Wikipedia

Clifton Pugh

Clifton Ernest PughAO,(17 December 1924 – 14 October 1990) was an Australian artist and three-time winner of Australia'sArchibald Prize.[1]One of Australia's most renowned and successful painters, Pugh was strongly influenced byGerman Expressionism,and was known for hislandscapesandportraiture.[2][3][4]Important early group exhibitions includeThe Antipodeans,the exhibition for whichBernard Smithdrafted a manifesto in support of Australianfigurative painting,an exhibition in whichArthur Boyd,David Boyd,John Brack,Robert Dickerson,John PercevalandCharles Blackmanshowed;[5]a joint exhibition withBarry Humphries,in which the two responded toDadaism;[6]and Group of Four at theVictorian Artists Society Gallerywith Pugh,John Howley,Don Laycock andLawrence Daws.[7][8]

Clifton Pugh
AO
Born
Clifton Ernest Pugh

(1924-12-17)17 December 1924
Richmond,Victoria,Australia
Died14 October 1990(1990-10-14)(aged 65)
Prahran,Victoria,Australia
NationalityAustralian
Years active1941−1990
Known forPainting, Printmaking
AwardsOfficer of the Order of Australia; Archibald Prize 1965, 1971 and 1972

Pugh was made anOfficer of the Order of Australiain 1985 for service to Australian Art.[9]In 1990 he was appointed as theAustralian War Memorial's official artist at the 75th anniversary celebrations of theGallipoli landing.[10]

Early life

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Pugh was born inRichmond, Victoria,one of three, to English-born Thomas Owen Pugh, an assistant mechanical engineer, and Adelaide born wife Violet Odgen (néeCook).[11]Both Pugh's parents were amateur painters, and as a young man during the 1940s Pugh attended evening classes at theSwinburne Technical Collegeto study cartoon drawing.[8][12]Two years later, whilst living inAdelaide,he took evening classes inlife drawingat the South Australian School of Arts and Crafts.[8]

Pugh served with theAustralian Imperial ForceinNew Guineaduring World War II and with theBritish Commonwealth Occupation ForceinJapanafter the war.[13][14]A group of Japanese soldiers surrendered to the unit with which Pugh was fighting during a lull in fighting. On receiving orders to proceed, Pugh (and possibly others) tortured, shot and killed them.[15]This incident and the guilt he felt affected his attitude to war (he became a pacifist) and his painting.

Career

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After serving inWorld War II,with the financial support of the Commonwealth Rehabilitation Training Scheme, Pugh returned toMelbourneand enrolled in theNational Gallery of Victoria Art School.[13]

Pugh was heavily influenced by German Expressionism. He readSheldon Cheney'sThe Story of Modern Art(1941) while recuperating in hospital in New Guinea during World War II.[3]Pugh's primary influence wasWassily Kandinsky:"I can see Kandinsky in everything I do."[16]His training at the National Gallery School gave him a strong foundation in drawing and he learned the tonal painting technique, but when he took his teacher William (Bill) Dargie to see Sidney Nolan'sKellyand Dargie's attitude was dismissive, Pugh left the school to develop his own ideas.[17]

In 1951 Pugh bought 15 acres (61,000 m2) of bushland nearCottles Bridge,50 kilometres (31 mi) northeast of Melbourne, which he namedDunmoochin.[13][18]Pugh at first camped on the site, then built awattle-and-daubshack.[3][18]

Artists, potters and others also settled at the site.[18][19]In order to protect and jointly control the area they formed the Dunmoochin Artists Co-operative with a constitution of 13 articles.[18]It was not acommunein any sense of the word except that thetitleswere communally held.[18] When the co-operative eventually disbanded each member took a section of the land.[19]Artists who worked or resided at Dunmoochin have included Rick Amor, Frank Hodgkinson, John Howley, Helen Laycock, Peter Laycock, Mirka Mora, Kevin Nolan, John Olsen, John Perceval, Alma Shanahan, Albert Tucker, Frank Werther, Fred Williams and Peter and Chris Wiseman.[18][20][21][22]

Clifton Pugh mural in the bar of the Family Hotel,Tibooburra.The borrowed effects are found in the works ofNorman Lindsayand the outstretched arms of the central figure is a recurring motif in Arthur Boyd's paintings. 1976

Pugh travelled across theNullarbor PlaintoPerthin 1954 then theKimberleyin 1956. These journeys led to radical changes in his style.[23]Pugh encounteredindigenous Australian artfor the first time and began utilizing incision,cross-hatchingandcollage.[15][24][25]The work inspired by these journeys was part of the Group of Four Exhibits in 1955 and 1956.[8][13]

In 1959 Pugh wrote to Bernard Smith:

Art must be indigenous...arising out of the environment and background of a particular place and time. This could be nationalistic but I prefer to call it geographical art. For instance, Chinese and Mexican art reflect the background and the 'soul' of the country but are also universal... I therefore believe very much in the development of an Australian art – it is the only truth for us to express to the rest of the world.[26][27]

Close observation of nature and its cyclical and savage rhythms became a constant theme in Pugh's painting.[3][28][29]

Pugh held his first solo show in 1957 at theVictorian Artists SocietyGallery, where he displayed landscapes and portraits. The show was well received by critics.[28]Col. Aubrey Gibson,chairman of the National Gallery, was an early patron, as were a group of businessmen led byDavid Yenckenand the businessmanAndrew Grimwade.[4][30]Pugh joined the stable of the Sydney art dealerRudy Komon.[4]Komon paid his artists a stipend, balanced against sales of their work, and this generosity made them very loyal, as it gave them stability and freedom from daily money worries.[30][31]

Pugh had consistent official support in the crucial early stages of his career. His inclusion in the 1961Whitechapeland 1963Tateexhibitions ofAustralian artgave him international exposure.[4][30][32]In 1966 Komon arranged a one-man show for Pugh at the Artists' Guild Gallery inSt Louisin the United States;[30]TheCommonwealth Institutestaged aretrospectiveof his work in 1970.[4][30]He was represented in London by Andre Kalman, who showed him in 1975, 1976, 1977 and 1979, and with the Athol Gallery on the Isle of Man.[32]

TheHistoric Memorials Committeebought his 1964 portrait of theGovernor-General Lord De L'Isleand his 1972 portrait ofGough Whitlam.[30][33]

Pugh's fame as an artist grew in the 1970s following the print publication of two radio plays by Ivan Smith:Death of a WombatandDingo King,both of which featured Pugh's drawings and paintings.[13]

Printmaker

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Pugh worked with theprintmakerStanley Hayterfor three months in Paris in 1970.[34]He brought Hayter’soil viscosity printing techniqueback to Australia the same year.[22][28]Pugh and John Olsen purchased anetchingpress and operated it at Dunmoochin.[28]In 1971 Pugh invitedFrank Hodgkinsonto move to Dunmoochin and Pugh's "enthusiasm proved to be a major stimulus for Hodgkinson's printmaking."[35]

Politics and art

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Pugh chaired the Victorian ALP Arts Policy Committee from 1971, and Gough Whitlam appointed Pugh to theAustralia Council for the Artsin 1973.[13]Pugh made public his disagreements with Council chairmanH C "Nugget" Coombeswho refused to implement the policy Pugh and his fellow committee members had crafted and then taken through the processes of the Victorian and Federal ALP conferences to become official ALP arts policy. Pugh resigned from the Council in 1974.[36] In 1981 as Whitlam launched Pugh's biography atRealities Gallery,he joked about having to make his speech in front of his nemesisSir John Kerrin a controversial portrait painted by Pugh in 1975; "I'll have you know I had nothing to do with the placing of the exhibit."[37]

Protanope colour vision deficiency

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Pugh's brother and grandnephew hadprotanopecolour vision deficiency and it is probable that he did on biographical, gene pedigree inheritance and other grounds (such as failing the colour vision test when endeavouring to enlist in the Navy).[38]

Personal life

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Portrait of a Woman (Marlene Pugh)1956, oil on hardboard

Pugh married three times: to June Byford, Marlene Harvey and Judith Ley.[13]Pugh had two sons with Marlene, Shane and Dailan.[12][19]

Pugh became apacifistduring World War II, while on active service, and retained this position during the Vietnam War. He joined theLabor Party[13]to campaign for the end of Australia's involvement in that War.[39] The marriage to Marlene ended in 1969, they divorced in 1971.[13]In 1970 Pugh met Judith. He became very well known, as he and Judith used his status as a painter to improve that of the ALP. They did this in order to ensure the election of the ALP as Pugh was an anti war activist.[39]They separated in 1980 and divorced in 1981.[40]He lived for some years with Adriane Strampp, who trained as a painter.[41]

Death and legacy

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Pugh returned to painting full-time after his experience with the Australia Council, and despite suffering three heart attacks[30][42]and minor ischaemic episodes, continued to paint and make prints until his fatal heart attack in 1990. Pugh established the Dunmoochin Foundation which now forms part of his legacy, and provides residences for artists in his bush property.[13][32]

Pugh also donated Dunmoochin land to the Victorian Conservation Trust (nowTrust for Nature) in 1989.[15][43]Two plants of national significance have been recorded on this land.[43]

Archibald Prize winning works

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See also:List of Archibald Prize winners

Documentary films featuring Clifton Pugh

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  • Painting People (Commonwealth Film Unit,directed byTim Burstall)[44]
  • Bird and Animal (Eltham Films)
  • Four Painters (ATV Channel 0, Melbourne)
  • See It My Way (ABC Channel 2, Sydney)
  • The Diamantina (De Montignie Media Productions)[45]
  • A Fragile Country
  • Australian Story: Children of the Brush Part 1 (ABC Channel 2,Sydney )

References

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  1. ^Toby Creswell; Samantha Trenoweth (2006).1001 Australians You Should Know.Pluto Press (Australia). p. 190.ISBN978-1-86403-361-8.Retrieved26 August2010.
  2. ^Noel Macainsh (1962).Australian Art Monographs: Clifton Pugh.Melbourne: Georgian House. p. 3.
  3. ^abcdSally Morrison (7 August 2010)."NGV Floor Talk: The Shooting of Wild Dogs 1958 by Clifton Pugh"(PDF).p. 5. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 21 June 2011.Retrieved26 August2010.
  4. ^abcde"A Sketch for some Portraits: Judith Pugh reflects on Clifton Pugh's approach to portrait-making".National Portrait Gallery (Australia).Retrieved26 August2010.
  5. ^Bernard Smith (2007).The formalesque: a guide to modern art and its history.Macmillan Education AU. p. 13.ISBN978-1-876832-33-9.Retrieved26 August2010.
  6. ^Plant, Margaret(1985).Irreverent sculpture.Monash University Gallery, Dept. of Visual Arts. p. 15.
  7. ^Brian Finemore; Jennifer Phipps (1977).Freedom from prejudice: An introduction to the Australian Collection in the National Gallery of Victoria.National Gallery of Victoria. p. 111.ISBN978-0724100316.
  8. ^abcdNational Commercial Banking Corporation of Australia (1982).The seventies: Australian paintings and tapestries from the collection of National Australia Bank.National Gallery of Victoria. pp. 28, 46, 74.ISBN978-0-909873-34-9.
  9. ^"Search Australian Honours".Awards and Culture Branch.Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.Retrieved20 September2010.
  10. ^"ART29530 – Fisherman's hut, North Beach".Australian War Memorial. Archived fromthe originalon 16 September 2012.Retrieved26 August2010.
  11. ^Allen, Traudi."Clifton Ernest Pugh (1924–1990)".Australian Dictionary of Biography.National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.Retrieved15 October2016.
  12. ^abJohn Aikman Hetherington (1964).Australian painters: Forty profiles.Angus & Robertson. p. 219.
  13. ^abcdefghij"MS 9096 Papers of Clifton Pugh (1924–1990)".National Library of Australia.Retrieved26 August2010.
  14. ^Gerster, Robin (2007)."Six Inch Rule: Revisiting the Australian Occupation of Japan 1946–1952".History Australia.4(2). Monash University Press: 42.8.doi:10.2104/ha070042.S2CID144619308.Retrieved8 October2012.
  15. ^abcSally Morrison (2009).After Fire: A Biography of Clifton Pugh.Melbourne: Hardie Grant. pp. 99–100, 117, 137, 177, 378, 519.ISBN978-1-74066-611-4.
  16. ^Pugh, Clifton."Australian landscape painter Clifton Pugh cites the painters who have influenced him".Australian National Film and Sound Archive.Retrieved27 August2010.
  17. ^Pugh.Unstill Life.Allen & Unwin.
  18. ^abcdefBick, David."Dunmoochin – Clifton Pugh's Studio Residence and All Structures Built By and for Pugh".Victorian Heritage Database.Heritage Victoria.Retrieved1 September2010.
  19. ^abcKath Duncan; Dailan Pugh."Re-imagining Utopia 3 – Art Is Life".Radio National: ABC.Retrieved26 August2010.
  20. ^Gary Catalano (2001).The solitary watcher: Rick Amor and his art.Melbourne University Publishing. p. 93.ISBN978-0-522-84948-6.
  21. ^Jenny Zimmer; Ken McGregor (2007).John Olsen: journeys into the "You beaut country".Macmillan Art Publishing. p. 55.ISBN978-1-921394-05-8.Retrieved1 September2010.
  22. ^abMcDonald, Anne (Autumn 2002)."Frank Hodgkinson 1919–2001".Imprint.37(1). Melbourne: 8–9.Retrieved9 September2010.
  23. ^Roslynn D. Haynes (1999).Seeking the centre: the Australian Desert in literature, art and film.Cambridge University Press. p. 249.ISBN978-0-521-57111-1.Retrieved2 September2010.
  24. ^Clarke, John R. (1988). "Australian Painting of the Sixties in the Mertz Collection".The Library Chronicle of the University of Texas at Austin.42/43: 180–197.
  25. ^Robert Hughes (1966).The art of Australia: a critical survey.Ringwood, Vic: Penguin Books. p. 215.
  26. ^Anna Bonshek; Corrina Bonshek; Lee Fergusson (2007).The Big Fish: Consciousness as Structure, Body and Space.Rodopi. p. 312.ISBN978-90-420-2172-3.Retrieved9 September2010.
  27. ^Peter Beilharz (2002).Imagining the Antipodes: Culture, Theory and the Visual in the Work of Bernard Smith.Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–114.ISBN978-0-521-52434-6.Retrieved9 September2010.
  28. ^abcdClifton Pugh: Printmaker(PDF).La Trobe University Art Museum. pp. 6, 11, 28.Retrieved26 August2010.
  29. ^Bernard Smith; Terry E. Smith; Christopher Robin Heathcote (2001).Australian Painting, 1788–2000.Oxford University Press, USA. p. 323.ISBN978-0-19-551554-1.
  30. ^abcdefgTraudi Allen (1981).Clifton Pugh, patterns of a lifetime: a biography.Nelson. pp. 77, 118, 148, 180, 202.ISBN978-0-17-005443-0.
  31. ^Nicklin, Lenore (2007)."Rudolph John (Rudy) Komon (1908–1982)".Australian Dictionary of Biography.Vol. 17. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,Australian National University.ISBN978-0-522-84459-7.ISSN1833-7538.OCLC70677943.Retrieved2 September2010.
  32. ^abc"RESUME OF THE ARTIST".The Dunmoochin Foundation.Retrieved26 August2010.
  33. ^"Historic Memorials Committee".Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia.Retrieved26 August2010.
  34. ^Ken McGregor (2005).Teeming with Life: John Olsen. His Complete Graphics, 1957–2005, 2nd Edition.Macmillan Art Publishing. p. 13.ISBN978-1-876832-23-0.Retrieved9 September2010.
  35. ^"Frank Hodgkinson".Landscapes in Sets and Series: Australian Prints 1960s to 1990s.National Gallery of Australia.Retrieved9 September2010.
  36. ^Tim Rowse (2006).Nugget Coombs: A Reforming Life.Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–299.ISBN978-0-521-67783-7.Retrieved27 August2010.
  37. ^"Casting a long shadow".The Canberra Times.Vol. 55, no. 16, 614. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 23 March 1981. p. 7.Retrieved17 November2019– via National Library of Australia.
  38. ^Cole BL, Harris RW (September 2009)."Colour blindness does not preclude fame as an artist: celebrated Australian artist Clifton Pugh was a protanope".Clin Exp Optom.92(5): 421–8.doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2009.00384.x.PMID19515095.S2CID21676461.
  39. ^abJudith Pugh (2008).Unstill Life: Art, Politics and Living with Clifton Pugh.Allen & Unwin. pp. 131, 332.ISBN978-1-74175-477-3.
  40. ^"Judith Pugh v Sally Morrison & Anor".Canberra: Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory. 18 March 2011.Retrieved27 November2011.
  41. ^Alan McCulloch; Susan McCulloch (1994).The encyclopedia of Australian art.University of Hawaii Press. p. 585.ISBN978-0-8248-1688-9.
  42. ^Donald Friend (2006). Paul Hetherington (ed.).The Diaries of Donald Friend: 1967–1999.Antipodes Books and Beyond, Ltd. p. 331.ISBN978-0-642-27644-5.Retrieved27 August2010.
  43. ^ab"Port Phillip & Westernport properties".Trust for Nature (Victoria). 2007. Archived fromthe originalon 27 August 2010.Retrieved2 September2010.
  44. ^Peter Cowie (1967).International film guide.Tantivy Press. p. 49.
  45. ^Vincent Serventy (1985).The desert sea: the miracle of Lake Eyre in flood.Macmillan Australia. p. 12.ISBN978-0-333-40050-0.

Further reading

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Awards
Preceded by
Not awarded
(J. Carrington Smith,1963)
 Archibald Prize
1965
forR. A. Henderson 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Archibald Prize
1971
forSir John McEwan
1972
forThe Hon. E. G. Whitlam 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clifton_Pugh&oldid=1247034187"