Wikipedia

Christmas carol

(Redirected fromChristmas carols)
For the novel by Charles Dickens, seeA Christmas Carol.For other uses, seeA Christmas Carol (disambiguation).
"Weihnachtslieder" redirects here. For the composition by Cornelius, seeWeihnachtslieder,Op. 8 (Cornelius).

AChristmas carolis acarol(a song orhymn)on the theme ofChristmas,traditionally sung at Christmas itself or during the surroundingChristmas and holiday season.The termnoelhas sometimes been used, especially for carols of French origin.[1]Christmas carols may be regarded as a subset of the broader category ofChristmas music.

Christmas carol group at Bangalore, India
Children singing Christmas carols
Abrass bandplaying Christmas carols

History

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A 1582 published version of the Latin carolPersonent hodie

The first known Christmas hymns may be traced to 4th-century Rome. Latin hymns such asVeni redemptor gentium,written byAmbrose,Archbishop of Milan,were austere statements of the theological doctrine of the Incarnation in opposition toArianism.Corde natus ex Parentis (Of the Father's heart begotten) by the Spanish poetPrudentius(d. 413) is still sung in some churches today.[2]

In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Christmas sequence (or prose) was introduced inNorthern Europeanmonasteries, developing underBernard of Clairvauxinto asequenceof rhymedstanzas.In the 12th century the Parisian monkAdam of Saint Victorbegan to derive music from popular songs, introducing something closer to the traditional Christmas carol.

In the 13th century, in France, Germany, and particularly, Italy, under the influence ofFrancis of Assisi,a strong tradition of popular Christmas songs in regional native languages developed.[3]Christmas carols in English first appear in a 1426 work ofJohn Awdlay,aShropshirechaplain, who lists twenty five "caroles of Cristemas", probably sung by groups of 'wassailers', who went from house to house.[4]The songs now known specifically as carols were originally communal songs sung during celebrations like harvest tide as well as Christmas. It was only later that carols began to be sung in church, and to be specifically associated with Christmas.

Many carols which have gained popularity were printed inPiae Cantiones,a collection of late medieval Latin songs which was first published in 1582. Early, Latin forms of carols such as "Christ was born on Christmas Day","Good Christian Men, Rejoice"and"Good King Wenceslas"can be found in this book.[5]"Adeste Fideles"(" O Come all ye faithful ") appears in its current form in the mid-18th century, although the words may have originated in the 13th century. The origin of the tune is disputed.

Carols gained in popularity after theReformationin the countries whereProtestantchurches gained prominence (as well-known Reformers like Martin Luther authored carols and encouraged their use in worship). This was a consequence of the fact that the Lutheran reformation warmly welcomed music.[6]During the years that thePuritanban on Christmas was in place in England, semi-clandestine religious services marking Christ's birth continued to be held, and people sang carols in secret.[7]

19th-century carol books such asChristmas Carols, New and Old(1871) helped to make carols popular

The publication of Christmasmusic booksin the 19th century helped to widen the popular appeal of carols. "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen","The First Noel","I Saw Three Ships"and"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing"appear in English antiquarianWilliam Sandys' 1833 collectionChristmas Carols, Ancient and Modern.[8]Composers such asArthur Sullivanhelped to repopularise the carol, and it is this period that gave rise to such favourites as "Good King Wenceslas"and"It Came Upon the Midnight Clear",a New England carol written by Edmund H. Sears and Richard S. Willis. The publication in 1871 ofChristmas Carols, New and OldbyHenry Ramsden Bramleyand SirJohn Stainerwas a significant contribution to a revival of carols inVictorian Britain.In 1916, Charles Lewis Hutchins publishedCarols Old and Carols New,a scholarly collection which suffered from a short print run and is consequently rarely available today. TheOxford Book of Carols,first published in 1928 byOxford University Press(OUP), was a notably successful collection; edited by the British composersMartin ShawandRalph Vaughan Williams,along with clergyman and authorPercy Dearmer,it became a widely used source of carols in among choirs and church congregations in Britain and remains in print today.[9][10]

The singing of carols was further popularised in the 20th century when OUP published one of the most popular carol books in the English-speaking world,Carols for Choirs.First published in 1961 and edited byDavid WillcocksandReginald Jacques,this bestselling series has since expanded to a five-volume set. Along with editorJohn Rutter,the compilers included many arrangements of carols derived from sources such asPiae Cantiones,as well as pieces by modern composers such asWilliam Walton,Benjamin Britten,Richard Rodney Bennett,William Mathiasand John Rutter.[11]

Today carols are regularly sung at Christian religious services. Some compositions have words that are clearly not of a religious theme, but are often still referred to as "carols". For example, the 16th-century song "A Bone, God Wot!" appears to be awassailingsong (which is sung during drinking or while requesting ale), but is described in theBritish Library'sCottonian Collectionas a Christmas carol.[12]As recently as 1865, Christmas-related lyrics were adopted for the traditional English folk song "Greensleeves",becoming the internationally popular Christmas carol"What Child is This?".Little research has been conducted on carol singing, but one of the fewsociologicalstudies of caroling in the early 21st century in Finland determined that the sources of songs are often misunderstood, and that it is simplistic to suggest caroling is mostly related to Christian beliefs, for it also reinforces preservation of diverse national customs and local family traditions.[13]

A modern form of the practice of caroling can be seen in "Dial-A-Carol,"an annual tradition held by students at theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,wherein potential audiences call the singers to request a performance over phone call.[14]

Carols for dancing

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It is not clear whether the word carol derives from the French "carole" or the Latin "carula" meaning a circular dance.

Music

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Traditionally, carols have often been based onmedievalchord patterns, and it is this that gives them their uniquely characteristic musical sound. Some carols like "Personent hodie","Good King Wenceslas",and"The Holly and the Ivy"can be traced directly back to theMiddle Ages,and are among the oldest musical compositions still regularly sung.

Compositions continue to be written that become popular carols. For example, many of the carols written byAlfred Burtare sung regularly in both sacred and secular settings, and are among the better known modern Christmas carols.

Church and liturgical use

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Almost all the well-known carols were not sung in church until the second half of the 19th century.[citation needed]Hymns Ancient and Modern 1861–1874included several carols. Isaac Watts,the "father of English hymnody", composed "Joy to the World",which has become a popular Christmas carol even though it is widely believed that Watts did not write it to be sung only at Christmas.

Charles Wesleywrote texts for at least three Christmas carols, of which the best known was originally entitled "Hark! How All the Welkin Rings", later edited to "Hark! the Herald Angels Sing".[15] A tune from a cantata,Festgesang,byFelix Mendelssohnin 1840 was adapted by William H. Cummings to fit Wesley's words. This combination first appeared in "Hymns Ancient and Modern" in 1861.[citation needed]

"Silent Night"comes from Austria. The carol was first performed in theNikolauskircheinOberndorfon 24 December 1818. Mohr had composed the words much earlier, in 1816, but on Christmas Eve brought them to Gruber and asked him to compose a melody and guitar accompaniment for the church service.[16]The first English translation was in 1871 where it was published in aMethodisthymnal.

Episodes described

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Several different Christmas episodes, apart from thebirth of Jesusitself, are described in Christmas carols, such as:

In addition, some carols describe Christmas-related events of a religious nature, but not directly related to the birth of Jesus. For example:

Early examples

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15th-century English Christmas carol
"This Endris Night",discovered by Thomas Wright in 1847.[17]Performed by the U.S. Army Band Chorus.
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Antiquarians in the 19th-century rediscovered early carols in museums. According to theEncyclopædia Britannica,[18]about 500 have been found. Some are wassailing songs, some are religious songs in English, some are in Latin, and some are "macaronic"— a mixture of English and Latin. Since most people did not understand Latin, the implication is that these songs were composed for church choristers, or perhaps for an educated audience at the Royal courts. The most famous survival of these early macaronic carols is" The Boar's Head ". The tradition of singing carols outside of church services early in the 19th century is best illustrated byThomas Hardy's novelUnder the Greenwood Tree(1872). In England and other countries, such as Poland (kolęda), Romania (colindă) and Bulgaria (koledari), there is a tradition of Christmas caroling (earlier known aswassailing), in which groups of singers travel from house to house, singing carols at each, for which they are often rewarded with gifts, money, mince pies, or a glass of an appropriate beverage. Money collected in this way is now normally given to charity.

Singing carols in church was instituted on Christmas Eve 1880 inTruro Cathedral,Cornwall, (see article onNine Lessons and Carols), and now seen in churches all over the world.[19]The songs that were chosen for singing in church omitted the wassailing carols, and the words "hymn" and "carol" were used almost interchangeably. Shortly before, in 1878, theSalvation Army,under Charles Fry, instituted the idea of playing carols at Christmas, using abrass band.Carols can be sung by individual singers, but are also often sung by larger groups, including professionally trained choirs. Most churches have special services at which carols are sung, generally combined with readings from scripture about the birth of Christ; this is often based on the famous Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols atKing's College, Cambridge.

In classical music

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In the 1680s and 1690s, two French composers incorporated carols into their works.Louis-Claude Daquinwrote 12 noels for organ.Marc-Antoine Charpentierwrote a few instrumental versions of noels, plus one major choral workMesse de minuit pour Noël.Johann Sebastian Bachincluded Christmas carols in hiscantatas for Christmastide,including hisChristmas Oratorio.Peter Corneliusincluded carol melodies in the accompaniment of his song cycleWeihnachtslieder,Op. 8. Other examples include:

Star singers

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In Austria, Belgium and Germany,Epiphany,the last feast of the Christmas season, is marked bystar singers,children dressing as theThree Kings,carrying a star on a pole. Going from house to house from New Year's Day to 6 January, the children sing religious songs and collect money for charity. They are often rewarded with extra sweets or money.[20]

By country

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Australia, South Africa and New Zealand

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In Australia, South Africa and New Zealand, where it is the middle of summer at Christmas, there is a tradition ofCarols by Candlelightconcerts held outdoors at night in cities and towns across the country, during the weeks leading up to Christmas. First held in Melbourne, "Carols by Candlelight" is held each Christmas Eve in capital cities and many smaller cities and towns around Australia. Performers at the concerts include opera singers,musical theatreperformers andpopular musicsingers. People in the audience hold lit candles and join in singing some of the carols in accompaniment with the celebrities. Similar events are now held all over Australia, usually arranged by churches, municipal councils, or other community groups. They are normally held on Christmas Eve or the Sunday or weekend before Christmas. A similar recent trend in South Africa and New Zealand are for smaller towns to host their own Carols by Candlelight concerts.

William Garnet "Billy" James(1892–1977) wrote music for Christmas carol lyrics written by John Wheeler (both men worked for theAustralian Broadcasting Commission). These referred to the hot dry December of the Australian outback,[21]dancingbrolgas(a native Australian crane),[22]and similar Australian features.

Christmas music composed by Australians

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  • 1852 Christmas Present Polka by John Howson[23]
  • 1862 Hymn for Christmas-Day by James Johnson[24]
  • 1862 All My Heart This Night Rejoices by Charles E Horsley[25]
  • 1863 Australian Christmas Song by Ernesto Spagnoletti[26]
  • 1864 Christmas in Australia by George Tolhurst[27]
  • 1866 Victorian Christmas Waltz by Cesare Cutolo[28]
  • 1870 Christmas Anthem by Paolo Giorza[29]
  • 1883 Song of the Angels by Charles Sandys Packer[30]
  • 1890 Oh, lovely voices of the sky by Alfred Plumpton[31]
  • 1899 While all things were in quiet silence by Henry John King[32]
  • 1900 In the Cathedral by George S De Chaneet[33]
  • 1900 Yuletide Gavotte by John Albert Delaney[34]
  • 1908 Australian Christmas Carol by Joseph Summers[35]
  • 1910 My Little Christmas Belle by Joe Slater[36]
  • 1910 Star of the East by August Juncker[37]
  • 1929 The Night of Fear Is Over by Fritz Hart[38]

Canada

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The "Huron Carol"(or" Twas in the Moon of Wintertime ") is a CanadianChristmashymn(Canada's oldest Christmas song), written probably in 1642 byJean de Brébeuf,aJesuitmissionaryatSainte-Marie among the Huronsin Canada.[39]

Finland

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In accordance with amedievaltradition, theChristmas Peaceis declared every year onChristmas EveinPorvoo,Finland, with a local band and male choir performing Christmas carols.[40]

France

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  • In 1535, a 16th-century carol, "Ça, Bergers, assemblons nous", was sung aboardJacques Cartier's ship on Christmas Day.
  • In 1554, a collection of French carols,La Grande Bible des Noëls,was printed in Orléans.
  • In 1703, another collection,Chants des Noëls Anciens et Modernes,was printed by Christophe Ballard (1641–1715), in Paris.
  • Dating from the 18th century, "Les Anges Dans Nos Campagnes"(known as" Angels We Have Heard On High "in English) is another famous French carol.
  • The 19th-century "Cantique de Noël" (also known as "Minuit, chrétiens", adapted as "O Holy Night"in English) is another classic.

"Dans cette étable" and "Venez Divin Messie" are also popular Christmas carols. Perhaps the best known traditional French carol, "Il est né, le divin Enfant",comes from the region ofProvence.[41]

Germany, Austria and Switzerland

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See also:List of Christmas carols § German

Some carols familiar in English are translations of German Christmas songs (Weihnachtslieder). PastoralWeihnachtsliederare sometimes calledHirtenlieder( "shepherd songs" ).Martin Lutherwrote the carol "Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her",which can be acted as a play of theChristmas story.He also wrote "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ"and"Christum wir sollen loben schon".The carol"Vom Himmel hoch, o Engel, kommt"was written byFriedrich Speein 1622 to an older melody, a lullaby singing "of Jesus and Mary", and for peace.

Two well-known later examples are "O Tannenbaum"(O Christmas tree), from a German folksong arranged byErnst Anschützand "Stille Nacht" ( "Silent Night") by the AustriansFranz Xaver GruberandJoseph Mohr.The carol most familiar in German besides those two is probably the 19th-century "O du fröhliche".

Other popular and widely sung Christmas carols are "Herbei, o ihr Gläub’gen", which is a German version of "Adeste fideles" (English: "O Come, All Ye Faithful"),Alle Jahre wieder( "Every year again" ),Es ist ein Ros entsprungen(lit: "A rose has sprung up" ), "Leise rieselt der Schnee""(Silently the snow is falling) ","Tochter Zion, freue dich"(Daughter Zion, rejoice) and"Es ist für uns eine Zeit angekommen"(" Unto us a time has come ").

"Lasst uns froh und munter sein"(" Let us be happy and cheerful "),"Kling, Glöckchen",(" Ring, Little Bell "),"Ihr Kinderlein, kommet"(" Oh, come, little children ") and"Schneeflöckchen, Weißröckchen"(lit.:" tiny snowflake, white, tiny skirt ") are popular German songs introduced inKindergartenandprimary school.Ingeborg Weber-Kellermannwrote a scientific book on German Christmas carols which is also a song book.

Greece and Cyprus

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Nikiphoros Lytras,Carols,1872
"Kalanta" redirects here. For the EP by Despina Vandi, seeKalanta (EP).

Custom

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Greek tradition calls for children to go out withtrianglesfrom house to house on Christmas Eve, New Year's Eve andEpiphanyEve, and sing the corresponding folk carols, called theKalantaorKalandaorKalanta Christougenon,the word deriving from the Romancalends). There are separate carols for each of the three great feasts, referring respectively to theNativity,toSt. Basiland the New Year, and to theBaptism of Jesusin theRiver Jordan,along with wishes for the household. In addition to the carols for thewinter festive season,there are also the springtime orLentencarols, commonly called the "Carols ofLazarus",sung on theSaturday before Palm Sundayas a harbinger of theResurrection of Christto be celebrated a week later.

In older times, caroling children asked for and were given edible gifts such as dried fruit, eggs, nuts or sweets; during the 20th century this was gradually replaced with money gifts – ranging from small change in the case of strangers to considerable amounts in the case of close relatives. Caroling is also done by marching bands, choirs, school students seeking to raise funds for trips or charity, members of folk societies, or merely by groups of well-wishers. Many internationally known carols, e.g. "Silent Night"and"O Tannenbaum",are also sung in Greek translation.

Variants

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Many carols are regional, being popular in specific regions but unknown in others, whereas some are popular throughout the two countries. Examples of the latter are thePeloponnesianChristmas carol "Christoúgenna, Prōtoúgenna" ( "Christmas, Firstmas" ), theConstantinopolitanChristmas carol "Kalēn hespéran, árchontes" ( "Good evening, lords" ), and the New Year's carol "Archimēniá ki archichroniá" ( "First of the month, first of the year" ). The oldest known carol, commonly referred to as the"Byzantine Carol"(Byzantine Greek:Άναρχος θεός καταβέβηκεν,Ánarkhos Theós katabébēken,"God, who has no beginning, descended" ), is linguistically dated to the beginning of theHigh Middle Ages,ca.1000 AD; it is traditionally associated with the city ofKotyorain thePontos(modern-dayOrdu,Turkey).

Form

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Most carols follow a more or less standard format: they begin by exalting the relevant religious feast, then proceed to offer praises for the lord and lady of the house, their children, the household and its personnel, and usually conclude with a polite request for a treat, and a promise to come back next year for more well-wishing. Almost all the various carols are in the commondekapentasyllabos(15-syllableiambwith acaesuraafter the 8th syllable) verse, which means that their wording and tunes are easily interchangeable. This has given rise to a great number of local variants, parts of which often overlap or resemble one another in verse, tune, or both. Nevertheless, their musical variety remains very wide overall: for examplecarolsfromEpirusare strictlypentatonic,in the kind ofdronepolyphonypractised in theBalkans,and accompanied by C-clarinetsandfiddles;just across the straits, onCorfuIsland, the style istemperedharmonic polyphony, accompanied bymandolinsand guitars. Generally speaking, the musical style of each carol closely follows the secular music tradition of each region.

Italy

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The most popular Italian Christmas carol is "Tu scendi dalle stelle",written in 1732 by SaintAlphonsus Liguori.[42]

Philippines

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Main article:List of Filipino Christmas carols

Christmas carols in predominantlyCatholicPhilippines exhibit the influence of indigenous, Hispanic and American musical traditions, reflecting the country's complexhistory.Carollers (Tagalog:Namamaskô) begin wassailing in November, with mostly children and young adults participating in the custom.

Poland

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Christmas carols are very popular in Poland, where they have a long history, the oldest dating to the 15th century or earlier.[43]There is a tradition of singing Christmas carols until 2 February which is celebrated by western Christians as the Feast of thePresentation of Jesus at the Temple.[citation needed]

Romania

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During theSocialist Republic of Romaniain the 20th century, Christmas carols were banned by the government of Ceacuescu. Days following theRomanian Revolutionin 1989, Christmas carols were sung for the first time in 42 years.[44]

Spain and Portugal

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Thevillancico(orvilancetein Portuguese) was a common poetic and musical form of theIberian Peninsulaand Latin America popular from the late 15th to 18th centuries. With the decline in popularity of the villancicos in the 20th century, the term became reduced to mean merely "Christmas carol". Important composers of villancicos wereJuan del Encina,Pedro de Escobar,Francisco Guerrero, Gaspar Fernandes and Juan Gutiérez de Padilla. Popular Spanish villancicos include "Los pastores a Belén" and "Riu, riu, chiu: El lobo rabioso"and" Los peces en el río ".

Andorra and Catalan-speaking territories

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TheNadalaorCançó de Nadal(in pluralnadales) are a popular group of songs, usually requiring a chorus, that are song fromAdventuntilEpiphany.Their written versions starts in the 15th century. In the past were usually being song byshepherdsand their families in market squares and in front of churches.

TheNadalaorigins are uncertain but usually cited to be related with theMontsenyandPedraforcamountains inCatalonia(by the counties ofOsonaandGirona). As quite a few have references to mythological events and powers, some authors claim that they contain part of the religion that was present in the territory beforeChristianityarrived as it was kept alive in these mountainous regions.

Thenadalais usually paired with thecaramella,being one for thewinter solsticeevents while the other to thespring equinox.

Ukraine

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Ukrainian Christmas carols are namedkolyadka(Ukrainian:колядки).[45]They were originally sung to celebrate the birth of the Sun (winter solstice).[46]After the incorporation into Christianity, their theme has been shifted to Christmas, celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ.

The Ukrainian carol most known to the Western World is the "Carol of the Bells",with English lyrics by the American composer of Ukrainian descentPeter J. Wilhousky,composed by the Ukrainian composerMykola Leontovychas "Shchedryk",and premiered in December 1916 by a choral group made up of students atKyiv University.Although it is a Christmas carol in Wilhousky's English lyrics, in original Ukrainian lyrics it is aGenerous Evecarol (shchedrivka[uk],Ukrainian:щедрівка), having nothing with Christianity.

United States

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Christmas music performed in the United States ranges from popular songs, such as "Jingle Bells",to Christmas carols, such as"Away in a Manger","O Little Town of Bethlehem",and numerous others of varying genres. Church and college choirs celebrate with special programs and online recordings.

See also

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References

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  1. ^"2. A Christmas carol".Oxford English Dictionary.Retrieved1 January2020.
  2. ^Miles, Clement,Christmas customs and traditions,Courier Dover Publications, 1976,ISBN0-486-23354-5,p. 32
  3. ^Miles, pp. 31–37
  4. ^Miles, pp. 47–48
  5. ^Coghlan, Alexandra (2016).Carols from King's.Random House. p. 84.ISBN9781785940941.Retrieved7 October2016.
  6. ^"Article – Protestant music".Archived fromthe originalon 11 May 2013.Retrieved22 November2010.
  7. ^"When Christmas carols were banned".BBC.Retrieved12 March2022.
  8. ^Sandys, William, ed. (1833).Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern.[London]: William Beckley.
  9. ^Studwell, William E.; Jones, Dorothy E. (1998).Publishing Glad Tidings: Essays on Christmas Music.New York [u.a.]: Haworth Press.ISBN9780789003980.Retrieved11 October2016.
  10. ^Shaw, Martin; Dearmer, Percy; Vaughan Williams, Ralph, eds. (1964).The Oxford Book of Carols.Oxford: Oxford University Press.ISBN9780193533158.
  11. ^"Christopher Morris, musician – obituary".The Daily Telegraph.Archivedfrom the original on 11 January 2022.Retrieved4 October2016.
  12. ^"A Bone, God Wot!".hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.
  13. ^Hebert, David; Kallio, Alexis Anja; Odendaal, Albi (2012). "NotSoSilentNight: Tradition, Transformation and Cultural Understandings of Christmas Music Events in Helsinki, Finland ".Ethnomusicology Forum.21(3): 402–423.doi:10.1080/17411912.2012.721525.S2CID143629912.
  14. ^"Dial-a-Carol: Student-run holiday jingle service open 24/7".USA TODAY College.Retrieved24 February2016.
  15. ^Dudley-Smith, Timothy(1987).A Flame of Love.London: Triangle/SPCK.ISBN978-0-281-04300-2.
  16. ^"Religion – Christianity: Carols – Christmas carols".BBC.
  17. ^Thomas Wright,Songs and Carols Now First Printed, From a Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century(London:Percy Society,1847)
  18. ^"Carol – music".Encyclopædia Britannica.
  19. ^"Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols".BBC.16 December 2005.
  20. ^"Zum gemeinsamen Dienst berufen"(PDF).Die deutschen Bischöfe(in German).62:24. 8 January 1999.
  21. ^"The Three Drovers",Christmas in Australia, Tom Wills
  22. ^"The Carol of the Birds",ingeb.org
  23. ^The Christmas present polka.Sydney: J. Howson. 1852.
  24. ^Johnson, James; Degotardi, Johann Nepomuk (12 March 1862).The first hymn for Christmas-Day: Hich let us swell our tuneful notes.Sydney: W.J. Johnson & Co – via Trove.
  25. ^Horsley, Charles Edward (12 March 1862).All my heart this night rejoices: Christmas hymn.Melbourne: C.E. Horsley – via Trove.
  26. ^Spagnoletti, Ernesto (12 March 1863).Our Australian Christmas song.Sydney: Alonzo Grocott – via Trove.
  27. ^Tolhurst, George; T, J. B. (12 March 1864).Christmas in Australia: prize song.Melbourne: Printed and published for the proprietors by Robert Stewart at the Herald Office – via Trove.
  28. ^Cutolo, Cesare; Grosse, F (12 March 1866).The Victorian Christmas waltz.Melbourne: Ebenezer and David Syme – via Trove.
  29. ^Giorza, Paulo (12 March 1888).Jesu, Redemptor omnium: Christmas anthem.New York: G. Schirmer – via Trove.
  30. ^Packer, Charles Sandys; Röder, C. G (12 March 1883).The song of the angels.Hobart: J. Walch & Sons – via Trove.
  31. ^Plumpton, Alfred; Hemans Mrs (12 March 1890).Oh, lovely voices of the sky: hymn for Christmas.[Melbourne: David Syme & Co.] – via Trove.
  32. ^King, Henry John; Commission, Australian Broadcasting; Australia, Symphony (12 March 1899).While all things were in quiet silence: anthem for Christmas.[London]: Novello and Company – via Trove.
  33. ^Chanéet, G. S. de; Voight, Louis (12 March 1898).In the cathedral: song.London: Cary & Co – via Trove.
  34. ^Delany, J. A.; Commission, Australian Broadcasting; Australia, Symphony (12 March 2018).Yule-tide gavotte.[n.p.: Paling & Co – via Trove.
  35. ^Summers, Joseph (12 March 2018).An Australian Christmas carol, for friends all over the globe.Perth: S. T. Upham – via Trove.
  36. ^Slater, Joe; McAlister, Ward (12 March 2018).My little Christmas belle.Melbourne: published by A.M. Dinsdale by arrangement with Mr. Joe Slater – via Trove.
  37. ^Juncker, Aug. W.; Rogers, W. R. Russell (12 March 1890).Star of the East.[North Sydney?: A.W. Juncker? – via Trove.
  38. ^Hart, Fritz Bennicke; Aickin, George E (12 March 2018).The night of fear is over: Christmas carol.Melbourne: Allan & Co – via Trove.
  39. ^McGee, Timothy J. (1985).The Music of Canada(Cloth ed.). New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p.13.ISBN978-0-393-02279-7.ISBN0-393-95376-9.(Paperback).
  40. ^"Joulurauha"(in Finnish). City of Porvoo.Retrieved12 March2021.
  41. ^Ashley, Judith (1924)."Mediæval Christmas Carols".Music & Letters.5(1): 65–71.doi:10.1093/ml/V.1.65.ISSN0027-4224.JSTOR726261.
  42. ^Giuseppe Cacciatore(1960)."Alfonso Maria de Liguori, santo".Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani.Vol. 2.Treccani.
  43. ^(in Polish)Roman Mazurkiewicz,Z dziejów polskiej kolędy
  44. ^"More Scattered Fighting; 80,000 Reported Dead".AP NEWS.Retrieved1 March2022.
  45. ^"Koliada".encyclope điểu fukraine.
  46. ^(in Ukrainian)Український пасічник[uk][Ukrainian Beekeeper]. volume VII, no. 1, January 1934, p. С. 1.[full citation needed]
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