in 2018.[269]Tennessee Temple Universitywas a Baptist college located in the Highland Park neighborhood that is no longer operating as of 2015. Chattanooga is also home to a branch of theUniversity of Tennessee College of Medicine,which provides medical education to third- and fourth-year medical students, residents, and other medical professionals in southeast Tennessee through an affiliation withErlanger Health System.Covenant College,a privateliberal artscollege operated by thePresbyterian Church in America,is located in the nearby suburb ofLookout Mountain, Georgia,and has a student population of about 1,000.Southern Adventist Universityis located in the suburb ofCollegedale, Tennessee,and enrolls roughly 3,000 students.Richmont Graduate Universityis a Christian graduate school located in Chattanooga with aCACREPaccredited clinical mental health counseling program as well as other ministry related degrees and a student population close to 300.Virginia CollegeSchool of Business and Health offers a variety of programs leading to diplomas, associate degrees, and bachelor's degrees.
Public library
editTheChattanooga Public Libraryopened in 1905.[270]Since 1976, the Chattanooga-Hamilton County Bicentennial Library system had been jointly operated by the city and county governments; due to Chattanooga terminating a 1966 agreement with Hamilton County to distribute sales tax revenue equally, the city has taken over full funding responsibilities as of 2011.[271][272]The city was given aCarnegie libraryin 1904, and the two-story purpose-built marble structure survives to this day at Eighth Street and Georgia Avenue as commercial office space. In 1939, the library moved to Douglas Street and McCallie Avenue and shared the new building with the John Storrs Fletcher Library of the University of Chattanooga. This building is now called Fletcher Hall and houses classrooms and offices for the university. In 1976, the city library moved to its third and current location at the corner of Tenth and Broad streets.
Health care
editChattanooga has three hospital systems: Erlanger Health System, Parkridge Hospital System, and CHI Memorial Hospital System.
Founded in 1889, Erlanger is the seventh largest public healthcare system in the United States[273]with more than half a million patient visits a year.[274]Erlanger Hospitalis a non-profit academic teaching center affiliated with theUniversity of Tennessee's College of Medicine.[275]Erlanger is also the area's primary trauma center, a Level-One Trauma Center for adults, and the only provider of tertiary care for the residents of southeasternTennessee,northGeorgia,northeasternAlabama,and westernNorth Carolina.[275]In 2008, Erlanger was named one of the nation's "100 Top teaching hospitals for cardiovascular care" byThomson Reuters.[276]Erlanger has been operated by the Chattanooga-Hamilton County Hospital Authority since 1976.[277]
Parkridge Hospital is located east of downtown in the Glenwood district and is run by Tri-Star Healthcare. Tri-Star also operates Parkridge East Medical Center in nearbyEast Ridge.
Memorial Hospital, which is operated byDenver-basedCatholic Health Initiatives,is located downtown. In 2004, Memorial was named one of the "100 Top Teaching Hospitals" byThomson Reuters.[278]
Transportation
editConsidered to be the gateway to theDeep South,along with theMidwestand theNortheastfor motorists from states such asAlabama,Florida,andGeorgia,Chattanooga's extensive transportation infrastructure has evolved into an intricate system of interstates, streets, tunnels, railroad lines, bridges, and a commercial airport. While only a midsize city, Chattanooga is ranked as having some of the worst traffic congestion of cities its size, due primarily to unusually high volumes oftruck traffic.[279]A 2015 study byCambridge Systematicsfound that 80% of trucks that pass through Chattanooga are destined for a different location, the highest share of any metropolitan area in the country.[280]
Highways
editInterstate 75(I-75) connects Chattanooga with Knoxville to the northeast and Atlanta to the south.Interstate 24(I-24), which to Nashville to the northwest, passes through the central part of the city and reaches its eastern terminus at the75/24 Splitwith I-75. The northern terminus ofInterstate 59(I-59) is about 10 miles (16 km) southwest of downtown Chattanooga inDade County, Georgia,and connects the city to Birmingham to the southwest. Acontrolled-accesssegment ofU.S. Route 27(US 27) begins at an interchange with I-24 in downtown Chattanooga, and ends in northern Hamilton County, connecting the city with the cities ofRed Bank,Soddy Daisy,Dayton,andDunlapto the north.State Route 153(SR 153), some of which is controlled-access, is a major route which connects I-75 to US 27 in the eastern and northern parts of the city. A short controlled-access portion ofSR 319,known as DuPont Parkway, connects downtown Chattanooga to theHixsonarea.[281]
In addition to US 27, several otherUS Highwayspass through Chattanooga as surface streets, and many shareconcurrencies.They include U.S. Routes11,41,64,72,76,and127,the last three of which have termini in Chattanooga. US 11 and 64 form a concurrency as Brainerd Road and Lee Highway, and connect Chattanooga toCollegedaleandClevelandto the northeast. US 41/76 (Ringgold Road) connects the city toRinggold, Georgiato the southeast, and a surface-street section of US 27 (Rossville Boulevard) connects toRossville,Fort Oglethorpe,andLaFayette,all in Georgia, to the south. Beginning in downtown and continuing for several miles to the southwest, US Routes 11, 41, 64, and 72 run together as Cummings Highway, before US 11 splits off, heading towardTrenton, Georgia.The remaining three routes continue towardJasper,where US 72 splits off headed towardsHuntsville, Alabama.US 127 (Signal Mountain Boulevard) begins in North Chattanooga at an interchange with US 27, and connects the city toSignal Mountainand Dunlap to the northwest.[281]
Other majorstate routesin Chattanooga include routes17,58(Highway 58, Ochs Highway),148(Lookout Mountain Scenic Highway),317(Bonny Oaks Drive), 319 (Hixson Pike), and320(East Brainerd Road). Major city-maintained surface streets include Broad Street, Georgia Avenue, Gunbarrel Road, Hickory Valley Road, McCallie Avenue, Shallowford Road, Dayton Boulevard, and Frazier Avenue.[281]
Tunnels
edit- Bachman Tubes(also unofficially known as The East Ridge Tunnels), which carry Ringgold Road (US 41/76) into the neighboring city ofEast Ridge.
- Missionary Ridge Tunnels (also unofficially known as McCallie or Brainerd Tunnels), which carry McCallie and Bailey Avenues (US 11/64) throughMissionary Ridgewhere the route continues as Brainerd Road.
- Stringer's Ridge Tunnel, which carries Cherokee Boulevard through Stringer's Ridge where the route continues as Dayton Boulevard.
- Wilcox Tunnel, which carries Wilcox Boulevard through Missionary Ridge and connects to Shallowford Road.
Public transit
editThe city is served by a publicly run bus company, theChattanooga Area Regional Transportation Authority(CARTA). CARTA operates 17 routes, including a free electric shuttle service in the downtown area, and freewireless Interneton certain "smartbuses".[282]
The Chattanooga Department of Transportation has a mission "to make efficient transportation viable for all commuters- cyclists, pedestrians, transit users, and motorists while enhancing multi-use public spaces for all people."[283]Chattanooga favors public transit, as the opening lines on the TDOT website read: "Sit back, relax, and let someone else deal with the traffic. Compared to driving, public transportation is less expensive, safer, and better for the environment. It reduces traffic congestion, saves energy, and benefits the communities it serves."[284]
Bicycle-sharing system
editThe city has its ownbicycle transit system(Bike Chattanooga)[285]with 300 bikes and 33 docking stations, all supplied byPBSC Urban Solutions,a Canadian company.[286]
Railroad lines
edit
Though Chattanooga's most famous connection to the railroad industry is "Chattanooga Choo Choo",a 1941 song made famous byGlenn Miller & His Orchestra,the city serves as a majorfreighthub withNorfolk Southern(NS) andCSXrunning trains on their own (and each other's) lines. The Norfolk Southern Railway's mainclassification yard,DeButts Yard, is just east of downtown; Norfolk Southern's Shipp's Yard and CSX's Wauhatchie Yard are southwest of the city. Norfolk Southern maintains a large railroad repair shop in Chattanooga.[287]The two railroad companies are among the largest individual landowners in the city (theFederal Governmentis another).[288]
TheTennessee Valley Railroad Museum(TVRM), the largest historic operating railroad in theSouth,and theChattooga and Chickamauga Railwayalso provide railroad service in Chattanooga. The headquarters of theNational Model Railroad Association(NMRA) were located in Chattanooga next to the TVRM from 1982 to 2013, when the NMRA moved toSoddy-Daisy,a nearby suburb.[289](The NMRA had moved fromIndianapolis, Indianato Chattanooga.[289])
Despite the high level of freight rail activity, there is no passenger rail service in the city for commuters or long-distance travelers. But the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) has Chattanooga on a proposed future route that would run fromAtlantatoNashvilletwice daily, with additional stops inMarietta, GA;Cartersville, GA;Dalton, GA;Bridgeport, AL;Tullahoma, TN;Murfreesboro, TN;and theNashville International Airport.[290]
Using theAARreporting marks (NS forNorfolk Southern,CSXT forCSX Transportation,TVRM for theTennessee Valley Railroad Museum,TNT for subsidiary Tyner Terminal Railroad, and CCKY forChattooga and Chickamauga Railway), the rail lines passing through Chattanooga are as follows:
- CSXT –Western & Atlantic Subdivision(Chattanooga toAtlanta)
- Chattanooga Subdivision (Chattanooga toNashvilleon former NC&StL trackage)
- NS –Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific,aka the Queen and Crescent Route, (Chattanooga toCincinnati,Ohio viaLe xing ton, Kentucky)
- Alabama Division (Chattanooga to Memphis viaHuntsville, Alabama)
- Alabama Great Southern(Chattanooga to New Orleans, Louisiana viaBirmingham, Alabama)
- Georgia Division (Chattanooga to Atlanta)
- Central Division (Chattanooga toKnoxville)
- Chattanooga Traction Company
- North Chattanooga to Signal Mountain
- Dry Valley Line (Red Bank to Lupton City)
- TVRM – East Chattanooga to Grand Junction (3 miles (4.8 km))
- East Chattanooga Belt Line Railroad (from near 23rd Street, across to Holtzclaw Avenue and East Chattanooga around North Chamberlain Ave., used by TVRM)
- TNT – Tyner Terminal Railroad (Enterprise South Industrial Park railroad operations)
- CCKY – formerly theTennessee Alabama & Georgialine (Chattanooga to Hedges, Georgia, abandoned since 2009)
- formerly theCentral of Georgialine (Chattanooga toLyerly, Georgia)
TheLookout Mountain Incline Railway,often referred to as the Incline Railway by locals, serves as a tourist attraction. It is also occasionally used for commuting by Lookout Mountain residents, particularly during wintry weather when traveling up and down the mountain could be very dangerous.
Until the 1960s theLouisville and Nashvillerailroad ran passenger trains throughUnion Stationand theSouthern Railwayran trains throughTerminal Station.The last train, the L&N'sGeorgian,left Terminal Station in October 1971.
Bridges
editBeing bisected by theTennessee River,Chattanooga has seven bridges that allow people to traverse the river; five of the bridges being automobile bridges, one a rail bridge, and one a pedestrian bridge. These are the following, from west to east:
- P.R. Olgiati Bridge– Named for a former mayor,P.R. Olgiati,this bridge, which was dedicated in 1959, carriesU.S. Highway 27from downtown towardsDayton, Tennesseeand points northward.
- Market Street Bridge– Officially called theJohn RossBridge, this bridge is abascule bridge,which is a type ofdraw bridge.The bridge was completed in 1917 for the large sum of $1 million for the time. Having stood for decades since its last major overhaul, theTennessee Department of Transportationdeclared it unsafe in late 2004. The bridge was closed in 2005 for a long-overdue renovation and was reopened on August 4, 2007.[291]
- Walnut Street Bridge– Also known as "The Walking Bridge", it is one of the centerpieces of Chattanooga's urban renewal and is the second longestpedestrian bridgein the nation. Constructed in 1891, the bridge was declared unsafe and closed to traffic in 1978. It was on the verge of being demolished in the late 1980s when public outcry led to it being restored as a pedestrian-only span that opened in 1993.[292]
- Veterans Memorial Bridge– Completed in 1984, this bridge has helped commuters from Hixson, Lupton City, and other northern areas reach downtown quickly.
- C.B. Robinson Bridge – Opened in 1981, this bridge carries DuPont Parkway (SR 319) from Amnicola Highway (SR 58) to Hixson Pike andRoute 153.
- Tenbridge– Thistruss bridgewith a vertical lift carries theCincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railwayover the river and is a popularrailfanarea. It was constructed in 1920.[293]
- Wilkes T. Thrasher Bridge– Completed in 1955, this route carries Highway 153 over theChickamauga Dam.
Air travel
editTheChattanooga Metropolitan Airport(CHA) offers non-stop service to various domestic destinations via regional and national airlines, includingAllegiant Airlines,American Eagle,Delta Air Linesand its regional carrierDelta Connection,andUnited Express.[294]
In popular culture
editChattanooga has been referred to in pop culture numerous times over the decades, including in books, documentaries, films, TV shows, and more. In recent years, Chattanooga has appeared in more productions of blockbuster movies and TV shows, as well as independent films and documentaries.[295][296]
Novels
editBooks that have Chattanooga as either a major or minor plot setting includeFour and Twenty BlackbirdsbyCherie Priest.[297]
Documentaries
editDocumentaries have been filmed in Chattanooga over the decades, mostly related to the railroad industry or the Civil War battles that were fought in Chattanooga. These include the following:[298]
- Up Lookout Mountain on the Electric Incline(1913)[citation needed]
- Battle Fields Around Chattanooga(1913)[citation needed]
- The Blue and the Gray(1935)[citation needed]
- Our Country(2003)[citation needed]
- John Henry: Inside the Sculptors Studio(2008)[citation needed]
- Let There Be Light: The Odyssey of Dark Star(2010)[citation needed]
- Memphis & Charleston Railroad: Marriage of the Waters(2010)[citation needed]
- Born and Bred(2011)[citation needed]
- When Mourning Breaks(2013)[citation needed]
Films
editChattanooga and its environs have been featured in numerous films since the early 1970s, principally due to Chattanooga being the home of theTennessee Valley Railroad Museum(TVRM), which has allowed its equipment to be filmed in various films.
A partial list of movies shot with TVRM equipment follows:[299]
- Fool's Parade(1971) (Southern 4501 as B&O 4501)[citation needed]
- Eleanor & Franklin(1976), starringJane AlexanderandEdward Herrmann[citation needed]
- The Last Days of Frank and Jesse James(1986)[citation needed]
- Fled(1996) (shot on the TVRM mainline)[citation needed]
- Mama Flora's Family(1998)[citation needed]
- October Sky(1999) (Southern 4501 appearing as N&W 4501 withO. Winston Linkbeing the engineer)[citation needed]
- The Adventures of Ociee Nash(2003)[citation needed]
- Warm Springs(2005) (shot inSummerville, Georgia,using TVRM equipment)[citation needed]
- Heaven's Fall(2007)[citation needed]
- Leatherheads(2008), starringGeorge ClooneyandRenée Zellweger[citation needed]
- Water for Elephants(2011), starringReese WitherspoonandRobert Pattinson[citation needed]
- The promotional video forJosh Turner's 2003 country single "Long Black Train"was filmed on TVRM property.[299]
In addition to the above TVRM films, the following films were filmed either in Chattanooga itself or in nearby locales:[298]
- The Man Trail(1915)[citation needed]
- The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia(1981)[citation needed]
- The Big Blue(1988)[citation needed]
- Dutch(1991)[citation needed]
- Christopher Columbus: The Discovery(1992)[citation needed]
- All Over Again(2001)[citation needed]
- Straight into Darkness(2004)[citation needed]
- 42(2013) (filmed atEngel Stadium)[300][301]
- Identity Thief(2013) (scene set in St. Louis was filmed on theMarket Street Bridge)[citation needed]
The 1941 Glenn Miller song that catapulted Chattanooga to international fame, "Chattanooga Choo Choo",has been performed in numerous movies, including the 1941 filmSun Valley Serenade,featuring the Miller Orchestra andMilton Berle,The Glenn Miller StorystarringJames Stewartin the 1953 title role, and the 1984 eponymous filmChattanooga Choo Choo.[298]
Sporting and entertainment events
editA number of pro wrestling events, as well as other events, such as circuses, concerts, ice shows, monster truck rallies, and rodeos, have been held in Chattanooga since the late 1980s, all atUTC'sMcKenzie Arena,also known asThe Roundhousebecause of its round shape and the impact of the railroad industry on Chattanooga.[302]The events include the following:[298]
- Clash of the Champions IV: Season's Beatings(1988)[citation needed]
- Saturday's Night Main Event(January 27, 1990, episode)[citation needed]
- Halloween Havoc (1991)[citation needed]
- In Your House 13: Final Four(February 16, 1997)[citation needed][303]
- 2005 and 2011 Men'sSouthern Conferencebasketball tournaments
- 2005 Women's Southern Conference basketball championship game
- Kenny Rogersconcert (October 8, 1982; first-ever event held in McKenzie Arena)[304]
- Toby Keithconcert (February 8, 2007)[305]
- Elton Johnconcert (2011, 2013, 2016)[306]
TV shows
editPolice POV,COPS,and theMTVshowCuff'dhave shown members of theChattanooga Police Departmentapprehending suspects.[307]In addition to police reality shows, Chattanooga and nearby areas have been either been featured or mentioned in several TV shows, including the following:[298]
- America's Walking(This Woman's Not Stoppingepisode, originally broadcast May 20, 2002)[citation needed]
- R&B Divas: Atlanta(Til Divas Do Us Partepisode, originally broadcast June 19, 2013)[308]
- American Idol(Top 3 Results Showepisode, originally broadcast May 19, 2011)[309]
- Antiques Roadshow(Chattanoogaepisodes (Hours 1–3), originally broadcast March 30 and April 6 and 13, 2009)[310]
- Bridezillas(Shederyl & Poniepisode)[citation needed]
- Fitness Truth(CF Open Chattanoogaepisode, originally broadcast August 14, 2011)[citation needed]
- $40 a Day(Chattanoogaepisode, originally broadcast October 29, 2004)[311]
- Evening Magazine[citation needed]
- Extreme Makeover: Home Edition(Sharrock Familyepisode, originally broadcast May 15, 2011)[citation needed]
- Good Eats(Hook, Line, and Dinnerepisode, originally broadcast September 8, 1999)[312]
- Mystery Manhunt(2012-)[citation needed][313]
- Off Limits(Tennesseeepisode, originally broadcast June 20, 2011)[citation needed]
- Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy(Larry Gets the Hornsepisode, originally broadcast February 22, 2011)[314]
- 16 and Pregnant(Maciepisode, originally broadcast June 11, 2009)[315]
- Teen Mom(Maci Bookoutcharacter)[citation needed]
- Tennessee Crossroads(Show 752episode, originally broadcast June 23, 1994)[citation needed]
- The Andy Griffith Show(Andy the MatchmakerandThe Shopliftersepisodes, originally broadcast on November 14, 1960, and March 2, 1964, respectively.)[316]
- The Middle(Vacation Daysepisode, originally broadcast March 5, 2014)[317]
- The Steps(a locally produced web series)[citation needed][318]
- Trading Spouses: Meet Your New Mommy(Hammond/Howardepisode, originally broadcast January 17 and 24, 2005)[citation needed][319]
- Who Do You Think You Are?(Lionel Richieepisode, originally broadcast March 4, 2011)[320]
- Restaurant: Impossible(Chattanooga Bluesepisode, shot at the Blue Orleans and was broadcast on February 27, 2020.)
Miscellaneous film and TV productions
editNumerous independent short films have been produced in Chattanooga over the last several years, including the following:[298]
- Outcasts(2003)[citation needed]
- Assurances(2004)[citation needed]
- A Bright Past(2008)[citation needed]
- Last Breath(2009)[citation needed]
- The Campaign for Chattanooga: Death Knell of the Confederacy(2012)[citation needed]
- Ella(2012)[citation needed][321]
Some TV movies have been filmed in Chattanooga or nearby areas, as well, including the 1986 TV movieA Winner Never Quits.[citation needed]In addition, the 1999 music videoUsher Live,starring Chattanooga nativeUsher,was filmed in Chattanooga.[citation needed]
Sister cities
editChattanooga'ssister citiesare:[322]
Hamm,North Rhine-WestphaliaGermany (1975)
Wuxi,Jiangsu,China (1982)
Givatayim,Gush Dan,Israel (1988)
Nizhny Tagil,Sverdlovsk Oblast,Russia (1996)
Gangneung,Gangwon-do,South Korea (2003)- Wolfsburg,Lower Saxony,Germany (2011)
Tōno,Iwate,Japan (2017)
Accra,Greater Accra,Ghana (2024)
In January 2007, all of the cities above (with the exceptions of Wolfsburg and Tōno) and the former sister cities ofSwindonandAscoli Picenohad a tree native to each locale planted at Coolidge Park's Peace Grove, which was established to replace a 100-year-oldSlippery elmtree which was damaged in a lightning storm in August 2006.[323][324]Wolfsburg and Tōno were added in September 2011 and January 2018, respectively.[325][326]The Peace Grove has nine trees: alinden tree,which represents Hamm; aChinese elm,which represents Wuxi; aMediterranean cedar,which represents Givatayim; awhite birch,which represents Nizhny Tagil; aginkgo tree,which represents Gangneung; anEnglish elm,which represents Swindon; aEuropean hornbeam,which represents Ascoli Piceno; anoak tree,which represents Wolfsburg; and acherry tree,which represents Tōno.
Friendship cities
editChattanooga has friendly relations with:[322]
Manfredonia,Apulia,Italy (2014)
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^Official records for Chattanooga kept at the Weather Bureau downtown from January 1879 to June 1940 and at Lovell Field since July 1940.[85]
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Further reading
edit- Armstrong, Zella.The History of Hamilton County and Chattanooga, Tennessee.(2 vol 1931; reprint The Overmountain Press, 1992)
- Crutchfield, Jennifer.Chattanooga Landmarks: Exploring the History of the Scenic City(The History Press, 2010)
- Desmond, Jerry R.Chattanooga(Arcadia Publishing, 1996)
- Downey, Fairfax.Storming of the Gateway: Chattanooga, 1863(D. McKay Company, 1960)
- Ezzell, Tim.Chattanooga, 1865-1900: A City Set Down in Dixie(University of Tennessee Press; 2014) 212 pages; focuses on economic and political development
- Govan, Gilbert E., and James W. Livingood. "Chattanooga Under Military Occupation, 1863-1865."Journal of Southern History(1951) 17#1 pp: 23–47.in JSTOR
- Hubbard, Rita L.African Americans of Chattanooga: A History of Unsung Heroes(The History Press, 2007)
- Livingood, James Weston.Chattanooga: An Illustrated History(Windsor Publications, 1981)
- Scott, Michelle R.Blues Empress in Black Chattanooga: Bessie Smith and the Emerging Urban South(University of Illinois Press, 2008)
External links
edit
- Official website
- Visit Chattanooga
- Chattanooga Area Chamber of Commerce
- .Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 7–8.