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Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan

Acity designated by government ordinance(Chính lệnh chỉ định đô thị,seirei shitei toshi),also known as adesignated city(Chỉ định đô thị,shitei toshi)orgovernment ordinance city(Chính lệnh thị,seirei shi),is aJapanese citythat has a population greater than 500,000 and has been designated as such by order of theCabinet of Japanunder Article 252, Section 19, of theLocal Autonomy Law.

Designated cities are delegated many of the functions normally performed byprefectural governmentsin fields such as public education, social welfare, sanitation, business licensing, and urban planning. The city government is generally delegated the various minor administrative functions in each area, and the prefectural government retains authority over major decisions. For instance, pharmaceutical retailers and small clinics can be licensed by designated city governments, but pharmacies and hospitals are licensed by prefectural governments.

Designated cities are also required to subdivide themselves intowards(Khu,ku)(broadly equivalent to theboroughs of Londonor theboroughs of New York City), each of which has a ward office conducting various administrative functions for the city government, such askosekiandjuminhyoresident registration and tax collection. In some cities, ward offices are responsible for business licensing, construction permits, and other administrative matters. The structure and the authorities of the wards are determined by municipal ordinances.

The23 special wards of Tokyoare not part of this system, as Tokyo is a prefecture, and its wards are effectively independent cities. Although the two largest wards of Tokyo,SetagayaandNerima,are populous enough to become designated cities, they are not considered to be "cities" within the meaning of the Local Autonomy Law and so are not designated as such.

No city designated by government ordinance has ever lost that status.

List of designated cities

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Sapporo
Sendai
Niigata
Shizuoka
Hamamatsu
Nagoya
7
8
9
Fukuoka
Kumamoto
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Designated cites in Japan (except for Kanto region and Kansai area)
7: Okayama, 8: Hiroshima, 9: Kitakyushu
Saitama
Chiba
Kawasaki
Yokohama
Sagamihara
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Designated cites in Kanto region area
Nagoya
Kyoto
Osaka
Sakai
Kobe
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Designated cites in Kansai area and Western Tōkai area

Cities designated by government ordinance have been established since 1956.[1]

Name Japanese Skyline Flag Emblem Area (km2) Population Population density Date of designation Region Prefecture No. of wards Lists of wards Map
Chiba Ngàn diệp thị 271.77 972,861 3,613 1992-04-01 Kantō Chiba 6 List
Fukuoka Phúc cương thị 343.39 1,579,450 4,668 1972-04-01 Kyushu Fukuoka 7 List
Hamamatsu Bang tùng thị 1,558.06 795,350 506 2007-04-01 Chūbu Shizuoka 7 List
Hiroshima Quảng đảo thị 906.68 1,194,524 1,321 1980-04-01 Chūgoku Hiroshima 8 List
Kawasaki Xuyên kỳ thị 143.01 1,503,690 10,765 1972-04-01 Kantō Kanagawa 7 List
Kitakyushu Bắc Cửu Châu thị 491.95 945,595 1,901 1963-04-01 Kyushu Fukuoka 7 List
Kobe Thần hộ thị 557.02 1,526,639 2,719 1956-09-01 Kansai Hyōgo 9 List
Kumamoto Hùng bổn thị 390.32 737,812 1,892 2012-04-01 Kyushu Kumamoto 5 List
Kyoto Kinh đô thị 827.83 1,468,980 1,758 1956-09-01 Kansai Kyoto 11 List
Nagoya Nagoya thị 326.45 2,283,289 7,128 1956-09-01 Chūbu Aichi 16 List
Niigata Tân tả thị 726.45 807,450 1,089 2007-04-01 Chūbu Niigata 8 List
Okayama Cương sơn thị 789.95 720,841 912 2009-04-01 Chūgoku Okayama 4 List
Osaka Osaka thị 225.21 2,727,255 12,226 1956-09-01 Kansai Osaka 24 List
Sagamihara Tương mô nguyên thị 328.91 720,986 2,198 2010-04-01 Kantō Kanagawa 3 List
Saitama さいたま thị 217.43 1,226,656 6,072 2003-04-01 Kantō Saitama 10 List
Sakai Giới thị 149.82 833,544 5,500 2006-04-01 Kansai Osaka 7 List
Sapporo Sapporo thị 1,121.26 1,955,115 1,750 1972-04-01 Hokkaido Hokkaido 10 List
Sendai Tiên đài thị 786.30 1,088,669 1,389 1989-04-01 Tōhoku Miyagi 5 List
Shizuoka Thành phố Shizuoka 1,411.90 697,578 486 2005-04-01 Chūbu Shizuoka 3 List
Yokohama Hoành bang thị 437.56 3,732,616 8,588 1956-09-01 Kantō Kanagawa 18 List

Designated city requirements

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To become a candidate for designated city status, a city must have a population greater than 500,000. An application for designation is made by a city with the approval of both the city and the prefectural assemblies.

The following cities have populations greater than 500,000 but have not yet been nominated.

Name Japanese Flag Emblem Area (km2) Population (2012) Region Prefecture Map
Funabashi Thuyền kiều thị 85.62 610,492 Kantō Chiba
Hachiōji Bát vương tử thị 186.38 579,799 Kantō Tokyo
Himeji Cơ lộ thị 534.43 536,218 Kansai Hyōgo
Kagoshima Lộc nhi đảo thị 547.58 607,257 Kyushu Kagoshima
Kawaguchi Xuyên khẩu thị 61.95 561,788 Kantō Saitama
Matsuyama Tùng Sơn thị 429.40 516,823 Shikoku Ehime
Utsunomiya Vũ đều cung thị 416.85 513,722 Kantō Tochigi

History

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The first form of the designated city system was enacted under Japan local government system in 1878 with the introduction of "wards." Under that system, wards existed in every city. Most cities had only one ward, but the largest cities at the time (Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto) were divided into 15, four, and two wards, respectively.

The municipal system enacted in 1889 replaced ward assemblies with city assemblies but retained ward assemblies in Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto, which had no assembly of their own but were governed by the prefectural assembly. In 1898, the three cities were allowed to form city assemblies. The ward system was adopted by three more cities prior to World War II:Nagoya(1908),Yokohama(1927), andKobe(1931). Under a 1911 statute, wards were granted a corporate personality and so treated as local entities.

Following the war, the 1947 Local Autonomy Law grandfathered in the five subdivided cities (Tokyo having become a prefecture in 1943) asspecial cities(Đặc biệt thị,tokubetsu shi).The system was replaced by the designated city system when the Local Autonomy Law was amended, in 1956.

During the ensuing Japanese economic growth period, the government required designated cities to be forecast to reach a population of one million within the near future, but the requirement was dropped in 2005 to accommodate several geographically large cities that were formed by mergers, under the government ofJunichiro Koizumi.

See also

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References

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  1. ^Jacobs, A.J."Japan's Evolving Nested Municipal Hierarchy: The Race for Local Power in the 2000s".Hindawi, Urban Studies Research, Vol. 2011 (2011),doi:10.1155/2011/692764.Archived fromthe originalon 1 August 2013.Retrieved23 March2012.
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